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The Tsiolkovsky crater is located on the farside of the Moon. It formed in the late Imbrian epoch and was filled with a large area of mare basalts. Multisource remote sensing data are used to interpret the geological features of the Tsiolkovsky area. Compared with previous studies, new remote sensing data and a chronological model based on crater size–frequency distribution are used to further refine the stratigraphic units and determine the absolute ages of the mare basalt units. The evolution of volcanic activity in this crater is discussed. The results are as follows: Abundances of major elements, Th, and silicate minerals suggest that the mare basalt in the crater floor is not a uniform unit but rather nine units with different compositions. The nine basalt units are divided into two episodes of volcanic activity: The first occurred at 3.5–3.7 Ga, when highly evolved lava erupted at the crater floor at a large scale; the second occurred at ~3.4 Ga, when a small area of more primitive lava extended to the northern portion of the crater floor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]