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The TIFY family is a plant-specific gene family that is involved in regulating a variety of plant processes, including developmental and defense responses. The Cymbidium species have certain ornamental and ecological value. However, the characteristics and functions of TIFY genes in Cymbidium remain poorly understood. This study conducted a genome analysis of the TIFY gene family in Cymbidium goeringii, C. ensifolium, and C. sinense and investigated their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns under heat stress in C. goeringii. C. goeringii (26), C. ensifolium (19), and C. sinense (21). A total of 66 TIFY genes were identified, and they were classified into four subfamilies (JAZ, ZML, PPD, and TIFY) based on their systematic evolutionary relationships. Sequence analysis showed that TIFYs contained a conserved TIFY domain and that genes within the same subfamily had structural similarity. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed that these genes contain numerous light-responsive elements and stress-responsive elements. We subjected C. goeringii (16 h light/8 h dark) to 24 h of 38 °C high-temperature stress in a climate chamber. Additionally, results from RT-qPCR experiments showed that under heat stress, the expression levels of eight genes in C. goeringii show significant differences. Among them, the JAZ subfamily exhibited the strongest response to heat stress, initially showing upregulation followed by a downregulation trend. In conclusion, this study investigated the role of TIFY genes in three Cymbidium species, providing insights into C. goeringii under heat stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZF-HD transcription factors, which are unique to land plants, are involved in the regulation of abiotic stress response and related signaling pathways, and play a crucial role in plant growth and development. Dendrobium is one of the largest genera of orchids, with a high ornamental and ecological value. However, the specific functions of the ZF-HDs in Dendrobium remain unknown. In this study, we identified a total of 53 ZF-HDs from D. chrysotoxum (17), D. catenatum (23), and D. huoshanense (13), and analyzed their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, protein structures, conserved motifs, and expression patterns. The phylogenetic relationships revealed that 53 ZF-HDs were classified into six subfamilies (ZHDI–V and MIF), and all ZF-HD proteins contained motif 1 and motif 4 conserved domains, while a minority of these proteins had exons. The analysis of cis-elements in the promoters of ZF-HDs from three Dendrobium species showed that growth- and development-related elements were the most prevalent, followed by hormone response and abiotic stress response elements. Through collinearity analysis, 14 DchZF-HDs were found to be collinear with DhuZF-HDs, and 12 DchZF-HDs were found to be collinear with DcaZF-HDs. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis revealed that DchZF-HDs play a regulatory role in the development of lateral organs during the flowering process. The results indicated that DchZHD2 plays a role in the unpigmented bud stage, while DchMIF8 and DchZHD16 play significant roles during the pigmented bud and initial bloom stages. Hence, this study provides a crucial basis for further exploring ZF-HDs functions in regulating the floral organs of orchids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbidium sinense, a type of orchid plant, is more drought-resistant and ornamental than other terrestrial orchids. Research has shown that many members of the NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) transcription factor family are responsive to plant growth, development, and abiotic stress. However, the mechanism of the NF-Y gene family's response to abiotic stress in orchids has not yet been reported. In this study, phylogenetic analysis allowed for 27 CsNF-Y genes to be identified (5 CsNF-YAs, 9 CsNF-YBs, and 13 CsNF-YC subunits), and the CsNF-Ys were homologous to those in Arabidopsis and Oryza. Protein structure analysis revealed that different subfamilies contained different motifs, but all of them contained Motif 2. Secondary and tertiary protein structure analysis indicated that the CsNF-YB and CsNF-YC subfamilies had a high content of alpha helix structures. Cis-element analysis showed that elements related to drought stress were mainly concentrated in the CsNF-YB and CsNF-YC subfamilies, with CsNF-YB3 and CsNF-YC12 having the highest content. The results of a transcriptome analysis showed that there was a trend of downregulation of almost all CsNF-Ys in leaves under drought stress, while in roots, most members of the CsNF-YB subfamily showed a trend of upregulation. Additionally, seven genes were selected for real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) experiments. The results were generally consistent with those of the transcriptome analysis. The regulatory roles of CsNF-YB 1, 2, and 4 were particularly evident in the roots. The findings of our study may make a great contribution to the understanding of the role of CsNF-Ys in stress-related metabolic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WNK (With No Lysine) kinases are members of serine/threonine protein kinase family, which lack conserved a catalytic lysine (K) residue in protein kinase subdomain II and this residue is replaced by either asparagine, serine, or glycine residues. They are involved in various physiological regulations of flowering time, circadian rhythms, and abiotic stresses in plants. In this study, we identified the WNK gene family in two species of Acorus, and analyzed their phylogenetic relationship, physiochemical properties, subcellular localization, collinearity, and cis-elements. The results showed twenty-two WNKs in two Acorus (seven in Ac. gramineus and fifteen in Ac. calamus) have been identified and clustered into five main clades phylogenetically. Gene structure analysis showed all WNKs possessed essential STKc_WNK or PKc_like superfamily domains, and the gene structures and conserved motifs of the same clade were similar. All the WNKs harbored a large number of light response elements, plant hormone signaling elements, and stress resistance elements. Through a collinearity analysis, two and fourteen segmental duplicated gene pairs were identified in the Ac. gramineus and Ac. calamus, respectively. Moreover, we observed tissue-specificity of WNKs in Acorus using transcriptomic data, and their expressions in response to salt stress and cold stress were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The results showed WNKs are involved in the regulation of abiotic stresses. There were significant differences in the expression levels of most of the WNKs in the leaves and roots of Acorus under salt stress and cold stress, among which two members in Ac. gramineus (AgWNK3 and AgWNK4) and two members in Ac. calamus (AcWNK8 and AcWNK12) were most sensitive to stress. In summary, this paper will significantly contribute to the understanding of WNKs in monocots and thus provide a set up for functional genomics studies of WNK protein kinases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]