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International audience; There is growing interest in non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as a novel treatment option for substance-use disorders (SUDs). Recent momentum stems from a foundation of preclinical neuroscience demonstrating links between neural circuits and drug consuming behavior, as well as recent FDA-approval of NIBS treatments for mental health disorders that share overlapping pathology with SUDs. As with any emerging field, enthusiasm must be tempered by reason; lessons learned from the past should be prudently applied to future therapies. Here, an international ensemble of experts provides an overview of the state of transcranial-electrical (tES) and transcranial-magnetic (TMS) stimulation applied in SUDs. This consensus paper provides a systematic literature review on published data - emphasizing the heterogeneity of methods and outcome measures while suggesting strategies to help bridge knowledge gaps. The goal of this effort is to provide the community with guidelines for best practices in tES/TMS SUD research. We hope this will accelerate the speed at which the community translates basic neuroscience into advanced neuromodulation tools for clinical practice in addiction medicine.

International audience

Although anthropologists frequently report the centrality of odours in the daily lives and cultural beliefs of many small-scale communities, Western scholars have historically considered the sense of smell as minimally involved in human communication. Here, we suggest that the origin and persistence of this latter view might be a consequence of the fact that most research is conducted on participants from Western societies who, collectively, were ratherold(adults),deodorizedanddesensitized(ODD) to various aspects of olfactory perception. The view is rapidly changing, however, and this themed issue provides a timely overview of the current state-of-the-art on human chemocommunication. Based on evolutionary models of communication, the papers cover both general mechanisms of odour production by ‘senders’ and odour perception by ‘receivers’. Focus on specific functional contexts includes reciprocal impact of odours between infants and mothers, the role of odour in mate choice and how odours communicate emotion and disease. Finally, a position paper outlines pitfalls and opportunities for the future, against the context of the replication crisis in psychology. We believe a more nuanced view of human chemical communication is within our grasp if we can continue to develop inter-disciplinary insights and expand research activities beyond ODD people.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Olfactory communication in humans’.

The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.

International audience; It is often, though sometimes only implicitly, assumed that biological/genetic evolution sets neural substrates, that neural substrates fix cognitive abilities, and that cognitive abilities determine the spectrum of cultural practices exhibited by a biological species. We label this view as the "bottom-up-only" view. In this paper we will show that such a "chain of dependence" is much looser than usually assumed, especially as far as recent periods (the last 800,000 years versus the last seven million or more) are considered. We will provide evidence and arguments supporting the idea that cultural innovation may have direct and ascertainable effects both on the cognitive capabilities of populations of hominins (via what we call "cultural exaptation") and on the neural substrates of the individuals in those populations (via what we call "cultural neural reuse"). Together, cultural exaptation and cultural neural reuse may give raise to a plausible general mechanism for cognitive evolution in which culture is the driving force, thus offering a "top-down-also" view of human evolution. Response to Reviewers: Dear Fiona, Thank you for the opportunity to resubmit a revised version of our manuscript Culture: the driving force of human cognition. We address below, introduced by an asterisk (*), on a point by point basis, how we have addressed the comments raised by you and the reviewers. As you will see, we have made almost all the changes suggested by you and them, including those concerning the figures. We think that, thanks to the comments and issues raised by the reviewers and synthetized by you, the paper is now much stronger. We hope that the revised manuscript will be accepted by TopiCS as we believe that it is a significant contribution and of interest for a large scientific audience.

Even if shared mobility services are encouraged by transportation policies, they remain underused and inefficient transportation modes because they struggle to find their customer base. This paper aims to estimate the potential demand for such services by focusing on individual trips and determining the number of passengers who perform similar trips. Contrary to existing papers, this study focuses on the demand without assuming any specific shared mobility system. The experiment performed on data coming from New York City conducts to cluster more than 85% of the trips. Consequently, shared mobility services such as ride-sharing can find their customer base and, at a long time, to a significantly reduce the number of cars flowing in the city. After a detailed analysis, commonalities in the clusters are identified: regular patterns from one day to the next exist in shared mobility demand. This regularity makes it possible to anticipate the potential shared mobility demand to help transportation suppliers to optimize their operations.

International audience; Both physiological and evolutionary criteria of biological individuality are underpinned by the idea that an individual is a functionally integrated whole. However, a precise account of functional integration has not been provided so far, and current notions are not developed in the details, especially in the case of composite systems. To address this issue, this paper focuses on the organisational dimension of two representative associations of prokaryotes: biofilms and the endosymbiosis between prokaryotes. Some critical voices have been raised against the thesis that biofilms are biological individuals. Nevertheless, it has not been investigated which structural and functional obstacles may prevent them from being fully integrated physiological or evolutionary units. By contrast, the endosymbiotic association of different species of prokaryotes has the potential for achieving a different type of physiological integration based on a common boundary and interlocked functions. This type of association had made it possible, under specific conditions, to evolve endosymbionts into fully integrated organelles. This paper therefore has three aims: first, to analyse the organisational conditions and the physiological mechanisms that enable integration in prokaryotic associations; second, to discuss the organisational differences between biofilms and prokaryotic endosymbiosis and the types of integration they achieve; finally, to provide a more precise account of functional integration based on these case studies.

Paradigm is a notion closely related to morphology, and more particularly to inflection. However, the paradigmatic approach is gaining in popularity in derivational morphology even if many consider paradigms to be unfit for derivation because of the gaps and mismatches that occur with derivational processes. This results in a lack of consensus on the relevance of derivational paradigms and in a lack of a clear definition of this notion. Therefore, derivational paradigms remain mostly unknown objects that should be studied in greater depth. This is the very goal of the special issue introduced by this paper, namely to define paradigms for derivation, illustrate them with various examples from different languages, and evaluate them in order to assess their psycholinguistic relevance. In this way, the papers in the issue show that paradigms are as operational, valid and useful tools in derivation as they are in inflection. Moreover, a better characterization of this notion will provide new insights into the organization of lexical morphology and new perspectives on the differences and similarities between inflection and derivation.

This paper extends the notion of the rational agent in economics by acknowledging the role of the unconscious in the agent's decision-making process. It argues that the unconscious can be modelled by a rational agent with his own objective function and set of information. The combination of both the conscious and unconscious agents is called the "dual agent". This dual agent presents rationally biased behaviors that may not disappear through aggregation, and could be potentially measured. It also provides a theoretical approach to the emotionally-driven actions. On the social sciences side, the paper pleads for a wider use of substantive rationality in the understanding of human behavior.

This paper responds to Bernecker’s (Front Psychol 8:1207, 2017) attack on Michaelian’s (Front Psychol 7:1857, 2016a) simulationist account of confabulation, as well as his defence of the causalist account of confabulation (Robins, Philos Psychol 29(3):432–447, 2016a) against Michaelian’s attack on it. The paper first argues that the simulationist account survives Bernecker’s attack, which takes the form of arguments from the possibility of unjustified memory and justified confabulation, unscathed. It then concedes that Bernecker’s defence of the causalist account against Michaelian’s attack, which takes the form of arguments from the possibility of veridical confabulation and falsidical relearning, is partly successful. This concession points the way, however, to a revised simulationist account that highlights the role played by failures of metacognitive monitoring in confabulation and that provides a means of distinguishing between “epistemically innocent” (Bortolotti, Conscious Cogn 33:490–499, 2015) and “epistemically culpable” memory errors. Finally, the paper responds to discussions by Robins (Synthese 1–17, 2018) and Bernecker (Front Psychol 8:1207, 2017) of the role played by the concept of reliability in Michaelian’s approach, offering further considerations in support of simulationism.

International audience; In a recent paper, De Toffoli and Giardino analyzed the practice of knot theory, by focusing in particular on the use of diagrams to represent and study knots [1]. To this aim, they distinguished between illustrations and diagrams. An illustration is static; by contrast, a diagram is dynamic, that is, it is closely related to some specific inferential procedures. In the case of knot diagrams, a diagram is also a well-defined mathematical object in itself, which can be used to classify knots. The objective of the present paper is to reply to the following questions: Can the classificatory function characterizing knot diagrams be generalized to other fields of mathematics? Our hypothesis is that dynamic diagrams that are mathematical objects in themselves are used to solve classification problems. To argue in favor of our hypothesis, we will present and compare two examples of classifications involving them: (i) the classification of compact connected surfaces (orientable or not, with or without boundary) in combinatorial topology; (ii) the classification of complex semisimple Lie algebras.

Paper accepted for publication in Perspectives on Science; In this paper, I outline a heuristic for thinking about the relation between explanation and understanding that can be used to capture various levels of “intimacy”, between them. I argue that the level of complexity in the structure of explanation is inversely proportional to the level of intimacy between explanation and understanding, i.e. the more complexity the less intimacy. I further argue that the level of complexity in the structure of explanation also affects the explanatory depth in a similar way to intimacy between explanation and understanding, i.e. the less complexity the greater explanatory depth and vice versa.

This paper discusses on different complementary concepts: the uses, the dissonances, the opportunities and the threats. Dissonances are conflicts between individual, collective or organizational knowledge. Such conflicts exist on system uses: they are called dissonances of uses that can produce positive or negative impacts, i.e. opportunities or threats respectively. After presenting these concepts, the paper proposes and illustrates with practical examples a generic approach combining expertise on system engineering, cognitive sciences and information sciences to take into account dissonances of uses and their consequences., Cet article s'inspire de différents concepts complémentaires : les usages, les dissonances, les opportunités et les menaces. Les dissonances sont des conflits entre connaissances individuelles, collectives ou organisationnelles. De tels conflits existent sur les usages de systèmes : ce sont des dissonances d'usages pouvant générer des résultats positifs ou négatifs, i.e. des opportunités ou des menaces potentielles respectivement. Après avoir présenté ces différents concepts, l'article propose et illustre par des exemples les prémices d'une démarche globale combinant des expertises en ingénierie des systèmes, en sciences cognitives et en sciences de l'information pour prendre en compte les dissonances d'usages et leurs conséquences.

Purpose The paper aims to provide a semiotic interpretation of the role played by entanglement in quantum-based models aimed to information retrieval and suggests possible improvements. Actual models are capable of retrieving documents relevant to a query composed of a keyword and its acceptation expressed by a given context. The paper also considers some analogies between this technique and quantum-based approaches in other disciplines to discuss the consequence of this quantum turn, as epistemology and philosophy of language are concerned. Design/methodology/approach We use quantum geometry to design a formal model for textual semiotics. In particular, the authors refer to Greimas’s work on semantics and information theory, to Eco’s writings on semantic memory and to Lotman’s work on a cybernetic notion of culture. Findings Quantum approaches imply a particular point of view on meaning. Meaning is not a real, positive quality of a given word. It is a net of relations constructed in the text, whose value is progressively determined during the reading process. Furthermore, reading is not a neutral operation: to read is to determine meaning. If it is said that, from a general semiotic point of view, meaning is stored in quantum semantic memories and is read/written by semantic machines, then the operation of “reading/writing” is analogous to the operation of measuring in quantum theory: in other terms, meaning is a value, and this implies an instance (not necessarily human) according to which values are valuable. Research limitations/implications The authors are not proposing a complete quantum semantics. At the present, quantum information retrieval can detect the presence of semantic relations. The authors suggest a way to characterize them, leaving open the problem on how to formalize the document as a vector in four-state semantic space. Practical implications A quantum turn shows deep semiotic implications on the approach to language, which shows an immanent semantic organization not reducible to syntax and morphology. This organization is probabilistic and indeterministic and explains to what extent text fixes the meaning of its lexical units. Social implications In the authors’ perspective, signification is not the exclusivity of a human subject. Criticizing Turing test, the great semiotic and cybernetic scholar Jurij Lotman wrote that if we identify “intelligent” and “human”, we raise the failings of an actual form of intelligence to the rank of an essential characteristic. On this line, meaning is considered as a feature of social, artificial and biological systems. Originality/value The adoption of quantum formalism seems in line with cybernetic framework, involving a probabilistic, non-cartesian point of view on meaning aimed to critically discuss the human–machine relation. Furthermore, Quantum theory (QT) implies a phenomenological point of view on the conditions of possibility of meaning.

International audience; We describe in this paper a formalization of the notion of "role" that involves a clear separation between two very different sorts of roles. Semantic roles, like student or customer, are seen as (pre-defined) transitory properties that can be associated with (usually animate) entities. From a formal point of view, they can be represented as standard concepts to be placed into a specific branch of a particular ontology; they formalize the static and classificatory aspects of the notion of role. Functional roles must be used, instead, to model those pervasive and dynamic situations corresponding to events, activities, circumstances etc. that are characterized by spatio-temporal references; see, e.g., "John is now acting as a student". They denote the specific function with respect to the global meaning of an event/situation/activity… that is performed by the entities involved in this event/situation... and formalize the dynamic and relational aspects of the notion of role. A functional role of the subject/agent/actor/protagonist… type is used to associate "John" with the notion of student or customer (semantic roles) during a specific time interval. Formally, functional roles are expressed as primitive symbols like subject, object, source, beneficiary. Semantic and functional roles interact smoothly when they are used to deal with challenging knowledge representation problems like the so-called "counting problem", or when we need to setup powerful inference rules whose atoms can directly denote complex situations. In this paper, the differentiation between semantic and functional roles will be illustrated from an NKRL point of view. NKRL (Narrative Knowledge Representation Language) is a high-level conceptual tool used for the computer-usable representation and management of the inner meaning of syntactically complex and semantically rich multimedia information. But, as we will see, the importance of this distinction goes well beyond its usefulness in a specific NKRL context. In particular, the use of functional roles is of paramount importance for the setup of those evolved n-ary forms of knowledge representation that allow us to get rid from the limitations in expressiveness proper to the standard (binary) solutions.

Part 1: Collaborative Networks; International audience; A good amount of research within the last few decades has been focusing on computational models of emotion and the relationships they have with human emotional processes and how they affect the surrounding environments. The study of emotions is interdisciplinary and ranges from basic human emotion research, like in psychology, to the social sciences studies present in sociology. The interactions between those and the computational sciences are becoming a challenge. One particular challenge that is presented in this paper is the study of collaborative emotions within a Collaborative Network (CN) environment. A CN is composed of different participants with different interaction characteristics such as, expectations, will to cooperate and share, leadership, communication, and organizational abilities, among others. This paper presents an approach, based on system dynamics and agent-based modeling, to model the emotional state of an individual member of the network (via a non-intrusive way). Some simulation results illustrate the approach.

International audience; In our present society, the cinema has become one of the major forms of entertainment providing unlimited contexts of emotion elicitation for the emotional needs of human beings. Since emotions are universal and shape all aspects of our interpersonal and intellectual experience, they have proved to be a highly multidisciplinary research field, ranging from psychology, sociology, neuroscience, etc., to computer science. However, affective multimedia content analysis work from the computer science community benefits but little from the progress achieved in other research fields. In this paper, a multidisciplinary state-of-the-art for affective movie content analysis is given, in order to promote and encourage exchanges between researchers from a very wide range of fields. In contrast to other state-of-the-art papers on affective video content analysis, this work confronts the ideas and models of psychology, sociology, neuroscience, and computer science. The concepts of aesthetic emotions and emotion induction, as well as the different representations of emotions are introduced, based on psychological and sociological theories. Previous global and continuous affective video content analysis work, including video emotion recognition and violence detection, are also presented in order to point out the limitations of affective video content analysis work.

International audience; This paper deals with the perception of German enunciative modalities, like assertion, interrogationand exclamation, by non-native speakers with French as their native language. It aims tostudy the relationship between the perception of different modalities and the morphosyntactic andintonative structures of the target and source languages. The first part of the paper describes corpusacquisition and acoustic stimuli recording conditions, together with the perception of the testprotocol. The second part presents the results of this test, including the time reaction to the audiostimuli, which carry the various enunciative modalities, and the validity of the responses. The thirdand last part analyses the intonative and morphosyntactic structures of the target language and interpretsthe results of the perception test. This study confirms the existence of intonative and morphosyntacticmarkers, which influence reaction time. Early onset of these segmental and prosodicmarkers enhances the precocious anticipation of correct decisions, and thus shorter reaction times.The results of this research will be compared with our previous study on “perception of Frenchenunciative modalities by German native speakers”.

In this paper we summarize concepts from earlier work and demonstrate how infinite sequential games can be used to model strategic conversations. Such a model allows one to reason about the structure and complexity of various kinds of winning goals that conversationalists might have. We show how to use tools from topology, set-theory and logic to express such goals. Our contribution in this paper is to offer a detailed examination of an example in which a player ‘defeats himself’ by going inconsistent, and to introduce a simple yet revealing way of talking about unawareness. We then demonstrate how we can use ideas from epistemic game theory to define various solution concepts and justify rationality assumptions underlying a conversation.

Part 3: Short Papers; International audience; This paper explores how the very human notion of Wisdom can be incorporated in the different behvaiour and ultimately reasonings of our computational systems. In particular, it extends and combines previous work in the areas of Computational Trust, Socially Adept Technologies, Device Comfort and the more recent notion of Slow Computing that was teased out at a recent Dagstuhl seminar. A brief exposition of Wisdom, its place in autonomous sociotechnical systems, and pointers to how we can make it work are provided. Further work is explored.

International audience; One of the most critical properties of a versatile intelligent agent is its capacity to adapt autonomously to any change in the environment without overly complexifying its cognitive architecture. In this paper, we propose that understanding the role of neuromodulation in the brain is of central interest for this purpose. More precisely, we propose that an accurate estimation of the nature of uncertainty present in the environment is performed by specific brain regions and broadcast throughout the cerebral network by neuromodulators, resulting in appropriate changes in cerebral functioning and learning modes. Better understanding the principles of these mechanisms in the brain might tremendously inspire the field of Artificial General Intelligence. The original contribution of this paper is to relate the four major neuromodulators to four fundamental dimensions of uncertainty.

International audience; Negation is a key element in the construction of logical systems and plays a central role in reasoning and information manipulation tools. This paper considers the issue of negating graded beliefs, in the framework of a graded doxastic logic. It studies three interpretations of negation for these high level pieces of information, where negation is transferred to the three components of graded beliefs: the formula about which a belief is expressed, the belief modality and the belief level. The paper discusses the choice of appropriate formal frameworks for each of them, considering modal, fuzzy and many-valued logics; it characterises their use and underlines their relations, in particular regarding their effects on the belief degrees.

International audience; Virtual Reality (VR) has emerged as a promising tool in many domains of therapy and rehabilitation , and has recently attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians working with elderly people with MCI, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Here we present a study testing the feasibility of using highly realistic image-based rendered VR with patients with MCI and dementia. We designed an attentional task to train selective and sustained attention, and we tested a VR and a paper version of this task in a single-session within-subjects design. Results showed that participants with MCI and dementia reported to be highly satisfied and interested in the task, and they reported high feelings of security, low discomfort , anxiety and fatigue. In addition, participants reported a preference for the VR condition compared to the paper condition, even if the task was more difficult. Interestingly, apathetic participants showed a preference for the VR condition stronger than that of non-apathetic participants. These findings suggest that VR-based training can be considered as an interesting tool to improve adherence to cognitive training in elderly people with cognitive impairment.

Revised Selected Papers; International audience; This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on Multi-Agent-Based Simulation, MABS 2015, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2015. The workshop was held in conjunction with the 14th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-agent Systems, AAMAS 2015. The 12 revised full papers included in this volume ware carefully selected from 22 submissions. The papers focus on the influence of social sciences and multi-agent systems, with a strong application/empirical vein, and its emphasis is stressed on exploratory agent based simulation as a principled way of undertaking scientific research in the social sciences and using social theories as an inspiration to new frameworks and developments in multi-agent systems.

Of all the perspectives about what inconsistencies entail and how we can handle them, one that escapes our attention is that inconsistencies can serve as effective stimuli to learning because they often help reveal the inadequacies, gaps, deficiencies, or boundary conditions in an agent's problem-solving knowledge. In this paper, we describe a new machine learning approach: inconsistency-induced learning where a learning episode is triggered by some inconsistent phenomenon and learning is essentially embodied in the process of finding ways to overcome such inconsistent phenomenon. Each learning episode causes an agent's task-performing knowledge to be revised, refined, or augmented, which in turn incrementally improves its problem-solving performance. If such a learning agent can be engaged in an open-ended and alternating sequence of task-performing episodes and learning episodes, we can refer to it as a perpetual learning agent. We also provide an overview of related work in the paper.

International audience; During the last 50 years, the question of the cognitive nature of phonological units has followed the rhythm of the persistent debate between auditory and motor theories of speech communication. Though recent advances in cognitive neuroscience and cognitive psychology have largely renewed this debate, a consensus is still out of reach, and the true nature of speech units in the human brain remains elusive.A dimension of importance in this debate is a systemic one: speech units are not isolated, they are part of a phonological system, and they obey structural principles regarding well-investigated properties as distinctiveness, compositionality, contextual dependencies or systemic regularities. The phonological system itself is also part of a complex network of interaction with low-level biomechanical and sensory-motor systems, with higher-level brain structures regulating cognition, emotion and motivation, and finally with the social structures in which all these systems are embedded.Connecting assumptions or theories about the nature of speech units with a structuralist view about the relationship between phonetic properties and phonological systems has given rise to a number of major breakthroughs in speech science, for instance Lindblom’s bridges between the Variable Adaptive Theory (or its Hyper-Hypo variant) of speech communication (Lindblom, 1990) and the Dispersion Theory of vowel systems (Lindblom, 1986); or Stevens’ Quantal Theory (Stevens, 1972, 1989) addressing both the invariance issue and the search for the origins of distinctiveness and phonetic features; or the tandem between the Motor Theory of Speech Perception (Liberman & Mattingly, 1985) and Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein, 1992) in the Haskins Labs. This Special Issue is centered around a target paper by Moulin-Frier et al. that aims at relating the question of the auditory vs. motor vs. perceptuo-motor nature of speech units with simulations of vowel, plosive and syllable systems of human languages emerging from agent interactions, in a computational Bayesian framework. In this context, the papers in the special issue explore further the systemic perspective, studying how various dimensions of physical, cognitive, motivational and interactional systems can inform our understanding of the origins of speech forms.

Part 2: Regular Submissions; International audience; Carl Adam Petri is well known for introducing the nets having his name. It is less known that net theory was, for Petri, the kernel of a radical shift in scientific knowledge. Carl Adam Petri has not written extensively during his life and this may have been an important reason that only the most applied part of his approach, the use of nets for designing concurrent systems, has become largely popular. In this paper, I try to popularize in a larger community the radical novelty and the relevance of the approach Petri used for developing scientific knowledge of physical and social phenomena. In short, we can say that Petri’s approach assumes that knowledge, even scientific knowledge, is rooted in human experience and there is no way, and no necessity, to connect it directly to an external reality.This has, as we will see, much to do with the concept of computing and, indirectly, with the relations between science and philosophy. This paper will summarize three aspects of Petri’s thinking, which deserve a wider attention: the notion of model, the new algebraic foundations for a theory of modeling (whose main example are Petri Nets) and its application to Human Communication Pragmatics.

International audience; In this paper we review the current problematic of high intelligence quotient (HQI) individuals as it is developed both in the paradigm of cognitive psychology and in that of clinical psychology. The evolution of the HQI concept as well as that of intelligence models is presented. We insist on the limits of the cognitive approach alone, whereas clinical psychology highlights the particularities of these people which oblige us to widen the framework of HQI to prefer the notion of High Potential, thus underlining that the processes involved are not only cognitive but global, also emotional, affective and creative. The comparison of the two paradigmatic approaches (cognitive psychology and clinical psychology) shows, particularly on this theme, very different epistemological conceptions of intelligence. It also highlights the limits of neuropsychological tests in the face of the living, subtle and embodied actuality of differential psychology. These two approaches are both necessary and complementary.; Dans ce texte nous tentons de faire une revue de la problématique actuelle des personnes à haut quotient intellectuel (HQI) telle qu'elle est développée à la fois dans le paradigme de la psychologie cognitive mais aussi dans celui de la psychologie clinique. L'évolution du concept de HQI ainsi que celle des modèles d'intelligence sont présentées. Nous insistons sur les limites de la seule approche cognitive, alors que la psychologie clinique met en évidence des particularités de ces personnes qui obligent à élargir le cadre du HQI pour lui préférer la notion de Haut Potentiel, soulignant ainsi que les processus impliqués ne sont pas seulement cognitifs mais globaux, également émotionnels, affectifs et créatifs. La mise en regard des deux approches paradigmatiques (psychologie cognitive et psychologie clinique) montre, en particulier sur cette thématique, des conceptions épistémologiques très différentes quant à l'intelligence. Elle met également en évidence la limite des tests neuropsychologiques face à l'actualité vivante, subtile et incarnée de la psychologie différentielle. Ces deux approches sont à la fois nécessaires et complémentaires. 1

From the moment of birth, humans and animals are immersed in time: all experiences and actions evolve in time and are dynamically structured. The perception of time is thus a capacity indispensable for the control of perception, cognition and action. The last 10 years have witnessed a remarkable resurgence of interest in timing and time perception, with a continuously increasing number of researchers exploring these temporal abilities. However, existing robotic systems largely neglect the key role of time in cognition and action. This is a major barrier for accomplishing the long-term goal of symbiotic human-robot interaction. The critical question is: how is time instantiated in a biological system and how can it be implemented in an artificial system? Recent years have seen an increasing focus on the relationship between embodiment, affective states and the subjective experience of time. In particular, the influence of affective states on subjective time seems to depend on the embodiment of emotions. As a result, intertwined affective and interoceptive states probably contribute to our subjective experience of time. Since robotic systems are in essence embodied information-processing systems that interact with the real world, we hope to inspire a reciprocal exchange of ideas between the field of Robotics, Cognitive Neurosciences, and Psychology. The present Research Topic aims at paving the way for a new generation of intelligent computational systems that incorporate the sense of time in their processing loop and thus accomplish more efficient and more advanced cognitive capacities. Along this line, the development of robots which can sense the passage of time will significantly improve human-robot interaction particularly in natural tasks that require knowledge of and sensitivity to temporal factors. In this research topic, we have called researchers from different disciplines (Psychology, Robotics, and Neuroscience) to present their empirical work, their models or reviews on the question of how time judgments are instantiated in biological and artificial systems. Of particular interest were papers on time perception in humans and animals—with a focused interest on embodied time perception—as well as papers discussing the key role of time on different aspects of robotic cognition and the neural underpinnings of timing related phenomena. In the following, we organized the contributing articles into three categories: (1) psychology and embodied cognition, (2) robotics, and (3) neural underpinnings. First of all, we want to specifically point to the contributing article (Maniadakis and Trahanias, 2014) which provides a broad theoretical overview on the multitude of aspects of how time affects cognition. We suggest consulting this article prior to delving into the other articles in this research topic.

International audience; This paper presents a model to represent situated action in farming systems. The basic idea is to invert the classical vision of action that stipulates that action is a consequence of a decision process and a plan. We consider action as mainly dictated by a situation created by the interaction of the actor and his/her environment. Hence, action is a process that emerges from this situation. Thus, in this paper we treat the question of how to model action as an emergence process from the situations created by actors and their environment? For this, our model is based on multiagent system as well as on the affordance, emergence and stigmergy concepts (this paper emphasizes mainly the first two).

International audience; When time is of the essence and teams face unexpected contextual changes, they must adapt quickly, sometimes even in real time, that is, they may have to improvise. This paper adopts an inductive approach to explore how teams decide to engage in improvised adaptation, and what happens during those processes for improvisation to be successful. The study analyzes improvisation from the perspective of paradox theory and identifies six paradoxical tensions driven by these contexts: deployment, development, temporal, procedural, structural, and behavioral tensions. We propose a dynamic equilibrium model of team improvised adaptation that leads to team plasticity. By properly managing the paradoxical tensions emerging from the convergence of design and execution, teams become more plastic and able to cope with sudden change. These findings contribute to adaptation and improvisation literatures by delving into the adaptation process under the temporal and material confluence of design and execution.

International audience; Certain confusion may be observed in the field of biomimetic architecture, as it emerges at the crossroad of two disciplinary domains: architectural design and biological sciences. If biomimetics is defined as a science, once it is applied to architecture, biomimetic architecture should logically be defined as a science too. This assertion collides with the nature of architectural design, which may rather be defined as a technology: its aim is to transform the world, not to explain it. On the one hand, there is no obvious relationship between architecture and life sciences. On the other hand, the biomimetic approach tends to redefine the concept of science itself by seeking to avoid the excesses of scientism. Moreover, existing applications of biomimetic design show that it is difficult to observe a genuine biomimetic architecture; most cases are closer to engineering component or urban planning and sometimes they involve little or no life sciences. The aim of this paper is to describe this conceptual confusion through two movements called “forcings”, occurring between design and science. These forcings are conceptualised as shifts between constructed scientific objects and given empirical objects. Models, used in biology as in architecture, allow these shifts by virtue of their double function. They are both tools for knowledge and for design, thus they may be conceptually forced into what they are not supposed to be, particularly in the field of biomimetic architecture where design process and scientific knowledge are said to meet.

International audience; Gradual semantics are now well-studied in the computational argumentation literature. In this paper, we argue that gradual semantics that can handle both bipolarity (e.g. attacks and supports) and sets of attacking arguments (i.e. several arguments together attacking an argument) might be useful in some contexts. We define the formal framework and properties for such semantics. We proceed by adapting, studying and implementing three well-known semantics from the bipolar gradual literature to this new framework.

Chatbots are getting increasingly popular in businesses, and particularly in customer services, but there is also a growing interest in developing artificial conversational agents able to coach people for medical or social purposes. Yet in too many cases, they remain frustrating to use when it comes to actual conversation going beyond simple question-answer interactions. In this paper, we show that this inability to sustain conversations is mostly caused by the lack of consideration of the user’s expectations, intentions, and current knowledge by the chatbot: a lack of a Theory of Mind. We investigated this hypothesis by designing an experiment using 5 chatbots having won the Loebner prize, in two different kinds of interaction: one relying heavily on implicit information, and the other not. As expected, no chatbot was able to keep conversing in the implicit condition.

International audience; Communication policies employed by policymakers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often appeal to the emotions to persuade people to adopt virtuous behavior. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of induced emotions on pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We design a three-stage laboratory experiment. In the first stage, we determine the level of the subjects’ environmental awareness. In the second stage, subjects read scripts that place them in realistic hypothetical scenarios designed to induce specific emotions. We implement a 2 x 2 in-between design by varying both the valence and social dimension of the four emotional states induced: happiness, sadness, pride and shame. In the third stage, subjects play a modified dictator game in which the recipient is an environmental non-governmental organization (ENGO). We show that the emotional states of subjects can influence PEB. In particular, negative emotions significantly reduce the average individual amount of donations made to ENGOs. We also find that the precise impact of the emotional states is more complex and appears to be dependent on individuals’ characteristics and awareness for environmental issues. For instance, in positive emotional states, men donate significantly less than women. In addition, a high level of environmental awareness increases donations in subjects experiencing shame and decreases their likelihood to donate when feeling pride. Also, we observe behavioral consistency for negative emotions and rather compensatory behavior for positive emotions.

International audience; The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) has previously been standardized in thirteen countries on three continents, confirming its status of gold standard test to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). In the meantime, performance has also been shown to vary with variables such as age, education, and barely sex. The present study aimed at standardizing the PHES in a French population. One hundred and ninety-six French healthy participants completed a French version of the paper-and-pencil PHES, involving five tests and six measures. Importantly, the balance was perfect between all levels of the three controlled factors, which were sex, age (seven decade-levels from 20-29 to 80-89 years), and education (two levels below or above 12 years of education). Raw measures were transformed to fit the normal distribution. ANOVAs on transformed variables showed no effect of sex, but an effect of age on all measures, and of education on five measures. Multiple or simple regressions were completed to build up normograms. Thorough analysis of variability within each test failed to find outliers that may bias the results. Comparison between French and seminal German data showed that they highly fitted though cultural and cognitive style specificities could be observed. This is the first study to standardize the PHES in a French population and to extensively explore the effects of sex, age and education using perfectly balanced samples. Subtle differences between countries of the same continent emphasize the need to build up normative data in each country to get accurate PHES in patients.

Based on a meta-analysis, this paper highlights the strength and relevance of several social incentive factors concerning pro-environmental behaviors, including social influence, network factors (like network size, network connection and leadership), trust in others, and trust in institutions. Firstly, our results suggest that social influence is necessary for the emergence of pro-environmental behaviors. More specifically, an internal social influence (i.e., motivating people to change their perceptions and attitudes) is essential to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Secondly, network connection encourages pro-environmental behaviors, meaning that the effectiveness of a conservation policy can be improved if connections among individuals are increased. Finally, trust in institutions can dictate individual behaviors to shape policy design and generate desired policy outcomes.

International audience; Anomalies of imagination are frequent and handicapping in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) but neglected in psychopathology due to the lack of a conceptual framework to model disorders of imagination. Recently, the link between minimal self disorders and pathology of imagination has been emphasized. The aim of the present article is to discuss this initiative by stressing their paradigm drawing on the recent imaginary turn in phenomenological research. Although this field of research is currently very active in philosophy, there are very few translational approaches in psychopathology or cognitive sciences. In this paper, we examine how contemporary research concerning fantasy and imagination can lead to the elaboration of an epistemological and phenomenological framework for schizophrenia research. We first examine the psychopathological literature on anomalous fantasy and imagination in SSDs. Then we propose an exhaustive overview of the imaginary turn of philosophical phenomenology. Further, we examine the theoretical and practical implications of such a recasting of phenomenological research. We show how fantasy and imagination are involved in the embodiment process, and how identity and imagination are interlinked. Finally, we propose an overview of the possible implications for the understanding of psychotherapeutic processes and recovery strategies.

International audience; Characterizing precisely neurophysiological activity involved in natural conversations remains a major challenge. We explore in this paper the relationship between multimodal conversational behavior and brain activity during natural conversations. This is challenging due to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) time resolution and to the diversity of the recorded multimodal signals.We use a unique corpus including localized brain activity and behavior recorded during a fMRI experiment when several participants had natural conversations alternatively with a human and a conversational robot. The corpus includes fMRI responses as well as conversational signals that consist of synchronized raw audio and their transcripts, video and eye-tracking recordings.The proposed approach includes a first step to extract discrete neurophysiological time-series from functionally well defined brain areas, as well as behavioral time-series describing specific behaviors. Then, machine learning models are applied to predict neurophysiological time-series based on the extracted behavioral features.The results show promising prediction scores, and specific causal relationships are found between behaviors and the activity in functional brain areas for both conditions, i.e., human-human and human-robot conversations.

International audience; Understanding and forecasting brain functions is the major challenge of our times. The focus of this endeavor is understanding and forecasting learning events, such as the dynamic adaptation of beams connecting neuronal cards in Edelman's Theory of Neuronal Group Selection (TNGS). We have conceived, designed and evaluated a new paradigm for constructing and using collective knowledge by Web interactions that we called ViewpointS. By exploiting the similarity with the TNGS we conjecture that it may be metaphorically considered a Collective Brain, especially effective in the case of trans-disciplinary representations. Far from being without doubts, in the paper we present the reasons (and the limits) of our proposal that aims to become a useful integrating tool for future quantitative explorations of individual brain functions as well as of collective wisdom at different degrees of granularity. We are therefore challenging each of the current approaches: the logical one in the semantic Web, the statistical one in mining and deep learning, the social one in recommender systems based on authority and trust; not in each of their own preferred field of operation, rather in their integration weaknesses far from the holistic and dynamic behavior of the human brain.

Disparate biases associated with datasets and trained classifiers in hateful and abusive content identification tasks have raised many concerns recently. Although the problem of biased datasets on abusive language detection has been addressed more frequently, biases arising from trained classifiers have not yet been a matter of concern. Here, we first introduce a transfer learning approach for hate speech detection based on an existing pre-trained language model called BERT and evaluate the proposed model on two publicly available datasets annotated for racism, sexism, hate or offensive content on Twitter. Next, we introduce a bias alleviation mechanism in hate speech detection task to mitigate the effect of bias in training set during the fine-tuning of our pre-trained BERT-based model. Toward that end, we use an existing regularization method to reweight input samples, thereby decreasing the effects of high correlated training set' s n-grams with class labels, and then fine-tune our pre-trained BERT-based model with the new re-weighted samples. To evaluate our bias alleviation mechanism, we employ a cross-domain approach in which we use the trained classifiers on the aforementioned datasets to predict the labels of two new datasets from Twitter, AAE-aligned and White-aligned groups, which indicate tweets written in African-American English (AAE) and Standard American English (SAE) respectively. The results show the existence of systematic racial bias in trained classifiers as they tend to assign tweets written in AAE from AAE-aligned group to negative classes such as racism, sexism, hate, and offensive more often than tweets written in SAE from White-aligned. However, the racial bias in our classifiers reduces significantly after our bias alleviation mechanism is incorporated. This work could institute the first step towards debiasing hate speech and abusive language detection systems., Comment: This paper has been accepted in the PLOS ONE journal in August 2020

We propose a logical encoding of argumentation frameworks with higher-order interactions (i.e. attacks/supports whose targets are arguments or other attacks/supports) with an evidential meaning for supports. Our purpose is to separate the logical expression of the meaning of an attack or an evidential support (simple or higher-order) from the logical expression of acceptability semantics. We consider semantics which specify the conditions under which the arguments (resp. the attacks/supports) are considered as accepted, directly on the extended framework, without translating the original framework into a Dung’s argumentation framework. We characterize the output of a given framework in logical terms (namely as particular models of a logical theory). Our proposal applies to the particular case of Dung’s frameworks, enabling to recover standard extensions.

International audience; In this paper, a novel self-learning digital twin strategy is developed for fluid sloshing phenomena. This class of problems is of utmost importance for robotic manipulation of fluids, for instance, or, in general, in simulation-assisted decision making. The proposed method infers the (linear or non-linear) constitutive behavior of the fluid from video sequences of the sloshing phenomena. Real-time prediction of the fluid response is obtained from a reduced order model (ROM) constructed by means of thermodynamics-informed data-driven learning. From these data, we aim to predict the future response of a twin fluid reacting to the movement of the real container. The constructed system is able to perform accurate forecasts of its future reactions to the movements of the containers. The system is completed with augmented reality techniques, so as to enable comparisons among the predicted result with the actual response of the same liquid and to provide the user with insightful information about the physics taking place.

International audience; Understanding each other is a core concept of social cohesion and, consequently, has immense value in human society. Importantly, shared information leading to cohesion can come from two main sources: observed action and/or language (word) processing. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework for the link between action observation and action verb processing. Based on the activation of common semantic representations of actions through semantic resonance, this model can account for the neurophysiological, behavioral and neuro-psychological domains in the link between action observation and language. Semantic resonance is hypothesized to play a role beyond that of the mere observation of others and can benefit future studies trying to connect action production and language.

In this paper, we adopt a physiological perspective in order to produce an intelligible overview of biological transmission in all its diversity. This allows us to put forward the analysis of transmission mechanisms, with the aim of complementing the usual focus on transmitted factors. We underline the importance of the structural, dynamical, and functional features of transmission mechanisms throughout organisms’ life cycles in order to answer to the question of what is passed on across generations, how and why. On this basis, we propose a vision of biological transmission as networks of heterogeneous physiological mechanisms, not restricted to transmission mechanisms stricto sensu. They prove to be themselves suited candidates for evolutionary explanations. They are processes both necessary for evolution to happen and resulting themselves from evolution. This leads us to call for a strategy of endogenization to account for transmission, and more specifically inheritance, as evolved and evolving physiological mechanisms.

International audience; We thank Panesar and Fernandez-Miranda (2019) for their interest in our work (Mandonnet et al., 2018). However, based on their comments, there seems to be some misunderstanding. We should have more elaborated on the principles that grounded our classification. We aim at rationalizing the current terminology that everyone shares but which is anything but clear. To this end, we proposed a first principle, namely the taxonomic scheme. This way of organizing knowledge has been demonstrated to be very powerful in many areas of biological sciences. It allows to define at the same time broad categories (which we called "systems"), together with subcategories (which we called "tracts"). It allows the classification to be continuously revised as our knowledge of the exact trajectories of the connections becomes more and more accurate. We agree that numbering the different entities of a system by roman letters is not very informative (although please note that the numbering follows the anatomical orientation, from medial to lateral). However, this is the only way to make it easy to implement new knowledge. On the contrary, the anatomically-oriented attributes "dorsal" and "ventral" that are proposed by the authors are too restrictive consider for example the four subcomponents of the arcuate fasciculus described by the authors of the commentary (Fernández-Miranda et al., 2014). With this general principle in mind, it seems clear that the arcuate fasciculus belong to the broad category of "superior longitudinal system," as the central part of its trajectory (called the "stem, " in which all fibers converge before diverging again toward their destination) is in close relationship with the stems of the three superior longitudinal fasciculus. And we fully agree that the terminology "superior longitudinal fasciculus" should not be used for the arcuate fasciculus, as the whole shape of the tract is not longitudinal. Regarding the comment about the cingulum, we do not really understand the criticism, as we fully concur with their statement. We were among the first to deny the existence of the SLF I as initially described by Makris (Makris et al., 2005; Maldonado et al., 2012), and we also agree, as explained in the paper, to assign to the mesial longitudinal system the fronto-parietal fibers located mesially to the corona radiata. However, in our view, the most dorsal and medial fibers of the SLF

Analogical proportions are statements of the form “a is to b as c is to d”. They have known a revival of interest after they have been formalized and used in analogical inference. In particular their meaning has been made clear through a logical modeling. The paper shows that they are closely related to the heart of the reasoning process, since dichotomic trees built from pairs of mutually exclusive properties have also a reading in terms of Boolean analogical proportions. This provides a link between analogy and logically expressed taxonomies. Moreover, this gives birth to noticeable opposition structures, and can be also related to formal concept analysis.

International audience; Research on learner engagement has increased in recent years arguing that it favors academic success. Teachers want their learners to engage in meaningful learning activities, like mind mapping, but they lack clues for observing their engagement along the activity. In this paper, we propose indicators of behavioural and cognitive dimensions of learner engagement for mind mapping activities based on interaction traces. Our indicators have been defined from final mind maps as well as from the mind mapping processes. We discuss implications for the observation of learner engagement in learning activities similar to mind mapping.

International audience; In our commentary on Lynch et al.'s target paper (2019, this issue), we focus on decomposition as a research strategy. We argue that not only the presumptive microbial causes but also their supposed phenotypic effects need to be decomposed relative to each other. Such a dual decomposition strategy ought to improve the way in which causal claims in microbiome research can be made and understood.

Part 1: Technology Adoption, Diffusion and Ubiquitous Computing; International audience; Neuroethics is a field of study that deals with the ethical and moral issues in neuroscience. Memory augmentation approaches and technologies, is rooted in the broad field of neuroscience and brings with it its own set of ethical issues. Memory augmentation is a new emergent field, where the well-being of humans is augmented using pervasive and ubiquitous technologies. Augmenting Alzheimer and dementia patients’ memory with wearable pervasive computing technologies like lifelogging shows a promising memory improvement But, is it ethical to augment memory, if so what ethical issue may arise? The emergent technologies like artificial intelligence, pervasive computing and IoT (Internet of Things) are frequently used in memory augmentation. The consequence of augmentation for treating memory deficit needs a careful look. This paper will highlight the basic ethical issues related to memory augmentation technologies.