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Since proclaiming its independence, the Republic of Indonesia has a large gold-mining industry (PT Indonesia has always been a country of great agrarian The people of Indonesia to the gate of independence. [Extracted from the article]

This article addresses the continuing quest for effective sustainable development laws, policies and other measures, in the context of the international objective of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. It addresses these issues both in general and in the specific context of climate policy. It focuses on exploring the results presented by other authors that discuss these matters in depth, with particular attention to the five problem areas: uncertainties in dealing with concerns of precaution and possible future impacts; the role of nature in society; international treaties; interlinkages among the SDGs; and the challenges of evaluation and feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floriculture sector is booming in Ethiopia, making the country the second largest flower exporter in Africa and one of the largest suppliers of flowers globally. Despite the enormous advantages of the Ethiopian floriculture industry to the country's economy, the industry's unsustainability related to environmental and human rights is growing. Failure to protect the environment can have profound negative impacts on long-term economic development and human rights, including the right to life, adequate food, water and housing. The floriculture industry has been identified as having the potential to grow and contribute positively to the agricultural transformation and economy of Ethiopia. Policy, laws and regulations play a vital role in the implementation of any regulatory objective. During the last decade, Ethiopia has developed many policies and laws that link to improving the environment, and the flower farm industry itself has adopted self-regulation and standards, enhancing the protection of workers and the environment. But there is increasing evidence that the economic benefits of the flower industry come at the expense of the environment. So, what is the impact of these State and non-State regulations on a safe and clean environment? This paper aims to analyse how, why and under what circumstances environmental policy implementation might work or fail, by investigating the challenges for the floriculture industry relating to the intensive use of pesticides and water, and inappropriate waste disposal in the policy implementation process. It is safe to say that Ethiopia has developed a lot of legislation on the environment but the challenge of effective monitoring and enforcement remains. This paper concludes with recommendations, based on the fact that the principles of environmental rights, the right to life and the right to development cannot be realised in the absence of the right to a healthy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which explores the legal and environmental policy on solid waste pollution and protection in Kazakhstan. It looks at the issue of environmental protection related to domestic solid-waste management, it examines the legal aspect of handling solid domestic waste, and discusses the object and method of legal regulation of environmental protection. Recommendations to help reduce violations of environmental legislation are offered.

The article analyzes the experience of Poland in taxation of renewable energy and energy infrastructure. Topics covered include current energy, environmental and tax policies of Poland for renewables in the context of legal standards introduced by the European Union (EU), lessons from the experience of other member states of the EU and the legal conditions relevant to the taxation of renewables.

The article discusses the highlights of the First Conference of the Parties (COP-1) of the Minamata Convention on Mercury held in Geneva, Switzerland in September 2017. Issues addressed at the conference include the implementation and financial mechanism of the Convention, which bans and phases out mercury mines, phases in a ban on the manufacture, import and export of certain mercury-containing products and controls emissions and releases of mercury, among other objectives.

The article discusses a study on the progress and transition towards a green economy in Morocco. Topics covered include the environmental communication practices of Moroccan companies, challenges that have hampered the country's efforts to anchor the principles of sustainable development, such as the adverse effects of climate change and the loss of biodiversity, and environmental report or a sustainable development report that Moroccan companies are obliged to publish.

The article focuses on China's plan to launch a national emissions trading scheme (ETS). Topics discussed include the possibility that China will seek to link its ETS with other ETS schemes, the various forms of linkage and their different effects, and signs that China and the European Union are very likely to cooperate in the field of emissions trading.

The article provides an overview of the introduction of policy documents and legislation aimed to implement the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of China in 2016. It considers whether the resource tax design could aid China build a low-carbon, energy-efficient industrial system and meet its national plan on climate change. It discusses the use of domestic programmes by China to penalise air pollution and confront resource misuse.

The article presents international developments in environmental law and policy in the marine sector associated to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 2016. The Second Preparatory Conference for legally binding instrument development on marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction was held from August 26 to September 9. The Seventeenth Meeting of UN Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea focuses on plastics and marine debris.

The article discusses the Paris Agreement, an international agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and mentions India's commitment towards achieving the goals set by the agreement. Topics discussed include a brief description of the Paris Agreement, the India's intended nationally determined contributions to reduce emissions, and recommendations for effective implementations of environmental policies for climate change mitigation among developing countries.

The article offers information on the 70th regular session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly (UNGA-70) to be held in Geneva, Switzerland from May 4, 2016 to June 5, 2016 which features the international environmental law and policy to promote environmental protection.

The article discusses the role of the small island developing states (SIDS) on the implementation of the Paris agreement for climate change. It examines the impact of climate change which could lead to economic loss and damage. It cites the development of international law to prevent climate change such as the reduction of carbon emission.

The article focuses on the environmental deterioration as the major issues of the modern development of Russia and countries of the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Topics discussed include environmental legislative inefficiency as a reason for deterioration of the environment; influence of political power on environmental crisis; and lack of environmental quality.

The author offers insights on political issues concerning environmental policy in the U.S. Topics discussed include updates on the federal lawsuit Kelsey Cascadia Rose Juliana, et al. v. U.S. which concerns the impact of the increasing carbon dioxide emissions and fossil fuel production on future generations, the continuous denial of climate change by U.S. President Donald Trump, and the link between fossil fuel burning and atmospheric greenhouse gas emission.

The need for sustainable development underscores the role and importance of integrating environmental concerns in non-environmental policies because it is evident that environmental regulations only are insufficient to manage all environmental issues. Law enforcement on environmental protection in Vietnam clearly demonstrates this situation. Vietnam's legal system of environmental protection is incompatible or overlapped with other sectoral laws and in fact many environmental matters have been implemented in accordance with sectoral laws while disregarding environmental considerations due to the lack of specific and explicit environmental provisions or requirements in sectoral laws and regulations. From that situation, the paper emphasizes the need to integrate environmental protection requirements into the sectoral laws of Vietnam and proposes some fundamental criteria and procedures to integrate environmental requirements into sectoral laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how environmental law policies in Indonesia has been affected by the implementation of regional autonomy. Topics covered include necessity of the integration of "eco-cratic" principles and regional autonomy for the realisation of ecological sustainability and community welfare in the age of regional autonomy, importance of the reinforcement of regional authority in the field of the environment, and problems with political will behind environmental law in Indonesia.

The article discusses the waste treatment laws in Ukraine, and its harmonization with the European Union's (EU) environmental policy. Topics discussed include Ukraine's desire to harmonise its environmental legislation with the norms of the EU; the expected positive effects of aligning the two legal systems, such as a postive environment and sustainable development; and the need to implement a new economic policy in Ukraine.

Information about the meeting of the Committee of Permanent Representatives (OECPR) to the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) that was held in Nairobi, Kenya from February 15-19, 2016, is presented. Topics include environmental policy issues, sustainable development and the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change. It cites the internal and external developments of the UNEP.

The article examines the North versus South debate in global environmental politics. Topics discussed include the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2009, the challenges that environmental change presents for the vulnerable countries, and the continued disagreement over who should bear the responsibility of the environmental damages.

The article discusses questions regarding radioactive waste management policies as it relates to the veracity of the political intention to foster international cooperation. Topics covered include international legislative texts that regulate radioactive waste management, the views of the international legal environment on the establishment of shared nuclear waste repositories, and possible future developments on such repositories.

The article discusses the environmental impact of the withdrawal of Great Britain from the European Union (EU) in 2016. It mentions that some EU environmental standards would still apply to products aimed for export to EU countries from Great Britain. It states that many areas of environmental policy would be in the hands of administrations of Wales, Scotland and England and could result to unprecedented flexibility in the environmental norms throughout Great Britain.

The author comments on developments related to multilateral environmental agreements (MEA). He describes the benefits of earlier MEA, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora and the World Heritage Convention. He also discusses the differences between older and newer MEA in terms of coverage and objective.

Effectively assessing public preferences for air quality improvement policies is extremely important to environmental policy formulation, but developing policies that cater to public tastes is a great challenge. Although the random parameters logit (RPL) model in the choice experiment is widely used in relevant studies, it remains limited in revealing additional preference heterogeneity. Given this, the study applies two extended models in exploring public preference heterogeneity for air quality policies. An RPL model with heterogeneity in means and variances (RPL-HMV) and an RPL model with correlated random parameters (RPL-CRP) are used to provide more beneficial insights for policy analysis. The study shows that better-educated groups are more willing to pay for increasing urban green coverage, and income increases the randomness of such preferences' distribution among groups. From the perspective of preferences, reducing heavy pollution days is positively associated with decreasing morbidity of respiratory diseases caused by outdoor air pollution and negatively correlated with improving urban green coverage. In addition, compared to the RPL-CRP model, the willingness to pay in the RPL model is overestimated by 14.72%. The study further clarifies public preferences for air quality policies, and the extra information revealed by extended models provides more valuable references for policy-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to examine as to how relevant environmental policy and legal principles deal with adaptation and mitigation challenges posed by climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa. It reviews and analyzes relevant provisions and processes of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement as well as other relevant principles such as common but differentiated responsibility and respective capability (CBDRRC) and binding emission reduction targets. The Sub-Saharan Africa's attempts to adapt to and mitigate the effects of climate change are reviewed along with the challenges in the region including the urgent need for climate financing. It concludes by urging the creation of a separate department of climate change by the Sub-Saharan African States, the implementation of environmental liability insurance, the revitalization of the West African power pool project, and the creation of a robust financial mechanism under the Paris Agreement for adaptation and mitigation policies in the Sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the status and most recent meetings of the Compliance Committees established under two protocols to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Topics discussed include the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, the protocols' focus on environmental law and policy, and their compliance mechanisms.

The article offers world news briefs related to Environmental Policy and Law, as of March 2015. Declaration of Ban Ki-moon, United Nation (UN) Secretary General, for year 2015 to be "pivotal for global action on climate change". UN's announcement for taking necessary steps in responding to the devastating impact of tropical cyclone Pam in the South Pacific. Appointment of Joachim Rücker from Germany as President of the United Nations Human Rights Council.

The article offers United Nations' worldwide environmental policy and law news briefs. Algeria's Said Djinnit is appointed as Secretary-General's Special Envoy for Climate Change by United Nations Secretary-General. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) calls for an environmental and industrial balance in Iceland. German government is investigating hazardous waste disposition allegation against a Dutch based biogas company in Germany.

Information about the Paris Climate Change Conference that was held in Ottawa, Ontario on January 23, 2016, is presented. Topics include the development of international environmental policy and law, the implementation of the sustainable development goals for environmental development and the transparency in organisation. It featured several attendees of the symposium including Jean Lebel, Deirdre Kent and David Runnalls.

The article focuses on the aspects of the revised African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources also known as the Maputo Convention adopted in 2003. Topics discussed include the various objectives of the convention which aim for the conservation and enhancement of environmental protection, the environmental focus of the convention which include land, water, and vegetation, and the role of the convention in addressing sustainable development issues.

The author comments on issues related to environmental policy. Topics discussed include the Minamata Convention on Mercury which entered into force on August 16, 2017, remarks of United Nations (UN) Deputy Secretary-General Amina J. Mohammed about the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals, and the appointment of Cristiana Pasca Palmer, formerly Romania's Minister for Environment, Waters and Forests, to the position of executive secretary of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.

UNGA - 69 Preview of the Environmental Agenda 402OWG-SDG-10, 11, 12 and 13 - Brief Review of Work on the Sustainable Development Goals 406UNFCCC Climate Summit - A Glimmer of Hope "Annalisa Savaresi" 416ICJ - The Court's Environmental Agenda 417UNCLOS - The 24th Meeting of States Parties "Anastasia Galilaiou and Elsa Tsioumani" 419 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the inland water pollution control in Bangladesh. Topics discussed include competency preventing of regime to prevent inland water pollution with reference to major legal and policy responses from the government; the National Environmental Policy (NEP) 1992 for water quality and pollution control; and emphasis on water resource management and reduce environmental degradation.

The year 2024 is expected to be significant in the field of environmental policy and law. Following previous summits on sustainable development goals and the Stockholm+50 Conference, a Summit of the Future will be held in New York in September 2024. The Environmental Policy & Law journal plans to publish articles addressing global environmental issues, including climate change, planetary boundaries, sustainable development, blue carbon ecosystems, and carbon pricing policy. These articles provide insights from various countries and have global relevance for policy, law, and governance. [Extracted from the article]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses memorial tributes to environmental policy pioneers and various sustainable development aspects.

The global environmental conferences convened by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) during the last fifty years have contributed to the development of international environmental law and institution-building. Yet, given the deteriorating state of the global environment they are but one element of international environmental governance. While they were important to bring environmental issues to the attention of states, the time for agenda-setting seems over. Rather the international community must move on to the implementation of existing binding and non-binding rules and principles. While the UNGA continues to play an important role in the context of sustainable development and the Agenda 2030 process and is, indeed a stable platform for international cooperation on environmental issues, it seems that the time for comprehensive global environmental conferences may have come to an end, unless more innovative mechanisms for the implementation of international environmental law and policy are brought forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research which investigated how the environmental performance index (EPI) of countries and other related indicators influence their environmental democracy index (EDI). Topics explored include the EDI coverage such as citizen participation in environmental decision making and implementation of environmental policies by the government, the review of published studies concerning environmental performance, and government intervention in environmental protection.

The article discusses court case wherein the Netherlands state ordered to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) on a faster rate. Topics discussed include case that was filed by the Urgenda Foundation which develops plans and measures to prevent climate change; Urgenda which challenged the climate science and international climate policy; state that paid the costs of Urgenda's and its co-defendants' lawsuit; and verdict that Netherlands' policy would not achieve minimum environment standard.

Coral reefs need strong management and protection efforts. However, public awareness and legal instruments concerning coral reefs are still insufficient. An ecosystem service model perspective is needed for the optimum management of that ecosystem. This study examined the relationship between ecosystem services management in international, national and local environmental laws and the coral reef ecosystem. An analytical descriptive qualitative method with the environmental services model and statutory regulation approaches was used. The researcher found a good relationship between the ecosystem services management in the international, national and local environmental laws and the policy planning concerning the sustainable development of the coral reef ecosystem. However, not all of the existing regulations support the environmental services model. It is because the regulatory framework is not complete, and existing norms do not support the efforts to improve people's welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green roofs provide multiple benefits to households and urban neighbourhoods by lowering temperatures, reducing energy costs, and reducing stormwater runoff. However, green roofs are expensive and may not be available to all residents, which raises questions about who benefits from green roofs and urban policies that support this technology. Policies to support different social groups' access to this green infrastructure is important for achieving equity. This study aims to identify and analyze to what extent existing different rooftop greening incentives and mandatory policies in three American cities, including New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia, address environmental justice. Nine policies were analyzed from three cities based on three dimensions of environmental justice. The results show that all policies have neglected a degree of distributional, recognitional, and procedural environmental justice in their policies. Although incentives try to advance distributional justice by implementing green roofs in different parts of the city, these policies do not pay enough attention to support themes such as zoning, size, rental status, land value, and affordability in all urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper which examines the complementarity of international economic and environmental laws, and their implementation in achieving sustainable development, is presented. Topics covered include need for cooperation between economic and environmental law among states, challenges posed by the sustainable development principle to the implementation of environmental law, and factors compromising implementation of environmental treaties.

The article discusses environmental protection of mountain regions in former Soviet Union countries. Topics explored include the partial application of natural resources management initiatives to the mountain areas of Russia, the adoption of regional environmental policies focused on mountain-area protection, and the identification of threats such as deforestation, overgrazing, and illegal hunting activities.

The British Office for Environmental Protection was established in 2021 following the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union. It is the most recent of just a handful of independent environmental watchdog bodies established in global jurisdictions to date, and has a broad range of powers. These include the evaluation of government policy, advice to government on new environmental law, reviewing the implementation of environmental law, and enforcement powers against government and other public bodies for breaches of environmental duties. The need for such bodies in the environmental field is important, and the Office for Environmental Protection may provide a useful model for other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2024, around the world nearly 60 national elections will be held involving billions of people. Many commentators see this as a make-or-break moment in terms of re-establishing democracy and pushing back against rising authoritarian regimes that have been increasing in recent years. This essay explores why –despite worldwide scientific consensus that we are facing ecological collapse –there is little discussion about the climate crisis among the upcoming wave of national elections. This silence around the climate emergency raises several pressing questions: Why is there limited political will on behalf of national leaders when it comes to mitigating the climate crisis? What does this suggest about the state of democracy when political leaders can sidestep and ignore the escalating demands of their constituencies? Finally, what actions can be taken by ordinary people who are increasingly subject to repressive anti-protest laws that prevent them from speaking out against antidemocratic leaders and their political collusion with the fossil fuel sector? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of an escalating Anthropocene crisis characterized by climate change and the degradation of Earth's systems, the necessity or a unified global governance framework is paramount. The United Nations, despite its central role in environmental governance and achievements such as the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals, confronts significant challenges. These challenges include institutional fragmentation, coordination difficulties, and a gap in implementation, which pose obstacles to translating ambitious environmental goals into tangible outcomes. This paper argues that strategic revitalization and structural reforms are crucial for the UN to maintain its pivotal role in global environmental governance. It proposes specific measures to enhance the UN's effectiveness in environmental governance, including transforming the United Nations Environment Program into a Global Environmental Agency, establishing a regulatory framework to improve coordination among Multilateral Environmental Agreements, upgrading the Global Environment Facility, emphasizing environmental stewardship and repurpose of the UN Trusteeship Council. These recommendations aim to address the current institutional challenges and pave the way for more effective global environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most legal systems recognize trusteeship functions of individuals or institutions to act on behalf and in the interest of those who cannot legally act for themselves. They can be advanced for the effective protection of future generations and the Earth. Guidance for Earth Trusteeship exist in the form of two agreements created by global civil society, the 2000 Earth Charter and the 2018 Hague Principles. Current opportunities include the UN Secretary General's call for "repurposing the Trusteeship Council", the UN Summit of the Future and ongoing developments in many countries towards implementing ecological integrity and rights of nature into their legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After describing how the marine environment is tottering in the face of the triple environmental crisis, this article explores the limited governance progressions at the global and regional levels in addressing the threats of pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss in the especially vulnerable Arctic. For pollution, key limitations include slow and arduous processes to add chemicals for control under the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions and reliance at the regional level on a fragmented array of pollution studies and projects but without specific region-wide legally binding pollution standards. For climate change, the world is not on track to meet the Paris Agreement's temperature targets which is especially problematic for the Arctic cryosphere while the Arctic Council has largely been limited to providing general statements of concern and aspirational calls for enhanced climate mitigation and adaptation actions. For marine biodiversity losses, a pan-Arctic network of marine protected areas has yet to be developed and various implementation challenges surround the Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean including the need to ensure adequate financial, human resource and technical support. The paper concludes by highlighting some promising future governance directions. They include: the conclusion of a global treaty on plastic pollution; implementation of a new Global Framework on Chemicals – For a Planet Free of Harm from Chemicals and Waste; expected further clarifications from international tribunals on State responsibilities to address climate change; and regional implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the new agreement under the UN Convention on Law of the Sea on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is the greatest existential challenge for the humanity and this makes the implementation of the SDG 13 'Climate Action' and Paris Agreement on Climate Change crucial for our survival. This article begins by elaborating the concept of implementation of international law, makes a comparison between the legal character of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the SDGs. It argues that the Paris Agreement creates the necessary legal framework, transparency, technology transfer, accountability, capacity building, financing and other mechanisms to implement SDG 13. However, the lack of political will and ignorance by some governments has led to a lack of progress, which may jeopardize not only Climate Action, but other SDGs too. The article ends with the argument that UN member-states should undertake urgent action to mitigate climate change, adapt to its negative consequences and co-operate towards an effective global climate governance, and for that matter it would be helpful, if climate action is formulated as a new and separate purpose in the UN Charter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world grappling with unprecedented challenges, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, to be achieved by 2030, stand as a beacon of hope, envisioning a future where prosperity, equity, and environmental sustainability coalesce. As the outcome of the 2023 SDG New York Summit (18-19 September) showed, the path to achieving these ambitious goals remains uneven, with persistent gaps in poverty eradication, climate action, and other critical areas. While legal frameworks, such as national development plans and international treaties, play a role, integrating the SDGs into the very foundation of governance –the constitution –offers a potentially powerful solution. Elevating the SDGs to constitutional principles grants them binding legal force, making governments accountable for their implementation. Additionally, integrating human rights and environmental protection principles embedded within the SDGs strengthens existing constitutional guarantees and opens avenues for legal challenges against unsustainable policies. Domestic policies must align with these 'constitutionalised goals', leading to a more holistic approach to sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 21st century has given rise to a growing class of challenges that are difficult – perhaps impossible – to address effectively within framework of the existing global order. While numerous factors play a role in causing this problem, this essay focuses on difficulties arising from the influence of the paradigm of "relative gains maximization" as a determinant of the course of interactions among actors on a global scale. Following an account of the nature and impact of this paradigm, the essay explores prospects both, for reforming the paradigm to ameliorate its effects and for more transformative changes featuring the development of a new paradigm. The way forward is to develop perspectives that highlight the need for cooperative measures to address common concerns arising in a world of complex systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]