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Human trafficking is a pandemic human rights violation with an emerging paradigm shift that reframes an issue traditionally seen through a criminal justice lens to that of a public health crisis, particularly for children. Children and adolescents who are trafficked or are at risk for trafficking should receive evidence-based, trauma-informed, and culturally responsive care from trained health care providers (HCPs). The purpose of this article was to engage and equip pediatric HCPs to respond effectively to human trafficking in the clinical setting, improving health outcomes for affected and at-risk children. Pediatric HCPs are ideally positioned to intervene and advocate for children with health disparities and vulnerability to trafficking in a broad spectrum of care settings and to optimize equitable health outcomes.

Background There is a scarcity of studies exploring the preparation and training of lead researchers prior to ‘entering the field’. This paper provides a critique of the necessary formal training undertaken by the lead researcher in preparation for engaging refugees in a research project. In this study, the [professional training organisation’s] ‘core concepts’ framework was modified and implemented by the lead researcher during in-depth interviews with people who came to Australia as refugees and became Registered Nurses (RNs). Aim To provide practical insights into the preparation and implementation of a modified ‘core concepts’ framework when interviewing refugee participants. Methods Discussion paper. Findings The lead researcher describes the preparation and implementation of a modified ‘core concepts’ framework when conducting interviews with five nurse participants with refugee backgrounds. Discussion This paper highlights the process of acknowledging the nuances of the refugee experience, identifying and minimising factors that exacerbate undue harm, while maintaining positive experiences among participants who have long since resettled and work in a caring profession. Conclusion The importance of formal training and preparation for researchers engaging refugees in sensitive research should not be overlooked. Conversely, it is the researchers’ contention that a lack of training and preparation widens the possibility of unethical, yet preventable harm toward participants and researchers. This study highlights an exemplar of applying professional training with participants who potentially have traumatic memories. Further these considerations can extend to RNs working with colleagues, clients and patients who are refugees.

Objective : Most systematic reviews of interventions focus on potential benefits. Common methods and assumptions that are appropriate for assessing benefits can be inappropriate for harms. This paper provides a primer on researching harms, particularly in systematic reviews. Study Design and Setting : Commentary describing challenges with assessing harm. Results : Investigators should be familiar with various terminologies used to describe, classify, and group harms. Published reports of clinical trials include limited information about harms, so systematic reviewers should not depend on these studies and journal articles to reach conclusions about harms. Visualizations might improve communication of multiple dimensions of harms such as severity, relatedness, and timing. Conclusion : The terminology, classification, detection, collection, and reporting of harms create unique challenges that take time, expertise, and resources to navigate in both primary studies and evidence syntheses. Systematic reviewers might reach incorrect conclusions if they focus on evidence about harms found in published reports of randomized trials of a particular health problem. Systematic reviews could be improved through better identification and reporting of harms in primary studies and through better training and uptake of appropriate methods for synthesizing evidence about harms.

Background and purpose Spirometry is often technically challenging for patients. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of spirometry in the community pharmacy setting. This study compared pharmacy students' perceptions and attitudes toward performing spirometry, as well as implementing spirometry in clinics and community pharmacies through experiencing spirometry first-hand versus completing paper-based active learning exercises. Educational activity and setting First-year (N = 102) and second-year (N = 70) pharmacy students were provided with the same pre-class materials to learn about the spirometry process. During class, first-year (P1) students performed spirometry tests, while second-year (P2) students completed paper-based active learning exercises about spirometry without performing the test. A survey was provided to each group at the end of the class to: (1) compare students’ perception of the difficulty of performing spirometry, and (2) identify patient, clinic, and pharmacy barriers to implementing spirometry testing. Findings P1 students perceived performing spirometry as significantly more difficult compared to P2 students. Both P1 and P2 students perceived correct posture and breathing technique, and patient discomfort as the most difficult parts of performing spirometry. Significantly more P1 students (91.1%) perceived spirometry as a “helpful and noninvasive tool to screen for pulmonary diseases” than P2 students (54.1%). Summary Students who experienced spirometry perceived it to be more difficult than those who completed paper-based active learning exercises. Incorporating spirometry into a pharmacy curriculum could be an opportunity to increase students’ insight of the difficulty of performing spirometry and their appreciation for the clinical services pharmacists can provide.

Objective : In this methodologic study (Part 2 of 2), we examined the overlap in sources of evidence and the corresponding results for harms in systematic reviews for gabapentin. Study Design & Setting : We extracted all citations referenced as sources of evidence for harms of gabapentin from 70 systematic reviews, as well as the harms assessed and numerical results. We assessed consistency of harms between pairs of reviews with a high degree of overlap in sources of evidence (>50%) as determined by corrected covered area (CCA). Results : We found 514 reports cited across 70 included reviews. Most reports (244/514, 48%) were not cited in more than one review. Among 18 pairs of reviews, we found reviews had differences in which harms were assessed and their choice to meta-analyze estimates or present descriptive summaries. When a specific harm was meta-analyzed in a pair of reviews, we found similar effect estimates. Conclusion : Differences in harms results across reviews can occur because the choice of harms is driven by reviewer preferences, rather than standardized approaches to selecting harms for assessment. A paradigm shift is needed in the current approach to synthesizing harms.

Although executive function disorders are among the most prevalent cognitive impairments a consensus on diagnostic criteria has yet to be reached. With a view to harmonizing these criteria, the present position paper (i) focuses on the main dysexecutive disorders, (ii) examines recent approaches in both the behavioral and cognitive domains, (iii) defines diagnostic boundaries for frontal syndrome, (iv) reports on the frequency and profile of the executive function disorders observed in the main brain diseases, and (v) proposes an operationalization of diagnostic criteria. Future work must define the executive processes involved in human adaptive behavior, characterize their impairment in brain diseases, and improve the management of these conditions (including remediation strategies and rehabilitation).

Objective\ud This study examines the impact of data collection method on the sociodemographic and health profile of samples of people with diabetes who complete either an online or postal patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) validation survey.\ud \ud Methods\ud A longitudinal survey of people with diabetes was conducted using online and postal survey versions. The survey consisted of sociodemographic and health questions, a health and self-management PROM (Health and Self-Management in Diabetes [HASMID]), and 5-level version of EQ-5D. Dose adjustment for normal eating Online, Diabetes UK, and social media were used to recruit online survey participants. A panel of patients at a local National Health Service Trust was randomly allocated to participate in either survey version (two-thirds to postal version). Participants were asked to complete the survey again approximately 3 months later.\ud \ud Results\ud A total of 2784 participants completed the survey (1908 online, 876 postal). The samples (online versus postal) differed; the online sample was younger, with a larger proportion of women and respondents with type 1 diabetes. There were significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics by type of diabetes across data collection mode. The proportion of respondents who responded again at point 2 was higher in the postal sample (525 postal, 698 online).\ud \ud Conclusion\ud The sociodemographic and health profile of samples of people with diabetes differed depending on whether they completed the online or postal survey. Differences are likely due to different recruitment methods and differences in those choosing to respond to different survey versions. Future PROM validation surveys should select data collection methods carefully because these can affect sample characteristics and results.

Adults with mild stroke face substantial challenges resuming valued roles in the community. The term "mild" provides false representation of the lived experience for many adults with mild stroke who may continue to experience persistent challenges and unmet needs. Rehabilitation practitioners can identify and consequently intervene to facilitate improved independence, participation, and quality of life by facilitating function and reducing the burden of lost abilities among adults with mild stroke. The Health and Wellness Task Force identified 2 important, and often interdependent, goals that frequently arise among adults living with mild stroke that must be addressed to facilitate improved community reintegration: (1) return to driving and (2) return to work. Adults with mild stroke may not be receiving adequate rehabilitative services to facilitate community reintegration for several reasons but primarily because current practice models are not designed to meet such needs of this specific population. Thus, the Health and Wellness Task Force convened to review current literature and practice trends to (1) identify opportunities based on the evidence of assessment and interventions, for return to driving and return to work; and (2) identify gaps in the literature that must be addressed to take advantage of the opportunities. Based on findings, the task force proposes a new interdisciplinary practice model for adults with mild stroke who are too often discharged from the hospital to the community without needed services to enable successful return to driving and work.

Objective Recently Doi et al. argued that risk ratios should be replaced with odds ratios in clinical research. We disagreed, and empirically documented the lack of portability of odds ratios, while Doi et al. defended their position. In this response we highlight important errors in their position. Study design and setting We counter Doi et al.’s arguments by further examining the correlations of odds ratios, and risk ratios, with baseline risks in 20,198 meta-analyses from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Results Doi et al.’s claim that odds ratios are portable is invalid because 1) their reasoning is circular: they assume a model under which the odds ratio is constant and show that under such a model the odds ratio is portable; 2) the method they advocate to convert odds ratios to risk ratios is biased; 3) their empirical example is readily-refuted by counter-examples of meta-analyses in which the risk ratio is portable but the odds ratio isn't; and 4) they fail to consider the causal determinants of meta-analytic inclusion criteria: Doi et al. mistakenly claim that variation in odds ratios with different baseline risks in meta-analyses is due to collider bias. Empirical comparison between the correlations of odds ratios, and risk ratios, with baseline risks show that the portability of odds ratios and risk ratios varies across settings. Conclusion The suggestion to replace risk ratios with odds ratios is based on circular reasoning and a confusion of mathematical and empirical results. It is especially misleading for meta-analyses and clinical guidance. Neither the odds ratio nor the risk ratio is universally portable. To address this lack of portability, we reinforce our suggestion to report variation in effect measures conditioning on modifying factors such as baseline risk; understanding such variation is essential to patient-centered practice.

Background A proportion of veterans experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research has shown reduced effectiveness of commonly offered psychotherapies in military personnel. Some research suggested the usefulness of art therapy for veterans with PTSD, but its mechanism of operation has been unclear. The current project aimed to establish participants’ perceptions of any impact of group art therapy and some of the perceived mechanisms of change. Method In a grounded theory design, single semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine veterans who had received group art therapy, two art therapists, and a veteran's wife. Interviews were transcribed and analysed. Findings Theorised categories included (a) art therapy group as “the family”, (b) “the gentle conductor”, (c) trust, (d) doing the work, (e) art therapy as "a communication tool", (f) "points of recognition", (g) "making things concrete", and (h) "not a cure". Limitations Shortcomings included a homogenous sample who all attended art therapy alongside other interventions, reliance on subjective and unmeasured symptom change, and researcher effects related to qualitative methodology. Conclusion The developed grounded theory is consistent with existing evidence and neuropsychological theory. Group art therapy may enable some veterans to prepare for verbal-only therapy, by offering a safe space in which to approach non-verbal traumatic and trauma-related contextual material in a controlled way. Artworks may provide a bridge to facilitate communication of experiences within subsequent verbal therapy and with loved-ones. It is suggested to replicate the project at different sites. Elements of the developed theory may be investigated further to establish its transferability.

The use of online learning and subsequent online testing has expanded rapidly in pharmacy programs across the United States. Numerous published studies have compared online learning with traditional methods in pharmacy. However, no such studies have been published in pharmacy. This study's objective is to compare first-professional year student preferences for computer-based vs. traditional paper-and-pencil testing for a required social and administrative pharmacy class.All students enrolled in the class were invited to complete one brief survey at the end of the semester to determine their testing preference.Of the 138 first-professional year students completing the survey, 79% (109 of 138) preferred computer-based testing, 9% had no preference, 6% (8 of 138) preferred paper-and-pencil testing, and the remainder (8 of 138) stated it depended on what was being tested. Ninety-one percent of students did not perceive the testing method to impact their grades. Students preferred computer-based testing over traditional paper-and-pencil as a convenient testing method (mean 4.73 vs. 3.4, P.001), providing immediate feedback (mean 4.87 vs. 1.91, P.001), and as a more effective testing method (mean 4.57 vs. 3.96, P.001).First-professional year students preferred computer-based over traditional paper-and-pencil testing for a social and administrative science class, with the method of testing not perceived to impact grade. This finding is timely, given the recent required transitioning of all pharmacy classes and subsequent testing to an online format due to the coronavirus disease of 2019 pandemic.

Objectives Unlike the technological advances in cross-sectional imaging, the adoption of CR and DR has been relatively overlooked in terms of the additional radiographer skills and competences required for optimal practice. Furthermore, projection radiography is often referred to as basic, plain or other words suggesting simplicity or entry-level skill requirements. Radiographers’ professional identity is connected with the discourse expressed via the language used in daily practice and consequently, if the perception of projection radiography is regarded as simple practice not requiring much reflection or complex decision-making, apathy and carelessness may arise. The purpose of this narrative review was to raise projection radiography from its longstanding lowly place and re-position it as a specialist imaging field. Key findings Danish pre-registration radiography curricula contain little mention of projection radiography and a low proportion (n = 17/144; 11.8%) of Danish radiography students chose to focus on projection radiography within publicly available BSc. theses between 2016 and 2020 as compared to topics related to CT and MRI (n = 60/144; 41.7%). Conclusion By changing how we as the profession perceive the role and position of projection radiography, we can start to rebuild its lost prestige and demand a greater, more detailed and clinically relevant educational offering from academic partners. For this to commence, the language and terminology we use to describe ourselves and tasks undertaken must reflect the complexity of the profession. Implications for practice Regardless of imaging modality, every patient should be assured that a radiographer with expertise in acquiring images of diagnostic quality undertakes their examination. Reclaiming the prestige of projection radiography may lead students and radiographers to recognize projection radiography as a demanding specialist field for the benefit of the patients.

Online reading necessitates the use of both similar and different skills to traditional paper-based reading. Therefore, some overlap is likely in the background and attitudinal factors associated with reading in the two modes. This study uses a multilevel framework and data from the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS, 2016) to explore the characteristics associated with online and paper-based reading in Ireland. Of independent variables examined, pupil reading confidence has the largest effect size for both PIRLS and ePIRLS. Home background variables have similar effect sizes for the two outcomes. Differences between the models emerge regarding time spent browsing the internet, the frequency of using a computer at school, pupil enjoyment of reading, and pupil ownership of a smartphone.

Research Objectives To identify optimal manual wheelchair configuration for people who self-propel for full-time wheeled mobility. To identify new evidence on how prescribing an ultralight weight manual wheelchair can minimize secondary complications in the body functions, promote functional independence with mobility related activities of daily living, and provide opportunities to participate in life roles Design This position paper was written following a scoping literature review process, open review period through RESNA and peer-review process. Setting This position paper is relevant to any prescribers or clinicians recommending manual wheelchairs. The results of the scoping review is applicable to treatment settings where people use a manual wheelchair for primary mobility, from pediatrics to long term care. Participants N/A. Interventions The RESNA Paper on the Application of Ultralight Manual Wheelchairs was published in 2012 and sought to provide evidence to support the application of fully customizable manual ultralight weight wheelchairs. Since that time, new developments in clinical research in our understanding of manual wheelchair considerations have prompted a revision of this foundational document. Main Outcome Measures The presentation will describe the intention of the revision and review new evidence based topics incorporated into the new position paper including: Manual wheelchair configuration, wheelchair training and wheelchair skills relating to function, rolling resistance and propulsion effort, various propulsion styles and considerations for overuse injuries in all extremities. Results The results of the scoping literature review and position paper will provide supportive evidence for the need for ultralight weight manual wheelchair configuration and the impact on body functions and structures, activities of daily living, and participation. Conclusions This scoping review and position paper will allow the clinician and practitioner to have supportive evidence for equipment recommendation for their patients who use a manual wheelchair full-time for mobility. Author(s) Disclosures Jennith Bernstein is a full-time employee of Permobil, Inc.; however, this work is presented on behalf of an entire work group of clinicians, engineers, and professors.

Objectives (1) To describe facilitators and barriers to the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food shopping via electronic benefits transfer (eWIC) compared with paper vouchers. (2) To explore suggestions that WIC participants had for modifying the program to enhance their overall WIC experience. Design Qualitative, semistructured, in-depth interviews. Setting WIC participants in East Tennessee. Participants Twenty-four primary food shoppers of WIC-participating households aged at least 18 years were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy. Phenomenon of Interest Perceived facilitators and barriers to use of eWIC as compared with paper vouchers. Analysis Interview transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to identify emergent themes. Results Participants identified several ways eWIC has improved their food shopping experience, including ad hoc redemption of WIC benefits and a quicker, more discrete checkout. Participants’ chief complaint about eWIC was transaction errors at checkout. Participants identified other barriers to shopping for WIC foods that cannot be addressed by the card alone, such as difficulty identifying WIC items in-store. Participants reported changes to their benefit tracking behaviors and provided suggestions to improve WIC further. Conclusions and Implications The transition to eWIC was viewed favorably among WIC participants, although participants identified a need for additional support in addressing transaction errors. This finding presents an opportunity to modify messages delivered to WIC participants by WIC nutrition educators and enhance collaboration between WIC agencies, retailers, and e-commerce technology providers.

Background Antenatal education prepares women for childbirth and can be delivered face-to-face, in hard-copy and electronically. Smartphones allow access to online learning and internet searching is common among pregnant women. It is unclear which mode of health information delivery women prefer. Aim This study aimed to investigate how women at one Local Health District (LHD) preferred to receive health information during pregnancy and the early postnatal period. Methods We developed a survey to gather data on women’s preferences for educational information. Women who were discharged from one LHD, in NSW Australia, were invited, in 2019, to participate in a simple 14 question survey, either online or in hard copy format. Findings In total, 685 women completed the survey which represented a 40% response rate over a period of two months. The survey revealed women commonly used smart phones, or other devices, to source information. Despite this, most women preferred to receive antenatal education via non-electronic methods. Of note many participants felt underprepared for the post-birth period. The method of survey completion, whether hardcopy or online, aligned with individuals’ preferences for information delivery. Conclusion Non-electronic methods of education delivery were the preferred method for most women, and this was consistent across all educational, cultural and socioeconomic levels. Women sought information online, or through apps, but these options did not always meet their knowledge needs, especially regarding the postnatal period. We recommend that hospitals continue to provide information in a variety of modes, as exclusively electronic methods may marginalise groups of women.

An assumption underlying replacing traditional paper-based (PB) writing tests with computer-based (CB) tests is that CB writing tests are more authentic than PB tests (Lessien, 2013). This study tested this assumption by examining the effect of test mode on the situational and interactive authenticity of English as a second language (ESL) writing assessments using an embedded correlational model of mixed-methods design. Sixty international ESL students enrolled at a university in the United States completed two writing tasks in the CB and PB modes. The participants then filled out cognitive processing questionnaires and participated in a post-test interview. All essays were scored by two raters both holistically and analytically. The results indicated higher authenticity for the CB test but also uncovered some concerns with the effect of typing skills on CB test performance. The findings have practical implications for test development, administration policies, and stakeholders in choosing delivery mode for ESL writing assessments.

Since the first RNs earned orthopaedic certification in 1988, over 12,000 nurses have proudly held the ONC credential. Today, nearly 7000 orthopaedic-certified nurses, nurse practitioners, and clinical nurse specialists demonstrate excellence in the care of persons with musculoskeletal health concerns. Why did they choose certification? A representative sample of over 300 orthopaedic-certified nurses responded to a survey from the Orthopaedic Nurses Certification Board (ONCB) to confirm why they value their credentials and maintain specialty certification. Their answers offer compelling reasons for nurses to get, and keep, orthopaedic nursing certification.

Establishing impact of a research paper is essential for academia, industry and research community alike. The attempts made in this direction are hitherto limited to some objective metrics, largely based on the citation count. The number of citations has always been used as a measure for ascertaining quality and popularity of research papers. Though, citations play an essential role in academic research, sometimes researchers may cite a paper to just point out its weaknesses and infirmities. A subjective look into the sentiments behind citations of a research paper aids in understanding the opinion of the peer research community for a paper. Objective measures such as citing author’s impact factor and the publication’s impact factor, may help to quantify the weightage of citations themselves and should also be included in the assessment of impact of a research paper. In this paper, we formulate a model that combines both the objective and subjective metrics and forms basis for an index to objectively convey the impact of a research paper.

This study explores the relationship between interdisciplinarity and the citation impact of highly cited papers. In this paper, interdisciplinarity is investigated by comparing the dimensions of disciplinary diversity (variety, balance, and disparity) and the typical integration indicators (i.e., the Rao-Stirling index (RS) and the Leinster–Cobbold Diversity Index (LCDiv)) of all papers published in 2000 and indexed in Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science. These papers are categorized into six percentile rank classes according to their citation rates, and the interdisciplinarity among these percentile rank classes is compared. Our results demonstrate that, whether control variables are considered or not, highly cited papers always exhibit higher variety and disparity, but they also exhibit lower balance. In terms of the integration interdisciplinarity indicators, the RS and LCDiv both have a positive effect on citation impact. From the perspective of effect size, our results suggest that the effect of variety on citation impact is most significant, followed by disparity and then balance. These results indicate that variety is likely the most important interdisciplinary factor for citation impact.

Writing has been identified as a requisite skill for nursing practice by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, yet the literature indicated poor writing skills on the part of nursing students and few writing interventions to address the problem. This article aims to describe a structured writing assignment called Nursing Care Paper (NCP) that is designed to meet requirements for designated writing-intensive clinical nursing courses. The NCP consists of low-stakes, weekly reflection paper assignments and a high-stakes case report assignment based on anonymized data obtained by the student while taking care of a patient. The NCP case report is scaffolded and sequenced according to the nursing process framework and supported by ongoing post-conference workshops. Pilot implementation, design considerations, benefits, challenges, and student feedback were discussed in detail. The NCP is a thoughtfully crafted writing assignment that can be customized to meet the objectives of any clinical nursing course.

Objectives The Chilean health system mandates providers to ensure assistance under a guaranteed system, the Explicit Guarantees in Healthcare (EGH) program. The Health Ministry has developed clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), but independent assessment of their quality is lacking. Study Design and Setting We assessed all CPGs of the EGH program using Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) tool for appraising quality, validity period, and last update. Results Eighty-six CPGs were published between 2005 and 2016. Only 15 (17.4%) were updated. The overall mean raw score was 4.18 (±0.98). The scaled scores for each domain were: Scope and objectives 79.7%, Stakeholder involvement 46.2%, Rigor of development 36.3%, Clarity of presentation 82.8%, Applicability 23.5%, and Editorial independence 39.2%. The highest items were: overall objectives described, population described, options for management clearly presented, and key recommendations easily identifiable. The worst evaluated items were: views and preferences of the target population, strengths and limitations of the body of evidence, methods for formulating the recommendations, external review by experts, and description of facilitators and barriers to application. Conclusion Most Chilean CPGs included in the EGH program are outdated and show items that should be improved, mainly through a more rigorous methodology, the inclusion of patients in its development, and appropriate consideration of its applicability.

Background and Objective High-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are needed to guide practitioners, policy makers, and other stakeholders to provide optimal health care. This study aims to appraise the CPGs developed in the Philippines using the AGREE II instrument. Methods Ninety-one CPGs were appraised independently by two health-care professionals. CPGs were considered acceptable if they garnered an overall mean score of at least 75.0% for all 6 domains and a domain score of at least 75.0% for rigor of development. A mean score of Results Overall mean scores of the CPGs ranged from 8.4% to 79.2%, with a mean of 43.9% (standard deviation = 13.4%). In general, CPGs scored better for the domains of clarity of presentation, scope and purpose, and stakeholder involvement. Lowest scores were obtained for the domains of rigor of development, applicability, and editorial independence. Only 1 (1.1%) CPG qualified as acceptable. Conclusion AGREE II is a practical and useful guide in appraising the quality of CPGs. Strengthening technical capacity in various medical fields is essential to improve the quality of CPGs. Rigor of development, applicability issues, and editorial independence should be emphasized in CPG capacity-building activities.

The present study focuses on the implementation of a self - assessment procedure in a Physics class, extended during a seven weeks period in a European secondary level school. The researchers used three modes of assessment based on paper and pencil, computer-web and mobile devices respectively. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of each mode of assessment on students' motivation and achievement. Analysis of pre- and post-motivation tests revealed a more positive motivational orientation of students towards computers and mobile devices as assessment delivery mediums. Also, student evaluation implemented after the phase of the experimental procedure showed a significant increase in learning achievement for low-achieving students who participated in the mobile-based and computer-based assessment. The positive effects of computers and mobile devices on students' learning motivation suggest that they can be used as a promising alternative to paper and pencil assessment procedures. We investigate the impact of self-assessment delivery modes on student motivation and achievement.Computer- and mobile-based self-assessment increases science learning motivation.Computer- and mobile-based self-assessment contributes to better learning achievement.Low- and medium-achieving students benefit more from computer- and mobile-based self-assessments.

Review papers tend to be cited more frequently than regular research articles. This fact, together with the continuous increase of the share of reviews in scientific literature, can have important consequences for the measurement of individuals’ research output, usually based on citation analysis. However, studies evaluating the differences in citations of review papers compared to original research articles are almost non-existing in the literature. This paper presents a thorough analysis of the overcitation and overrepresentation of review papers in the most cited papers of the 35 largest subject categories in Science Citation Index-Expanded. Results indicate the average citations received by reviews depends largely on the research area considered, varying from 1.34 to 6.74 times the citations received by original research articles (average value is 2.95). Correlated with this overcitation, there is an important overrepresentation of reviews in the most cited papers, this overrepresentation being greater when the most highly cited papers are considered, i.e. 0.05% and 0.1% most cited papers, where the share of reviews have increased from 16 to 18% in 1990 to around 40% in 2010. Interestingly, the overcitation and overrepresentation in the most cited papers is more important in the areas with the lowest shares of reviews in total publications.

Objective This study tests psychometric properties of the Polish Dissociative Experiences Scale (DESR-PL) with a revised scoring system and its capacity, alongside its short form (DESR-T), to screen for dissociative disorders. Both pen-and-paper (pp DESR-T: online > .783 p&p > .797). The cutoff score maximising sensitivity and specificity for dissociative (conversion) disorders was 71.5 in DESR-PL (sensitivity of 71.43% and specificity of 91.82%) and 16.5 in DESR-T (sensitivity of 76.19% and specificity of 92.73%). People with dissociative disorders had significantly (p Conclusions DESR-PL administrated p&p or online proved to be reliable tools for measuring the levels of dissociation as a continuum between normal experiences and pathological symptoms. DESR-T has similar psychometric properties and can be used effectively for the screening of dissociative disorders.

The main barrier for a young researcher in the field of endoscopy is that too much is known about virtually every aspect not only of the natural history, but also of the efficacy and safety of different Gastrointestinal (GI) techniques. The main fuel for research remains uncertainty, and this has been the primary characteristic of COVID-19. The unprecedented visibility of the main papers on the natural history and medical management of COVID-19 on all the main worldwide medical Journals has had an effect of drainage on the reports of COVID-19 in GI endoscopy, suddenly opening up the interest of main GI journals to this topic. Furthermore, given the nature and the urgency of the topic, these high-ranking journals have accepted study designs outside rigorous randomized controlled trials and/or systematic reviews and meta-analysis, what used to be the “conditio sine qua non” for being considered for publication. Suddenly, rigorous guidelines have been replaced by expert-derived suggestions on the basis that the best possible guidance is better than no guidance. This situation has been a great occasion for young researchers to gain visibility even without having access to the complex means and long time-spans needed to finalize a randomized trial.

Aim The neonatal nurse practitioner role originated in the 1960's in the Unites States from a short fall in physicians. This occurred because of changes in medical training which reduced time in specialist areas and in conjunction, the demand for neonatal care increased due to the survival of premature babies and advances in specialised care. The aim of this review is to identify the discrepancies between roles and responsibilities, highlight the challenges NNP face and explore possible role development opportunities to make the position sustainable. Method Current review of the literature (MESH TERMS – neonatal and/or nurse practitioner, Australia) revealed fourteen published articles and government documents identifying requirements for endorsement and standards for nurse practitioner practice. Result Neonatal nurse practitioners spend most of their time delivering direct patient care regardless of the clinical setting, however elements of research, education and leadership are still incorporated within clinical practice. Alongside the clinical role, antenatal counselling, facilitation of communication amongst the multidisciplinary team and parents, prescribing, ordering diagnostic tests have all became core components to define the scope of the NNP. However, as the role has expanded NNP must adapt to changes to continue to be recognised as a valuable member of the multidisciplinary team especially as registered nurses start to take on extended roles. Conclusion The senior clinical role of the neonatal nurse practitioner continues to evolve. There are challenges to be overcome, however there are now more than thirty neonatal nurse practitioners in Australia and together the possibilities for expansion of their role are limitless. This can only be of benefit to our babies, their families and the nursing profession.

In modern times, increasing divorce ratio should be addressed properly by the agencies concerned. There are numerous studies that found that dyadic coping plays a vital role in marital satisfaction as a significant predictor of marital quality. However, previous research overlooked the function of dyadic coping from both dimensions of marital quality: positive and negative marital quality. Factors that hinder marital satisfaction do not simply mean that they cause marital dissatisfaction. Thus, this conceptual paper aims to discuss the function of dyadic coping to marital quality from both domains.

Introduction To be a successful academic writer, we need a strong awareness of the circumstances that support our writing productivity. Commentary First and foremost, writing requires time-on-task. To obtain focused, effective writing time, we may need to increase our accountability related to writing. In addition, each writer needs a writing system - a set of processes that helps them to reliably complete their writing work. To build an effective writing system, we advocate for observation, reflection, and experimentation related to our writing processes. In particular, examination of the what, where, when, and how of writing is critical. Strategies for optimizing productivity during writing sessions are also needed. Implications Strengthening writing productivity requires mechanisms for accountability, awareness of our writing process, and strategies to enhance the effectiveness of each writing session.

Spatial visualization—the ability to mentally imagine and manipulate objects—has frequently been measured using the Paper Folding Test (PFT). In this task, participants view diagrams of a paper being folded and a hole being punched. They then identify the resulting punch pattern. Although task instructions promote mentally unfolding the paper, the extent to which people follow this spatial visualization strategy is unknown. The present work assesses hypothesized PFT solution strategies and their relation to problem attributes. Accuracy was impacted by the interaction between fold types, linear mixed models revealed greater use of simple heuristics compared to the suggested unfolding. Furthermore, most participants used a single strategy but simple heuristics were more often used than unfolding. Given this, we recommend redesigning the PFT to utilize the prevalence of strategy use to assess individual differences.

Much work has shown that social isolation has lasting negative effects on adult social interactions, but less is known about precisely how and why isolation alters social behaviour. One way isolation may alter social behaviour is by interfering with the development of effective communication. Here, we test how social isolation influences individual recognition, a key aspect of social communication in Polistes fuscatus paper wasps. Polistes fuscatus reared in a typical social environment learn and remember the unique faces of conspecifics during social interactions. Typical P. fuscatus use individual face recognition to minimize conflict and stabilize social interactions. As wasps are adept face learners, they also readily learn to discriminate between wasp face images during training. Here, we show that social isolation had dramatic effects on recognition. We isolated wasps for 6 days after eclosion from pupation, then tested them for face recognition in social and nonsocial contexts. Isolated wasps did not learn and remember other individuals during social interactions. Furthermore, isolated wasps did not learn to discriminate between wasp face images during training. Therefore, social experience with conspecifics is essential for the development of individual recognition and face learning in paper wasps. Many aspects of wasp behaviour develop rapidly with little experience required. However, complex social interactions like individual recognition require social experience with conspecifics.

Images can be helpful for eliciting data in the form of responses from participants. Sometimes photographs can help participants speak about issues, events, thoughts and emotions which they find difficult to talk about. This paper discusses how photos can be used and how the data collected through their use in a discussion can be analysed using Correspondence Analysis (CA). Although CA is considered a quantitative tool for analysing data, this paper describes how it can be used with qualitative data.

We conduct a large-scale test of dynamic risk preferences. While most of the literature on dynamic risk restricts attention to positively skewed gambles, subjects in our experiment tend to choose negatively skewed lotteries. This allows us to study dynamic risk preferences in an environment that the literature has not analyzed. We find evidence of the reinforcement effect—individuals take on more risk after a gain and take on less risk after a loss. Furthermore, we exogenously vary whether these outcomes are “realized” or on paper, according to the distinction put forth by Imas (2016). We find little difference in the responses to realized and paper outcomes in environments of negatively skewed risk.

The papers in this issue provide an excellent example of how pertinent distinctions which emerge from analysis of significant data sets can be communicated to colleagues and used to make sense of observations. The distinctions are vividly described, illustrated and exemplified, and used to chart maturation in student use of examples from middle school, through high school and into university. Curiously, no corresponding maturation was detected in students’ choice of examples to use for themselves. Contrast was detected between the way students used the same examples for comprehending a conjecture and testing its validity, and the way that some mathematicians used specifically constructed examples for locating underlying structure. What emerged for me from reading these papers is confirmation of the central role of attention, the productiveness of engaging students at the earliest ages and throughout their schooling with the detection and expression of generality, and the importance of being explicit about the scope of generality encompassed by a claim. Purposeful use of examples by students could be expected to develop as teachers explicitly use examples purposefully with and for students. A reasonable conjecture might be that getting students to be explicit about the scope of generality, of possible variation of which they are aware, might shed light on obstacles and barriers to reasoning which might otherwise lead to proof.

Ethics in social science experimentation and data collection are often discussed but rarely articulated in writing as part of research outputs. Although papers typically reference human subjects research approvals from relevant institutional review boards, most recognize that such boards do not carry out comprehensive ethical assessments. We propose a structured ethics appendix to provide details on the following: policy equipoise, role of the researcher, potential harms to participants and nonparticipants, conflicts of interest, intellectual freedom, feedback to participants, and foreseeable misuse of research results. We discuss each of these and some of the norms and challenging situations of each. We believe that discussing such issues explicitly in appendices of papers, even if briefly, will serve two purposes: more complete communication of ethics can improve discussions of papers and can clarify and improve the norms themselves.

International conference presentations represent one of the biggest challenges for academics using English as a Lingua Franca (ELF). This paper aims to initiate exploration into the multimodal academic discourse of oral presentations, including the verbal, written, non-verbal material (NVM) and body language modes. It offers a Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) and multimodal framework of presentations to enhance mixed-disciplinary ELF academics' awareness of what needs to be taken into account to communicate effectively at conferences. The model is also used to establish evaluation criteria for the presenters' talks and to carry out a multimodal discourse analysis of four well-rated 20-min talks, two from the technical sciences and two from the social sciences in a workshop scenario. The findings from the analysis and interviews indicate that: (a) a greater awareness of the mode affordances and their combinations can lead to improved performances; (b) higher reliance on the visual modes can compensate for verbal deficiencies; and (c) effective speakers tend to use a variety of modes that often overlap but work together to convey specific meanings. However, firm conclusions cannot be drawn on the basis of workshop presentations, and further studies on the multimodal analysis of ‘real conferences’ within specific disciplines are encouraged.

Background and Objective We previously claimed that the credibility ceiling for meta-analyses is fundamentally flawed. We respond to Dr. Ioannidis' rebuttal of those claims. Methods We use statistical reasoning. Results We agree with Dr. Ioannidis on some general points about the limitations of statistical sensitivity analyses. But critically, his response has entirely sidestepped responding to the crux of our argument, namely a direct mathematical demonstration that the method simply does not do what it was claimed to do. We reiterate that if our claim were false, it could be persuasively refuted if Dr. Ioannidis were to identify inaccuracies in our mathematical argument, which he has not done. Dr. Ioannidis had also dismissed as “absurd” the thought experiments we had used to illustrate the method's misleading conclusion; we explain why these examples still stand. Conclusion Given that the crux of our argument remains unaddressed, we continue to recommend against use of the credibility ceiling method. We are, however, sympathetic to what seem to be the underlying aims of the method, if not the execution. Developing principled methods to address those aims would be useful.

Objectives Compassionate care is a core value of healthcare practice. In the post-Francis arena, the Shape of Caring review scrutinised healthcare education and training. The aim of the review was to better enable healthcare providers in delivering compassionate care and support to people with complex challenging health needs today and in the future. The review also reiterated the role of educators and universities in developing curricula capable of promoting compassionate care. Despite the review focussing upon the nursing profession, this paper suggests there is a similar role for radiography educators in delivering curricula suitable for promoting compassionate care. Potential pedagogic methods and their suitability within the radiography education setting will be considered. Key findings Relationships and emotions were noted as important aspects of promoting compassionate care. The themes ‘practising compassionately’ and ‘individual and relationship factors …’ are of particular relevance to education. Conclusions Compassion remains a priority in policy which must be promoted to students as an integral aspect of healthcare education. A facilitated discussion of students' reflections around practice experiences to promote compassion is suggested. Supplemented by service user stories, students would be able to develop the skills needed to ‘practise compassionately’.

Numerous socio-legal factors make the process of surrogate decision-making for people living in dementia very complicated in Japan. In this discussion paper, we argue that the lack of early consultation between patients, surrogate decision-makers and healthcare providers and the overreliance of patients and their families on doctors to assume the decision-making role lead to healthcare practices that may not align with the patient's wishes. Further, we argue that lack of laws on surrogate decision-making, changing family structure and the liabilities associated with the care of people living with dementia contribute to the complexity of the decision-making process in Japan. Finally, given the rapidly changing social and healthcare norms in Japan, we call for greater involvement of nurses and care workers in the decision-making process to ensure patient-centric treatment and care are adopted.

Qualitative data is important to understand certain phenomena. While quantitative data is important to understand the prevalence of attitudes and behaviour in psychosocial medical research, qualitative data can help understand and explain the reasons behind attitudes behaviour. One of the methods of collecting qualitative data is the focus group discussion. During a focus group researchers facilitate a discussion to elicit views and lay theories about the research topic. Researchers use group facilitation skills in order to make participants feel at ease and disclose their thoughts, feelings and perceptions about a particular issue with the least bias possible. This paper discusses how the text obtained after transcribing the discussions can be analysed using thematic analysis.

This paper evaluates the applicability of career construction model of adaptation for explaining after-school career transition in adolescence by examining the relationships between measures of adaptive readiness, adaptability resources, adapting responses, and adaptation results. To test the model, we conducted two studies on samples of high school students in Croatia (N1 = 622; N2 = 299). The first study focused primarily on the cross-sectional relations between adaptability resources and adapting responses, while the second study explored the full process of career adaptation in the longitudinal framework including all four dimensions of adaptation. As measures of adaptive readiness, GPA, personality traits and core self-evaluations were used. The adaptability resources were measured as four adaptability facets (concern, control, curiosity and confidence), while the adapting responses were operationalized as engagement in career construction and career decision-making difficulties. Adaptation results were operationalized as study satisfaction, study engagement and self-reported study performance. The results of the path analysis supported the career construction model of adaptation in both studies. Overall, the findings from the two studies supported the career construction model of adaptation indicating that adaptability resources and adapting behaviors had a mediating role in the process of career construction in adolescence. Furthermore, it was confirmed that adaptive readiness indirectly and directly influenced adaptability resources, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Career construction model of adaptation provides suitable framework for exploring career transition after high school.

Researchers who cross a discipline may experience culture shock at the different worlds of science and medicine. This paper outlines the differences in concepts and philosophies and in presentation styles. The acute difficulties when attempting to read or write works in different disciplines are also addressed, as well as the differences in perceptions and values when approaching written works in unfamiliar branches of academia.

This conceptual paper provides a brief review of hospitality consumers’ information search behavior and the factors that are likely to influence their information search behavior and their utilization and processing of online reviews. This study focuses on the factors such as information overload, confusion, information processing, information presentation format, trust and evaluation mode that has not received much attention from hospitality scholars in addition to discussing the impacts of perceived risk and familiarity on information search and information processing approaches utilized by hospitality consumers. This study also discusses opportunities for hospitality researchers to empirically examine the extent to which each of the factors discussed might influence hospitality consumers information search, information processing and especially their utilization of online reviews in their decision making process.

This study examines the first draft and the published version of the Discussion sections of 20 medical research articles produced by Chinese doctoral students to track the changes in Theme-Rheme structure made in the process of revision. The results show that the modifications included conjunctive adjuncts and coordinating conjunctions that were used improperly in the first drafts. Half of the projecting clauses starting with the first person pronoun “we” were changed. More than half of the long, fully lexicalized pre-subject ideational components were modified so that the topic-revealing information could be reached more quickly. Most importantly, the majority of information discontinuity, represented by deviated thematic progressions, was adjusted through revision, which greatly increased the readability of the papers. In summary, the modifications in terms of Theme-Rheme structure are prominent and contribute essentially to the readability as well as publishability of the articles. Novice ESL/EFL research writers may lack and need the knowledge of the structure even though they are advanced language learners/users. It is recommended that explicit instructions regarding the structure be incorporated in a graduate-level writing class and teacher training be performed to ensure effective instruction.

Purpose The main objective of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Polish version of SDQ-20 and the capacity of this instrument, alongside a set of five questions derived from it (SDQ-5), to screen for dissociative disorders. The Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ-20) has been used in many language versions to evaluate the severity of somatoform dissociative symptoms, but no such tool has existed in Polish. Basic procedures Both pen-and-paper (pp PSDQ-5: sensitivity of 95.0% and specificity of 65.9%). People with dissociative disorders had significantly (P Principal Conclusion SDQ-20, administered p&p or online, proved to be a reliable tool for the screening of dissociative disorders in Poland. An alternative set of five questions (PSDQ-5) derived from the main instrument also presented good psychometric properties.

Short answer tests (SAT) are an assessment that examines nursing students' knowledge and can be used to evaluate expectations for student educational success. The purpose of this literature review is to combine the best available evidence as to whether short answer test papers meet nursing facility curricula learning outcomes. A literature review was performed consisting of data bases which included; ERIC, SCOPUS, CINAHL MEDLINE, COCHRANE LIBRARY and JOHANNA BIGGS INSTITUTE (JBI). The following keywords were used: Short answer test, written assessment, quiz, organisations, university, higher degree education, tertiary education, nursing, perceptions, attitude, opinions, thoughts, feeling and belief. The majority of studies demonstrated that short answer tests equip nursing students with the knowledge and critical thinking skills for the clinical setting. Three major themes were identified: the effects of increasing class sizes; authenticity and the validity of short answer tests. Short answer tests are commonly used in undergraduate nursing programs to evaluate students’ level of knowledge which consists of their ability to critically analyse and problem solve. To maintain authenticity and validity of an assessment, there is a need for an evidence-based approach to their design to meet the core learning objectives within the curriculum.

Animals frequently compete over limited resources such as food, territories or mating opportunities. Contest behaviour varies based on factors such as the value of the contested resources and the agonistic ability of rivals. Much work on animal contests has examined aggression, but vigilance, or a state of heightened alertness directed towards specific stimuli, may also be an important component of competition in many species. In this study, we measure the relationships among social vigilance, aggression, agonistic ability and resource value during staged contests over nest ownership in Polistes dominula nest-founding wasps. Our results show that both social vigilance and aggression are involved in mediating social risk during contests. Nest owner vigilance towards a rival increased with the time of season, a measure of nest value. Owner vigilance was also positively associated with aggression such that more aggressive owners were more vigilant. During contests, aggression of owners and rivals was influenced by different factors. Owner aggression was positively associated with nest size, another measure of nest value, while rival aggression was unrelated to nest size. Instead, rival aggression was associated with facial patterns that function as signals of agonistic ability; rivals were less aggressive to owners that signalled high agonistic ability than they were to owners that signalled low agonistic ability. The distinct predictors of contest behaviour between owners and rivals indicate that competitive role has a surprisingly strong influence on cues used to inform contest behaviour. Differences may occur because owners and rivals have different information and/or motivation. These results also suggest that social vigilance and aggression may be complementary behaviours that animals use to mitigate social threat.