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Background: To identify the relation between central corneal thickness and corneal curvature with refractive errors. To find out whether there is any relation between central corneal thickness and corneal curvature with variables such as age and refractive error mainly myopia and hypermetropia. Material and Methods: This is an Observational cross- sectional study done on hospital based population. Data collected from patient with refractive error visiting our outpatient department. 70 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Following examination were performed for all the patients, measuring best corrected visual acuity, central corneal thickness, corneal curvature by topography, subjective refraction done using retinoscopy. All patients underwent a complete slit-lamp examination. Correlation identified using Karl Pearson's and spearman correlation coefficient. Data analysis done with SPSS 20.0 software. Results: The mean central corneal thickness of our population is 536.9 microns. The mean age of our study population was 41.7 years. The mean corneal curvature is 44.82 D. Astigmatism and Hypermetropia has significant correlation with central corneal thickness and corneal curvature. Conclusion: CCT has got a negative correlation with age that is as age progress CCT decreases. Astigmatism has a negative correlation with central corneal thickness and corneal curvature. Hypermetropia has a positive correlation between CCT and corneal curvature. There is also no significant association between central corneal thickness and corneal curvature in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: CLINICAL AND ANGIOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNROME IN YOUNG PATIENTS during COVID ERA Background: Cardiovascular diseases are becoming more prevalent in younger people in India, which is causing a demographic shift in the disease. In the Indian population, there is a dearth of data comparing the different aspects of acute coronary syndrome in young and old patients. The objective of this study is to assess the clinical and angiographic characteristics in both young and elderly individuals. Methods: This was a prospective cross sectional observational study which enrolled 90 patients <45 years and 34 patients > 45 years. Comparison of clinical presentation, electrocardiography, echocardiographic findings, conventional and non-conventional risk factors with angiographic findings were made. Results: A total of 90 patients under the age of 45 were enrolled in group 1, and 34 senior patients older than 45 were included in group 2. Mean age in Group 1 and 2 was 39.79 ± 5.15 years and 59.74±8.21 years. Male sex, smoking, family history of CAD, raised lipoprotein was more in younger population. Younger patients were more likely to have single vessel disease, while the elderly were more likely to have multi vessel disease. Conclusion: Younger patients with ACS have a good prognosis with a predominance of SVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is an existing debate regarding the use ofcarotidartery intima-media thickness (CIMT) for theearly risk prediction of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the correlation between CIMT and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary angiography as assessed using SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery) score. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care center in India from June 2021 to May 2022. A total of 100 patients who were suspected to have CAD or having an indication to undergo coronary angiography were included in the study. Baseline clinical and demographic details were recorded. Blood and biochemical investigations were carried out and risk factors for CAD were recorded among all the patients. Carotid ultrasonography was performed to measure CIMT. The correlation between CIMT and the severity of CAD using SYNTAX score was evaluated. Results: Mean age of the study population was 55.89 ± 11 years and males were predominant over females (68% vs. 32%). Mean CIMT was 1.03 ± 0.32 mm and mean SYNTAX score was 16.07 ± 11. A strong positive correlation existed between CIMT and SYNTAX score (r=0.76; p<0.001). CIMT was higher among the patients with double vessel disease (p<0.001) and triple vessel disease (p<0.001) when compared to the patients with no CAD. Conclusion: We found a strong correlation between CIMT and SYNTAX score. Hence, CIMT measurement may be beneficial to diagnose early atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is common in heart failure, and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and patterns of sleep apnea in Asian Indian patients with heart failure. Methods This was a prospective, observational study of consecutive 60 cases of heart failure. All these patients were clinically assessed and evaluated for sleep apnea with sleep study. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was used to determine the severity of sleep apnea. Results In this study of 60 patients, the mean age was 62 ± 8 years, with a higher prevalence of sleep apnea observed in older age groups. There was a male predominance, but it was not statistically significant. Approximately 51.7% of patients had a co-morbidity, with diabetes and hypertension significantly associated with sleep apnea. 43 (71.7%) were found to have sleep apnea, with varying degrees of severity. Central sleep apnea was present in 60.5% of sleep apnea patients, while obstructive sleep apnea was present in 39.5% of patients. Higher NYHA class, atrial fibrillation, higher dyspnea class, and elevated heart rate were significantly associated with sleep apnea. Conclusion Our study identified significant rates of undiagnosed sleep apnea in patients with chronic heart failure, with a higher prevalence of central sleep apnea. Patients with more heart failure symptoms were more susceptible to developing sleep apnea. Routine screening for sleep apnea using polysomnography is crucial in chronic heart failure patients. This comprehensive approach holds promise due to the bidirectional relationship between sleep apnea and heart failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a combination of risk factors such as hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, truncal (central) obesity, and prothrombotic and proinflammatory conditions, which could increase the risk of cardiovascular illness, diabetes, and death. Thyroid diseases are, arguably, among the commonest endocrine disorders worldwide. India too, is no exception. According to a projection from various studies on thyroid disease, it has been estimated that about 42 million people in India suffer from thyroid diseases. Materials and methods: This is a prospective and cross sectional study including 210 patients of metabolic syndrome. A detailed history, clinical examination and relevant investigations including serum Free T4 (FT4), Free T3 (FT3), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) were done. Range, frequencies, percentage, mean, standard deviation and P value were calculated. Both gender patients aged 18 to 65 years with features of metabolic syndrome according to International Diabetes Federation criteria 2020 were included in the study. Result: In our study, Patient with MetS group consisted of 61.42 % (n = 129) males and 38.57 % (n = 81) females. in Patient with MetS group FBG (mg/dL) was 132.07±14.39, TG (mg/dL) 235.75±24.29, HDL-C (mg/dL) 39.32±4.23, TSH (µIU/mL) 6.11±0.53. Pattern of thyroid dysfunction such as subclinical hypothyroidism (40.4 %) was the commonest followed by overt hypothyroidism (4.28 %) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (2.85 %). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction, particularly subclinical hypothyroidism is common among metabolic syndrome patients, and is associated with some components of metabolic syndrome (waist circumference and HDL cholesterol). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A retrospective study was conducted to assess the morphology of mandibular canines using Orthopantomograph (OPG) in kodava population of south India. Materials and Methods: For the morphological assessment of mandibular canines 1000 images of opg's which were taken for different reasons by the patients were examined. The canal pattern, number of canals, the root length were evaluated and the effect of gender and bilateral symmetry were assessed. Collected data were analyzed by applying the non parametric tests and student's t-tests. Results: As per the radiological classification stated, the most common pattern was type I morphology (96.5 % on right, 97.2 % on left), followed by type II (2.8% on right, 2.6% on left), type IV (0.6% on right, 0.1% on left ), type III and V (0.1% on both right and left). No significant differences were observed between the male and female patients in terms of canal type, root length and root canal pattern (P>0.05).No significant statistical difference was observed for mentioned parameters on right and left half of the jaw. Conclusion: Due to the diverse morphology and the potential presence of extra canal in mandibular canine among Indians, greater care is required in performing endodontic treatments. OPG can also be used as a pre diagnostic tool in the clinical practice as it is very economical. Careful examination of OPG can aid in accurate diagnosis and good prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION:Headache is a common neurological complaint in the community, various types of headaches are complained by the patients which are quite different from the migraine type of headache. Migraine causes severe throbbing pain or pulsating sensations usually on one side of the head. Prevalence of migraine is gradually increasing in India. More than 213 million people in India were found to be suffering from migraine in the year 2019, among these cases 60% of the cases were reported by women. MATERIALS AND METHOD:The ground work of this project is an analytical (cross sectional) type study based. A minimum sample count of 50 migraine patients (SAMPLE SIZE:50) of any age group and gender are considered as participants in the study. In this cross sectional type of migraine study, it is based on information collection from the patients in a questionnaire format. The participants in this study are recruited from out patients of Department of Neurology, Dr. Pinnamaneni Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Foundation from August 2021 to January 2022.Information from the participants is collected by their own will without any compel to pass on this project. RESULT:Migraine is common headache that can be affective to any of the age groups, here in this study among the 50 migraine patients chosen as participants of the study, the age prevalence for the incidence of the migraine headache. By dividing all the 50 participants of the study into their respective age groups, total of four age groups have been segregated .In age group of 10 - 20 years a total of 11 participants come under this age group out of 50 migraine patients. 3 participants fall under the age group of 21 - 30 years, 25 members come under age group of 31 - 40 years, 10 participants come under 41 - 50 age group, and remaining1 person belongs to age group of 51- 60. CONCLUSION:The common risk factors mentioned by most of the participants stress, travelling, bright light, loud sounds, performing the physical activity aggravating headache. For most of the participants there is accountable functional disability with migraine. Migraine is mostly affecting female population compared with the male population, each person do have their independent set of risk factors that could lead to migraine attack [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) or clustering of different cardiac and metabolic risk factors is an emerging problem affecting the young adults worldwide. Various haematological indices have been identified recently to have important predictive values on components of MetS. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the association between components of cardio-metabolic risk and haematological parameters in young adults of Tripura. Methods: The assessment was done on 347 randomly selected young adults (age 18-25 years) belonging to mixed Indian population residing in Tripura, a North-eastern state of India. National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria was followed to evaluate the cardio-metabolic risk of the subject. Haematological parameters were recorded by using an automated haematological analyser. Result: Most of the anthropometric, cardio-metabolic and haematological parameters differ significantly between subjects with and without profound cardio metabolic risk except blood pressure in females and fasting blood sugar in males. Haematological parameters like RBC count, PLT count, Hb content showed lower values and WBC showed significantly higher values in subjects with MetS. In both male and female, the haemoglobin content significantly negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference and triglyceride level whereas only in females it also varied significantly positively with HDL-C level. There was over all impairment of the haematological status in subjects with profound cardio-metabolic risk. Conclusion: The presence of risk factors for metabolic syndrome at the young age have an impact on haematological status of young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 hit the world all of a sudden and leaving with no scope but to develop vaccine in the shortest possible time. Scientist across the globe did an exceptional job and developed vaccines. Vaccination is always considered as a precautionary measure against any disease. However, willingness to get vaccinated is individual and voluntary in nature. Willingness is dependent on factors like vaccine safety and side effects, which is a result of many years invested in the process and testing of vaccine development. Methodology: The study aimed to investigate the knowledge, awareness, perception and attitude of Indian population in the age bracket 18-45 years towards Covid-19 vaccines. An online, self-administered, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a Google online survey platform and the responses obtained were analysed statistically. Results: Out of 609 responses received, 87% were willing to take the Covid-19 vaccine. Gender, age, education level, family size, having or not having children at home had no significant impact on the respondents' willingness to take the Covid-19 vaccine. Though, urban population (83%) and respondents with annual household income >5 lacs (62%) were statistically more willing to take the vaccine Respondents with a medical history were statistically less likely to take the vaccine (10%) However, previous infection with Covid-19 had no impact on their willingness toward the vaccine. . Majority believed that vaccine is good for protection of self, family and the entire community as it will help developing herd immunity to combat the spread of Covid-19, besides make them immune to the virus. Among the hesitant group, the respondents' concern about the vaccine side was the most common reason for their hesitancy to take the vaccine, followed by their belief that Covid-19 vaccines would be ineffective against the virus and its mutants. The major source of knowledge regarding Covid-19 vaccines was mass media followed by internet and then Newspaper or News apps. Outcome/Conclusion: This study is, perhaps, the first-of-its-kind study, conducted among Indian population in the 18-45 age bracket. Results of the present study will help Indian government devise better vaccine-promoting strategies among the hesitant populations of India, by addressing the key-barriers and influencers, utilizing the sources of information prevalent among Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & objectives: Emergence of modernization coupled with sedentary lifestyle has led to increase in prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among the Asian Indians, including the indigenous peoples, in the last two decades. The objectives of the study was to find out the prevalence of MetS at present, the differences in lifestyle between persons with and without MetS, and the differences in prevalence between two cohorts - the present (2019-20) and previous (2002-19) among the Toto, a small tribal population. Methods: Blood samples were collected in fasting (12h) condition with written consent. Anthropometric measures, blood pressures, lipid profile, and blood glucose were assessed among 306 individuals aged > 20 yrs. For defining MetS the criteria as suggested by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (2005) were used for the present cohort and NCEP ATP III (2001) for comparing with the previous cohort. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 40.2 % including 34.5% males and 46.8%. Significant differences existed between individuals with and without MetS by lifestyle factors. Interaction of gender and age groups had no significant effect on any of the determinants of MetS. The determinants of MetS showed much variability between two cohorts and the prevalence of MetS itself had a significant increase (P< 0.001) in the last two decades. The odds of having MetS are five times higher in the 2019-20 cohort than in the 2002-03 cohort. Interpretation & conclusion: Our study indicates that rapid changes in lifestyle have had adversely affected the cardio-metabolic profile irrespective of generation even among the indigenous peoples, like the Toto. It therefore warrants serious public health attention to provide early detection, proper intervention and lifestyle modifications among the traditional societies keeping in mind the ethnic heterogeneity among people of Indian origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration of modern man out of Africa led to differential environmental exposures. Our ancestors, who settle to hot and humid climate, maintained genes for heat adaptation developing low resting metabolism thereby, leading to susceptibility to obesity. Recent shift to sedentary lifestyle among the Asian Indians have further aggravated the risk of CVD. A multi-ethnic study of nine tribal groups from three states of India was undertaken comprising 2156 participants (including 1055 males and 1090 females) aged >=20 years. Anthropometry, blood pressures, blood glucose, and body composition were all measured using standard techniques. The average resting metabolism is very low among both male (1300 Kcal) and female (1000 Kcal). The prevalence of low physical activity is very high both in males and females (males=26.1 % and females=29.7%). There is a significant correlation (p<0.001) between resting metabolism and CVD risks factors even after controlling of age, sex, ethnicity, and physical activity. The significant predictors for resting metabolism, fat free mass, and percentage body fat were found to be waist circumference, and body mass index. Low resting metabolism due to long antiquity of adaptation to hot climates with recent shift to low physical activity were found to have a significant association with CVD risks among the tribal groups of Indian subcontinent making them genetically disadvantageous. Maintaining higher resting metabolic rate through active lifestyle seems to be of utmost importance for better cardiovascular health among the people of Indian origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]