Search

Zhang, Y.; Ding, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, Q., and Qin, S., 2019. Determining the damage mechanisms for buoyancy materials of deep-sea manned submersibles. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(5), 996–1002. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Deep-sea manned submersibles are important platforms for ocean exploration, and their structural reliability is critical to the personal safety of the crew. In particular, the buoyancy materials of deep-sea manned submersibles are vital parts because they provide the necessary buoyancy for submersible operations. This paper first describes the overall damage of the buoyancy materials used in the deep-sea manned submersible Jiaolong that accumulated over a large number of research expeditions during years of services. The causes of the damage are analyzed by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. Because Jiaolong's buoyancy materials are secured to its structural frame by bolts, the external forces that act on the submersible are concentrated on these bolts. Those external forces include the wave forces that act on the submersible when it floats on the sea surface and the buoyancy material shrinkage that occurs because of changes in environmental pressure and temperature during submarine operations. Finally, several suggestions are provided for improving the design and operation of deep-sea submersibles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joseph, D.; Liya, V.B.; Rojith, G.; Zacharia, P.U., and Grinson, G., 2019. Time series analysis of CMIP5 model and observed sea surface temperature anomaly along Indian coastal zones. In: Jithendran, K.P.; Saraswathy, R.; Balasubramanian, C.P.; Kumaraguru Vasagam, K.P.; Jayasankar, V.; Raghavan, R.; Alavandi, S.V., and Vijayan, K.K. (eds.), BRAQCON 2019: World Brackishwater Aquaculture Conference. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 86, pp. 239–247. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Analysis of the time series Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variations is a key element in understanding the climate change impacts on the phenology, trophodynamics, distribution, and catch of commercial marine fish species. As SST projections are mostly model dependent, the discrepancy in the model and observed values needs to be elucidated so as to derive accurate interpretations and conclusions. In this paper, the decadal and seasonal variations of SST anomaly over the four coastal zones of India were analysed. The selected period of the study is from 1968 to 2017 and the data obtained from the International Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Sets (ICOADS) and Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) was used. The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) model data were used for comparison with the observed value. The linear trend of observed and modelled values was inferred using the least square method for four seasons. The seasonal variation of SST anomaly of observed data in four coastal zones of India reveals that Northeast zone exhibits the least trend of warming in all seasons, whereas Northwest zone shows the highest trend of warming. SST anomaly of the first decade in all zones exhibited negative values in all seasons, while last decade shows positive value, indicating warming trend. In other decades, no uniform SST trend for all seasons was observed. However, the Northeast zone is exceptional with negative anomaly during all decades. The warming trend was observed in all coasts for both model and observed values. The model and observed SST anomaly follows an almost similar trend, but with noticeable differences in values among both. Owing to the differences in the model and observed values, it could be emphasised that error corrections needs to be applied in futuristic SST projections and related studies of Indian fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than two-thirds of the surface of the Earth's surface is the ocean. These areas are not only the space in which the species live, but also the provider of resources. Only from the perspective of marine Fishery, marine Fishery not only provide an important source of food for humans, but also provide a large number of jobs for the society. When using the traditional method to study the ocean, if it is not supplemented by a relatively macroscopic angle, it is easy to be partial, and the ocean remote sensing technology can realize the long-term, large-scale and high-precision simultaneous monitoring of ocean information. Therefore, more and more applications have been applied in research on fishery distribution and fishery environment monitoring. This paper will use marine remote sensing technology to systematically analyze the fishing of marine Fishery, which will be of guiding significance for the actual operation of fishermen in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of marine environment distinctions is of utmost importance to the development of marine economy and environmental conservation. Traditional extraction method has some defects such as less observation data, large time span and vulnerability to vile weather on the ocean. The eCongnition remote sensing technology features fast classification, high precision and rises superior to the bad weather of the ocean. This paper attempts to apply the eCongnition remote sensing technology to the extraction of marine environment features in order to seek out its changing laws. The findings show that the eCongnition remote sensing technology can analyze the spectral, spatial and textural identities of the ocean. By extracting the characteristics of offshore fishery resources and ocean surface wind speed information, it is found that the marine fishery has a direct bearing on the marine environment factors, i.e. the surface temperature and chlorophyll-a concentration. The optimal ocean surface temperature is 29.58C, and the optimal chlorophyll-a concentration is 0.4 mg/m3; the greater the distance from the sea level, the higher the wind speed on the ocean surface. Experimentally, this study provides the clues to the application of eCongnition remote sensing technology in marine feature extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liu, F., 2019. Corrosion inhibition performance of composite inhibitors for carbon steel in simulated seawater. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 397–403. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In this paper, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate and sodium citrate were selected to compose a series of corrosion inhibitor solutions in different proportions. Their corrosion inhibition effects on standard Q235 carbon steel in simulated seawater were determined by static weightlessness method, polarization curve method and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and the corrosion inhibitor formula having better synergistic corrosion inhibition effect with molybdate was determined through experiments. The results show that the concentration of tungstate inhibitor was too high, but the inhibition rate was very low when tungstate and molybdate are combined. When sodium citrate and molybdate were combined and tungstate was added, the corrosion inhibition rate of the composite inhibitor increased obviously, but increased first and then decreased, indicating that there was an optimum ratio between sodium tungstate and sodium citrate, which made the inhibitor have a good synergistic effect. At the same time, it was found that: (1) sodium tungstate is an anodic corrosion inhibitor which mainly inhibits the anodic reaction; (2) when the concentration of composite corrosion inhibitor is more than 300 mg/L, it can protect Q235 carbon steel well, and the lower the temperature of sea water is, the better the protection effect is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate and sodium citrate were selected to compose a series of corrosion inhibitor solutions in different proportions. Their corrosion inhibition effects on standard Q235 carbon steel in simulated seawater were determined by static weightlessness method, polarization curve method and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and the corrosion inhibitor formula having better synergistic corrosion inhibition effect with molybdate was determined through experiments. The results show that the concentration of tungstate inhibitor was too high, but the inhibition rate was very low when tungstate and molybdate are combined. When sodium citrate and molybdate were combined and tungstate was added, the corrosion inhibition rate of the composite inhibitor increased obviously, but increased first and then decreased, indicating that there was an optimum ratio between sodium tungstate and sodium citrate, which made the inhibitor have a good synergistic effect. At the same time, it was found that: (1) sodium tungstate is an anodic corrosion inhibitor which mainly inhibits the anodic reaction; (2) when the concentration of composite corrosion inhibitor is more than 300 mg/L, it can protect Q235 carbon steel well, and the lower the temperature of sea water is, the better the protection effect is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miura, H.; Ito, Y., and Suenaga, Y., 2018. Construction of Climate Change-Adapted Seaweed Beds on the Japanese Coast. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 391–395. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Japanese coastal seaweed beds are experiencing a long-term decline in area coverage in a phenomenon called isoyake, which has massively impacted the fisheries industry. Therefore, research has been performed on seaweed bed restoration. Consequent measures have been implemented along with the promulgation of relevant technology. Meanwhile, increasing seawater temperatures and other environmental changes associated with climate change, which is one of the causes of isoyake, are spreading globally and have become increasingly severe in recent years. With respect to methods of coping with the effects of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report (2014) calls for "adaptation" to effects that have already occurred and unavoidable medium- and long-term effects. In this context, this paper discusses the present state of and future forecasts for seaweed beds on the Japanese coast, and it then considers the future trends of climate change-adapted seaweed bed construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liu, F., 2019. Corrosion inhibition performance of composite inhibitors for carbon steel in simulated seawater. In: Guido-Aldana, P.A. and Mulahasan, S. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources and Exploration. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 93, pp. 397–403. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. In this paper, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate and sodium citrate were selected to compose a series of corrosion inhibitor solutions in different proportions. Their corrosion inhibition effects on standard Q235 carbon steel in simulated seawater were determined by static weightlessness method, polarization curve method and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and the corrosion inhibitor formula having better synergistic corrosion inhibition effect with molybdate was determined through experiments. The results show that the concentration of tungstate inhibitor was too high, but the inhibition rate was very low when tungstate and molybdate are combined. When sodium citrate and molybdate were combined and tungstate was added, the corrosion inhibition rate of the composite inhibitor increased obviously, but increased first and then decreased, indicating that there was an optimum ratio between sodium tungstate and sodium citrate, which made the inhibitor have a good synergistic effect. At the same time, it was found that: (1) sodium tungstate is an anodic corrosion inhibitor which mainly inhibits the anodic reaction; (2) when the concentration of composite corrosion inhibitor is more than 300 mg/L, it can protect Q235 carbon steel well, and the lower the temperature of sea water is, the better the protection effect is. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amos, C.L.; Martino, S.; Sutherland, T.F., and Al Rashidi, T., 2015. Sea surface temperature trends in the coastal zone of British Columbia, Canada. Coastal sea surface temperature (SST), measured daily at the British Columbia (BC) Lighthouse network of stations, has been analyzed in this paper. A network of 14 of the 27 stations had (near) continuous data sets. These stations were clustered previously into exposed (northern/outer) and sheltered (southern/inner) sites. SST trends, evaluated between 1973 and 2010, show that the temperature contrast between these clusters is becoming greater: The northern/exposed stations are strongly influenced by interdecadal (Pacific Decadal oscillation [PDO]) and multidecadal oscillations in the north Pacific that are coherent with HadISST1.1 data for the region. There is no statistically significant warming trend for this region. The stations in the Strait of Georgia are much less influenced by the PDO and show a statistically significant mean increase in SST of up to 0.56°C/decade (Anomaly 1). This is higher than the global average and contrasts markedly with the trends from the northern stations. The warming trends of the southern stations are significant at all months of the year but are most evident during summer (July-September). The summertime anomalies in temperature at Active Pass are significantly correlated ( p < 0.001) with the temperature of the Fraser River water. Temperature differences between the Strait of Georgia and the outer shelf (Anomaly 2) are increasing in time; this is particularly evident since 2000. Monthly averaged MODIS satellite data (4×4-km resolution) show that trends in SST at two selected sites in the Strait of Georgia are very similar to the BC Lighthouse measurements and support the spatial extrapolation of the Lighthouse measurements. At present rates of SST rise, the southern coastal waters of BC will be about 3°C warmer by the end of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li, J., 2020. Design and development of marine temperature data recorder system based on single-chip microcomputer. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 571–575. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Marine data parameters play an important role in scientific and reasonable use and protection of the marine environment. Sea water temperature is one of the important parameters of marine data, which has an impact on the marine environment. Therefore, monitoring and recording sea water temperature is a crucial part of marine observation, which is of great significance for marine data research. This paper first introduces the principle of the marine temperature data recorder system based on the single-chip computer, then gives the hardware design and software design of the marine temperature data recorder system based on the single-chip computer, in order to record marine temperature data in the marine data monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peng, B., 2019. Application research of marine remote sensing technology in the development of fishery economy. In: Gong, D.; Zhu, H., and Liu, R. (eds.), Selected Topics in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 94, pp. 783–787. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. More than two-thirds of the surface of the Earth's surface is the ocean. These areas are not only the space in which the species live, but also the provider of resources. Only from the perspective of marine Fishery, marine Fishery not only provide an important source of food for humans, but also provide a large number of jobs for the society. When using the traditional method to study the ocean, if it is not supplemented by a relatively macroscopic angle, it is easy to be partial, and the ocean remote sensing technology can realize the long-term, large-scale and high-precision simultaneous monitoring of ocean information. Therefore, more and more applications have been applied in research on fishery distribution and fishery environment monitoring. This paper will use marine remote sensing technology to systematically analyze the fishing of marine Fishery, which will be of guiding significance for the actual operation of fishermen in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kassem, H.; Amos, C.L., and Thompson, C.E.L., 2023. Sea surface temperature trends in the coastal zone of southern England. Journal of Coastal Research, 39(1), 18–31. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Sea surface temperature (SST) trends along the south coast of England (northern English Channel) were examined based on data from systematic buoy measurements deployed by the National Network of Regional Coastal Monitoring Programmes of England (NNRCMP) since 2003. These data were supplemented with: (1) long-term, coastal SST measurements by the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS); (2) global data sets compiled by the Hadley Centre since 1900, and (3) satellite-derived observations from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (Aqua) since 2002. These data sets were used to evaluate de-seasoned nearshore trends in SST along the south coast of England and examine links to regional ocean-atmosphere teleconnections. The analyses of long-term, CEFAS data support the proposal that prior to the mid-1980s there were no de-seasoned trends in SST and conditions from year to year were relatively stable. Subsequently, interannual fluctuations appear to have increased, associated with a period of warming between 1985 and 2003 (0.28 °C/decade). Post 2003, interannual fluctuations in SST monitored by the NNRCMP buoys continued, and the warming trend appears to be greater (0.42 °C/decade). This trend in SST is greatest in the nearshore and decreases with distance offshore. The warming in SST also varied greatly from month to month. The greatest warming took place from December to March, whilst the least heating (and sometimes cooling) occurred between September and November. Analysis of Hadley (HadSST1.1) and MODIS data sets substantiated these trends. The greatest warming (post 2003) was found west of Portland Bill (up to 0.76 °C/decade) and decreased towards the Strait of Dover. Despite this west-to-east trend, all 12 NNRCMP stations between Penzance and Folkestone showed remarkably similar results, suggesting regional and global sources of heat rather than local sources. This is corroborated through wavelet coherence analysis linking SST anomalies to regional/global ocean-atmosphere teleconnection indices at seasonal scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elazzaoui, A.; Kalla, Y.; Lefrere, L.; Bouhaimi, A., and Moukrim, A., 2022. Using Mediterranean mussel bio-indicators to assess the initial health state of ecosystems receiving desalination plant effluents in Agadir Bay (Morocco). Journal of Coastal Research, 38(1), 154–167. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Mussels are often used as a biological bio-indicator for the quality assessment of marine ecosystems. Adopting this approach, the present work aims to study the initial health status of two ecosystems in Agadir Bay, Morocco expected to receive seawater desalination plant effluents. This study was conducted between February 2015 and March 2017 in two stations, Tifnit-Douira and Cap Ghir. In addition to the gametic development, variations of sex ratio and gonadal index were also determined. The reproductive cycle of Mytilus galloprovincialis is spread throughout the year. Under natural conditions, three collective spawning periods were observed. The main one was during the spring and the two other periods were optional and were in winter and summer. Variations of seawater temperature can make some changes in mussel spawning, with one principal period lasting during spring and summer and the optional one during winter. In both studied stations, sexual rest was manifested by a small percentage of the population particularly during summer, and could not reach the whole population at the same time. This finding is consistent with the gonadal index that never reached the value of 1. A unique hermaphroditism case was revealed in Tifnit-Douira mussels, and it remained statistically insignificant. The sex ratio was perfectly balanced in both stations and was in favour of males. The gonad histology did not show any cellular abnormalities in the germinal tissue. These results are of great importance since they characterize the current state of the studied stations area before the installation of the desalination plant. This state must be maintained after installation in order to preserve the typical halieutic resources of these ecosystems. The present findings confirm the good environmental health status and the aquaculture potential of Agadir Bay, especially in the north ecosystems (Cap Ghir) due to upwelling-nutritional intake and optimum seawater temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pedrera Balsells, M.F.; Mestres, M.; Fernández, M.; Cerralbo, P.; Espino, M.; Grifoll, M., and Sanchez-Arcilla, A., 2020. Assessing nature based solutions for managing coastal bays. In: Malvárez, G. and Navas, F. (eds.), Global Coastal Issues of 2020. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 95, pp. 1083–1087. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. This work investigates the hydrodynamic response of two small and shallow bays located in the Ebro Delta, in order to solve the problems affecting mussel farms, such as the high temperatures reached in the summer period (>28 °C), causing the death of these bivalves, and the limited water renewal that causes anoxia within the bay. Nature Based Solutions are described focusing on two aspects: one, modifying the flow of these drainage channels, increasing the arrival of freshwater to the bays; and two, opening a gap in the sand bars so that there is a flow of sea water in and out through the innermost zone, which is where both bays have greater problems of water renewal. The impact of those solutions simulated with the Regional Oceans Modeling System (ROMS), consist of a set of nested domains that use CMEMS-IBI data for the initial and open boundary conditions (coarser domain). To validate the numerical model, data from in situ campaigns have been used for one full year (2014) for Alfacs Bay, and for the summer period (July-August 2017) for Fangar Bay. In addition, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) is also studied as an indicator to reduce the mortality problems of mussels, but the results obtained do not reduce this variable. What the results do show is a decrease in residence time in both bays for both experiments, with the increase in flow being more viable than the increase in sand bar breakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is performed on physical parameters and initial values of a nonlinear El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) model, to determine the influential parameters at different prediction times. The anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST) at each prediction time is viewed as the response quantity of interest in the sensitivity analysis by Sobol’ method. And the Latin Hypercube Sampling technique is applied to all input parameters. Then, the first-order sensitivity indexes (FSI) and total sensitivity indexes (TSI) of physical parameters and initial values are calculated, respectively. The results of numerical simulations show that the proposed method is very effective and feasible for sensitivity analysis of nonlinear ENSO model. It is concluded that the sensitive parameters and relative ranking vary considerably at different prediction times. In the beginning period, initial values of the model have a great influence on the SST anomaly forecast, while for the long-term prediction, physical coefficients become main sensitive parameters, and the initial values have little effect on the output variable. In addition, the interaction between input parameters in the model increases with forecast time, which is indicated by that the difference between the TSI and FSI of each parameter becomes larger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) in response to the binary typhoons Sarika and Haima (2016) in the offshore and nearshore areas along the Guangdong Province Coast (GPC) and Hainan Island Coast (HIC) in the northern South China Sea are comprehensively investigated using multi-satellite observations and ocean reanalysis data. The results show that the maximum SST cooling was 2.5°C (average 1.5°C) and 6°C (average 2.5°C) after the passage of typhoon Sarika in the HIC nearshore and offshore, respectively. In contrast, the average SST cooling was 1°C in the GPC offshore and very marginal in the GPC nearshore after the passage of typhoon Haima. For SSS, typhoon Sarika induced changes of 0.1 psu and 0.35 psu in the HIC nearshore and offshore, respectively, while typhoon Haima caused changes of -0.1 psu and 0.3 psu in the GPC nearshore and offshore, respectively. The responses of both SST and SSS are similar in the offshores of both the GPC and the HIC. However, they are quite different in the nearshores of the GPC and the HIC. It is found that the nearshore responses to typhoon are quite different depending on the coast conditions: river discharge and advection of coastal current. In the GPC nearshore, the river discharge due to typhoon can lead to larger SSS decrease than that in the HIC nearshore. Besides, the advection of coastal high SSS water from the GPC to the HIC along coast made SSS decrease in the GPC but increase in the HIC. As a result, the SST and SSS responses are easily to be influenced, while they could exist much longer in the offshores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate change characteristics and adaptation abilities of the offshore East China Sea area are very important issues against the backdrop of the Maritime and Polar Silk Roads strategy. Based on meteorological observation data and reanalysis data, the spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and winds in the offshore East China Sea area were analyzed. From 1979 to 2017, the offshore average SST increased by 0.18°C/10 a as a whole. The average SSS showed an interdecadal cycle from 1980 to 2017 with a peak in 2005 (34.54 g/kg) and a trough in 1995 (34.26 g/kg). The lowest offshore SSS was 34.0 g/kg in the southern Korean Peninsula and the southern Taiwan Strait, while the highest offshore SSS was 34.8 g/kg in the low-latitude Pacific offshore area. The climatic characteristics annual accumulated gale days, annual local maximum wind speed, absolute maximum wind speed and average wind speed from 1971 to 2017 were analyzed, which showed that the influence of gales on Zhejiang was more serious than their influence on the other provinces in East China. In addition, decision-making strategies for climate change adaptation are discussed to provide a scientific reference for controlling the risks of climate change to the East China coastal zone and the Maritime Silk Road strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azuz-Adeath, I.; González-Campos, C., and Cuevas-Corona, A., 2019. Predicting the temporal structure of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) for agriculture management in Mexico's coastal zone. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(1), 210–226. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The influence of global-scale modes of climate variability on Mexico's coastal zone is investigated through the analysis of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) effect on the long-term (decadal) behavior of three climatic variables (rainfall, maximum and minimum temperatures) and agricultural production in 17 coastal states. Statistical methods to predict the annual and decadal behavior of the AMO index were proposed, assessed, and used to predict the long-term production phase (above or below the production trend) for the principal crops in the states where the highest correlation among climate signals and agricultural production was found. The near-term (1 y to decades) temporal variability structure of the AMO index was modeled by analytic functions (decadal component) and through discrete simulation (yearly component), using the fractal dimension as a nonlinear measure to assess and mimic the irregularity of the original time series with good results. For the decadal signals, significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between AMO and climatic variables in 13 of 17 states with rain and 14 of 17 states with maximum and minimum temperatures. AMO and total production correlate in 12 of 17 states, and for specific crops, 34 of 51 values were significant. For the purposes of coastal management, the long-term forecasts obtained may be good enough to propose adaptation measures to climate variability related to agricultural activity in 5-year horizons, which closely correspond to periods of government in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ma, R.; Xie, Z.-X.; Zhang, S.-W.; Chu, D.-Z.; Cao, X.; Wu, N., and Liu, Y.,2018. The orthogonal reference method for in-situ analysis of ammonia nitrogen content in seawater. In: Wang, D. and Guido-Aldana, P.A. (eds.), Select Proceedings from the 3rd International Conference on Water Resource and Environment (WRE2017). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 84, pp. 36–43. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A novel orthogonal reference method of ammonia nitrogen in-situ analysis in seawater is proposed. The method is based on the joint application of "water + reagent" blending device and constant-temperature heating device, which enhances the reaction rate of chromogenic agent and water samples. Water samples and ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) are fully mixed and heated in the circulation system up to 40°C by the constant temperature heating device. Next, the above mixture is injected into a flow pool, and fluorescence (400 nm to 480 nm) is excited by a 360 nm LED. Two photodiodes of the same type with the wavelength range from 300 nm to 500 nm are used to detect the fluorescent and LED reference signals, while the ammonia nitrogen content is calculated via the orthogonal reference algorithm. A robust reference procedure is proposed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the operational amplifier algorithm used in the analysis by way of simplifying the microprocessor logical operation process. The embedded processing and microfluidic analysis technology used in the proposed method offers a good portable alternative to a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results of performed in situ tests and their analysis are closely correlated with those obtained in laboratory conditions by the conventional method (R2 = 0.997). Within the salinity range of 24 to 32, a linear relationship between the fluorescent intensity and ammonia concentration from 3 to 500 μg/L is observed, with the standard deviation not exceeding 5%. The most critical advantage of the proposed detection method over the available ones is its real-time data acquisition and processing: the time required for a single measurement is less than 10 minutes. The results obtained strongly suggest that the proposed method has good feasibility and practicability, which can be used for in-situ measurement of ammonia nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Delpeche-Ellmann, N. and Soomere, T., 2018. Possible Presence of Shear Instabilities at Steep Slopes during an Upwelling Event in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 481–485. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The cooler water jets that are present during wind-induced coastal upwellings are known to become unstable after some time and develop into sub-mesoscale phenomena that contribute to the overall mixing. In this study we examine the possibility of vertical shear instabilities, in particular the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability existing in an area where steep bottom slopes are present during an upwelling event in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea. The study utilizes a combination of in-situ sampling stations, satellite derived sea surface temperature (SST) data and the HIROMB model for the Baltic Sea. Examination of the velocity shear and stratification shows that it is possible for the KHI instabilities to exist most popularly at the thalweg section of the study area at a depth of 10–16 m. It is also at this exact location that the cross-shore jets were found to develop into meanders and filaments and the greatest gradient in the SST were observed. Thus these observations signal the possibility of the KHI developing in the vicinity of steep slopes and contributing to the overall mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kim, K.O.; Lim, H.S.; Choi, J.-Y., and Kim, S.-S., 2018. Abnormally high waves induced by Typhoon Vongfong along the eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 906–910. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Korean Peninsula has become vulnerable to increasingly frequent and strong typhoons approaching through the Yellow Sea and the East Sea. The typhoons are one of the threats to the coastal areas causing direct damages with increasing sea surface temperature and sea level rise due to global warming. The damages caused by waves and swells generated by anti-cyclonic winds from the recent typhoons prompted the Korean government to initiate two projects, development of coastal erosion control technology and investigation of large swell waves and rip currents for the southern and eastern coasts. During the typhoon Vongfong (2014), the highest wave recorded at Uljin (6 m) was 80 minutes after the highest wave at Samcheok (4.6 m), which is located further northwest. The measurement of abnormally high waves propagated both from East Sea and along the northern coast was unprecedented. The observed data at Busan, Uljin and Samcheok and a Simulation WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model were applied to analyze the unusually high waves on the eastern coast of Korea. The analyzed results showed that abnormally high waves at Uljin induced by typhoon Vongfong could be generated by the resonance effect that merged with lower energy waves propagated from the East Sea and higher energy waves propagated along the eastern coast from northwest, Samcheok. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xu, Q.; Zhang, S.; Cheng, Y., and Zuo, J., 2017. Interannual feature of summer upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands in the East China Sea. The interannual feature of summer upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands off the Zhejiang coast over the East China Sea (ECS) shelf has been investigated using multiscale ultrahigh resolution (∼1 km) sea surface temperature (SST) data during the period from 2003 to 2014 and an auxiliary Pathfinder SST data set with a relatively low resolution of 0.05° × 0.05° during 1985-2002. Coastal upwelling usually occurs during April to June, reaches its peak intensity in July and August, and starts to decay in September. It has not strengthened or weakened obviously during the past 30 years. The influence of sea winds on the interannual variation of the summer upwelling is analyzed using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Climatic Data Center blended sea surface wind data. Results demonstrate that the sea wind over the ECS, which is part of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system, plays a dominant role in determining the changes in upwelling intensity, and the southeasterly wind is favorable for the formation of the summer upwelling around the Zhoushan Islands. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulation of the interannual variability of the upwelling intensity is complex because of the unstable correlation between the EASM and the ENSO cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zhang, P.D.; Liu, Y.S.; Guo, D.; Li, W.T., and Zhang, Q., 2016. Seasonal variation in growth, morphology, and reproduction of eelgrass Zostera marina on the eastern coast of the Shandong Peninsula, China. Seasonal dynamics of Zostera marina were monitored monthly in Swan Lake of Shandong Peninsula, China, by examining plant density, morphology, weight, and environmental factors from February 2009 to January 2010. The greatest values for shoot size and weight were obtained in summer and the smallest values in winter and early spring. Reproductive shoots appeared in late March and developed into fruits in mid-June. Fruits were fully developed into mature seeds in mid-July. Reproductive shoot size and weight exhibited clear seasonal patterns with maximum values in May for leaf length, inflorescence length, and leaf width and in June for shoot length and shoot weight. The density of reproductive shoots ranged from 4 to 40 shoots m−2 with an average of 22.4 ± 12.8 shoots m−2 (mean ± 95% confidence interval) in July 2009. The average number of spathes per reproductive shoot was 18.9 ± 3.3, with 7.8 ± 0.7 seeds per spathe, and the mean seed dry weight was 3.2 ± 0.4 mg. Seasonal variations in shoot density and aboveground tissue dimensions correlated positively with water temperature. This study presents the first quantitative data on the seasonal dynamics of Z. marina in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three satellite-tagged male loggerhead turtles ( Caretta caretta) were released from the coastal waters of Satsuma Peninsula, Kyusyu, southwestern Japan (lat 31°42′N, long 130°18′E), and their movements were tracked for up to 449 d. Total distance traveled by the turtles ranged from 1540 to 5519 km. The turtles remained mainly along the coast and islands of the East China Sea and the Sea of Japan, except for spending a brief period of time (1-30 d) in the open ocean. The long-distance movement followed a seasonal pattern, evidently triggered by fluctuations in sea surface temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andrade, L.S.; Fransozo, V.; Bertini, G.; Negreiros-Fransozo, M.L., and López-Greco, L.S., 2015. Reproductive plasticity in the speckled crab Arenaeus cribarius (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) associated with a population decline. Reproductive strategies are responsible for population maintenance, and when equilibrium is achieved, the selected strategy may become a pattern. The shaping of these patterns is an important resource for a species' conservation and should receive special attention. The population biology of Arenaeus cribrarius was evaluated, focusing on recruitment, sexual maturity, and reproductive period, and the results were compared with available information about this species from previous catches. Crabs were collected monthly for 3 years, and for each specimen the sex, gonadal development, breeding condition, and carapace width (CW) were recorded. Seawater temperatures (from bottom and surface) were also recorded. Reproduction and recruitment only occurred during the warmer months of the year, and size at sexual maturity was smaller (50.1 mm CW) in males than in females (56.3 mm CW). These features differed from previous studies of the same species in the same sampling area, suggesting the plasticity of the reproductive strategy to optimize reproductive success and survival of the larvae. Diversas estratégias reprodutivas podem ser utilizadas para manutenção de uma população e, quando o equilíbrio é atingido, a estratégia escolhida passa a ser padrão. A modelagem desses padrões representa um importante recurso para a conservação da espécie e deve receber atenção especial. A biologia populacional de Arenaeus cribrarius foi avaliada com ênfase aos aspectos: recrutamento juvenil, maturidade sexual e período reprodutivo; os resultados discutidos e comparados com informações disponíveis sobre a espécie na literatura. Os siris foram coletados, mensalmente, por um período de três anos. Informações biológicas foram registradas para cada espécime: sexo, desenvolvimento gonadal, condição de ovígera e largura da carapaça. Em relação aos parâmetros ambientais, analisou-se a temperatura da água do mar (de fundo e superfície). Constatou-se períodos de reprodução e recrutamento sazonais, ocorrendo nos meses mais quentes do ano. Ao estimar a maturidade sexual, foi observado que o tamanho atingido pelos machos nessa fase (50,1 mm), é menor que aquele atingido pelas fêmeas (56,3 mm). As diferenças verificadas nas características reprodutivas de A. cribrarius, quando confrontadas com estudos anteriores, permitem sugerir que a espécie tenha modelado sua estratégia reprodutiva a fim de garantir o máximo sucesso reprodutivo e sobrevivência das larvas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarangi, R.K.; Thangaradjou, T.; Poornima, D.; Shanthi, R.; Kumar, A.S., and Balasubramanian, T., 2015. Seasonal nitrate algorithms for the southwest Bay of Bengal water using in situ measurements for satellite remote-sensing applications. Monthly coastal sampling and ship-cruise-measured in situ datasets of nitrate, sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll in the SW Bay of Bengal covering Tamilnadu and Andhra Pradesh coasts of India were used to develop nitrate algorithm. A total of 15 datasets prepared during 2009-11 covered cruise data and all monthly datasets, nine datasets followed with better results with paraboloid function, and others followed linear, Gaussian, and Lorentzian function regression fits. Data collection through cruises (397 points), monthly (482 points) coastal sampling, total monthly and cruise (879 points) covering four seasons were used, and the three-dimensional (3D)-paraboloid function showed better results during the seasonal scale study with the R2 values 0.670, 0.635, 0.465, and 0.693 for the postmonsoon, summer, premonsoon, and monsoon seasons respectively. In the current study, there has been considerable improvement in R2 (0.670 with 236 points) than the earlier study using postmonsoon data (0.560 with 105 data points). Through this algorithm, a nitrate map was generated for 11 March 2011 using Oceansat-2 Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) and MODIS-aqua-derived chlorophyll and SST data, respectively. The retrieved nitrate map has been validated with in situ dataset of the same date with an R2 value of 0.718, which suggests that the developed nitrate algorithm was statistically significant with mean normalized bias (MNB) = 0.078, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.412, and standard error of estimate (SEE) = ±0.4032, and the algorithm was observed to be working satisfactorily over the SW Bay of Bengal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thom, R.; Southard, S., and Borde, A., 2014. Climate-linked mechanisms driving spatial and temporal variations in eelgrass ( Zostera marina L.) growth and assemblage structure in Pacific Northwest estuaries, USA. Using laboratory experiments on temperature and leaf metabolism, and field data sets from Washington, between 1991 and 2013, we developed lines of evidence showing that variations in water temperature, mean sea level, and desiccation stress appear to drive spatial and temporal variations in eelgrass ( Zostera marina). Variations in the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and mean sea level (MSL), especially during the strong 1997-2001 El Niño-La Niña event, corresponded with variations in leaf growth rate of an intertidal population. Field studies suggested that this variation was associated with both desiccation period and temperature. Subtidal eelgrass shoot density recorded annually over a 10-year period was lowest during the warm and cool extremes of sea surface temperature. These periods corresponded to the extremes in the ONI. Variations in density of a very low intertidal population in a turbid estuary were explained by both variations in temperature and light reaching the plants during periods of higher MSL. These results show complex interactions between water-level variation, temperature and light as mechanisms regulating variation in eelgrass, which complicates the ability to predict the effects of climate variation and change on this important resource. Because of the extensive wide geographic distribution of eelgrass, its tractability for study, and its responsiveness to climate, this and other seagrass species should be considered useful indicators of the effects of climate variation and change on marine and estuarine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]