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In this article, we study the consensus issues of multiagent systems (MASs) without any information of the system model by using the reinforcement learning (RL) method and event-based control strategy. First, we design an adaptive event-based consensus control protocol using the local sampled state information so that the consensus errors of all agents are uniformly ultimately bounded. The validity of the above event-triggered adaptive control protocol is confirmed by excluding the Zeno behavior within finite time. Then, based on the RL approach, we present a model-free algorithm to get the feedback gain matrix, and accomplish constructing the adaptive event-triggered control strategy without the knowledge of model information. Distinct with the existing related works, this RL-based event-triggered adaptive control algorithm only relies on the local sampled state information, irrelevant to any model information or global network information. Finally, we provide some examples to demonstrate the validity of the above adaptive event-based consensus algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we investigate the distributed adaptive consensus problem of parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) agents by output feedback on undirected communication networks, in which two cases of no leader and leader–follower with a leader are taken into account. For the leaderless case, a novel distributed adaptive protocol, namely, the vertex-based protocol, is designed to achieve consensus by taking advantage of the relative output information of itself and its neighbors for any given undirected connected communication graph. For the case of leader–follower, a distributed continuous adaptive controller is put forward to converge the tracking error to a bounded domain by using the Lyapunov function, graph theory, and PDE theory. Furthermore, a corollary that the tracking error tends to zero by replacing the continuous controller with the discontinuous controller is given. Finally, the relevant simulation results are further demonstrated to demonstrate the theoretical results obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we refocus on the distributed observer construction of a continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) system, which is called the target system, by using a network of observers to measure the output of the target system. Each observer can access only a part of the component information of the output of the target system, but the consensus-based communication among them can make it possible for each observer to estimate the full state vector of the target system asymptotically. The main objective of this article is to simplify the distributed reduced-order observer design for the LTI system on the basis of the consensus communication pattern. For observers interacting on a directed graph, we first address the problem of the distributed reduced-order observer design for the detectable target system and provide sufficient conditions involving the topology information to guarantee the existence of the distributed reduced-order observer. Then, the dependence on the topology information in the sufficient conditions will be eliminated by using the adaptive strategy and so that a completely distributed reduced-order observer can be designed for the target system. Finally, some numerical simulations are proposed to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the consensus control problem for second-order multiagent systems with switched dynamics, consisting of a continuous-time subsystem and a discrete-time subsystem. Under a fixed directed topology, two linear control protocols are proposed for achieving consensus. One is that two subsystems use different control inputs, where the continuous-time system uses continuous-time control, and the discrete-time system uses discrete-time control. In order to reach consensus for this kind of control protocol, some necessary and sufficient conditions are derived. The other is to use the same control algorithm for the two subsystems, which is a sampled-data control input. Similar consensus conditions are also obtained. Finally, a few simulation examples are given to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article concerns the robust consensus problem of continuous-time linear multiagent systems (MASs) with uncertainty and discrete-time measurement information, where the output measurement information is in the data-sampled form. Distributed output-feedback protocol with or without controller interaction is proposed for each agent. Specifically, the output-feedback protocol runs in continuous time with an output error correction term mixed with the discrete-time measurement information. The concrete algorithm is given for the construction of the feedback matrices. Then, by using the delay-input approach, sufficient conditions are provided for the robust consensus of this kind of MASs interacting over networks described by the directed graphs. Finally, numerical simulations are given to illustrate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article mainly solves the consensus issue of parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) agents with switching topology by output feedback. A novel edge-based adaptive control protocol is designed to reach consensus under the condition that the switching graphs are always connected at any switching instants. Different from the existing adaptive protocol associated with partial differential dynamics, the proposed adaptive observer-type law relies on the relative output information rather than relative state information. A proper Lyapunov functional is constructed and some important lemmas are used, then a sufficient condition is obtained for the consensus of parabolic PDE agents on switching graphs. Besides, a corollary about the distributed adaptive consensus of parabolic PDE agents on fixed undirected communication networks is given. Finally, the theoretical results are demonstrated by two numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the consensus of hybrid second-order multiagent systems (MASs), where the hybrid MAS is constituted by the continuous-time second-order (CTSO) and discrete-time second-order (DTSO) dynamic agents. First, a hybrid consensus algorithm is proposed, where a sample-data control is considered in the CTSO subsystems. Under the proposed hybrid consensus algorithm, the convergence of the hybrid second-order MAS matrix is analyzed. Second, a sufficient and necessary condition is proposed, which indicates that the controller parameters, such as coupling gains and the sampling interval, and eigenvalues of network topology have a significant impact on the system consensus. Finally, several simulation examples are presented to prove the validity of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the consensus in fractional-order multiagent systems over directed graph via sampled-data control method. A distributed control protocol using the sampled position and velocity data is designed. By virtue of the Mittag-Leffler function, Laplace transform, and matrix theory, some necessary and sufficient conditions associated with the sampling period, the fractional order, the coupling strengths, and the network structure to obtain consensus of the systems are obtained. Then, some detailed discussions are presented about how to select the sampling period and how to design the coupling strengths to attain the consensus of the systems, respectively. Lastly, some numerical simulation results are illustrated to reflect the availability of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the consensus problem for the delayed fractional-order multiagent system (FOMAS) under directed graph is addressed by intermittent sampled-data control. First, an intermittent sampled-data control protocol with input time delay is proposed. By virtue of Laplace transform and stability theory, some necessary and sufficient conditions depending on the order, input time delay, sampling period, communication width, coupling strengths, and network structure are presented for the delayed FOMASs to reach consensus. Moreover, due to the relationship about the input time delay, communication width, and sampling period, four cases are carefully discussed to find that the sampling period has bounds for a given network with known input time delay and communication width to obtain consensus. Finally, some simulation examples are shown to verify the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaderless consensus of fractional-order multi-agent systems (FOMASs) by intermittence sampled data control method is investigated in this brief, for which a distributed intermittence sampled data control protocol is presented to reduce the updating rate and working time of controllers. Subsequently, the Laplace transform and the stability theory are utilized to derive some necessary and sufficient consensus criteria that show the relations among the fractional order, sampling period, communication width, coupling strengths, and network topology. What is more, it can be discovered that both the communication width and sampling period have the lower and upper bounds for given networks to attain leaderless consensus. Finally, a numerical simulation example is presented to prove the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the consensus problem for directed positive multiagent systems with nonlinear control input. The directed topology is supposed to be strongly connected. For the case of sector input nonlinearities, the non-negative global consensus conditions are presented by using a novel analysis method which directly considers the nonlinear input, and the feedback matrices are obtained with convex optimization method by solving the quadratic matrix inequalities subject to non-negative constraints. For the case of saturation-type sector input nonlinearities, the global consensus and local consensus results are analyzed, respectively. With the properties of Metzler matrix, the non-negative consensus results are further extended to the strongly connected and balanced positive multiagent systems subject to (saturation-type) sector input nonlinearities and parameter uncertainties. The results are simplified, and the feedback matrices can be given by solving iterative linear matrix inequality with non-negative constraints. Two simulation examples and a practical electrical circuit model are finally carried out to verify the proposed control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this brief, we investigate the consensus problem of nonlinear multiagent systems by means of general Lyapunov functions. That is, by constructing general Lyapunov functions, such as polynomial Lyapunov functions beyond quadratic forms, a sufficient condition is established for achieving global consensus. Compared with the existing consensus criteria deduced by quadratic Lyapunov functions, our consensus criterion is less conservative and can be applicable for more systems. In particular, for polynomial systems and even certain classes of nonpolynomial systems, our consensus criterion can be formulated based on polynomial Lyapunov functions, which can be calculated by using the sum-of-squares (SOS) programming tools such as SOSTOOLS. Finally, two simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]