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In order to improve the accuracy of vehicle trajectories and ensure driving safety, and considering the differences in driver behavior and the impact of these differences on vehicle trajectories, a vehicle trajectory-prediction method (DBC-Informer) based on the categorization of driver behavior is proposed: firstly, the characteristic driver feature data are extracted through data preprocessing; secondly, descriptive statistical data are obtained through the classification of the driver's behavior into categories; finally, based on the Informer model, a two-layer driver category trajectory-prediction network architecture is established, which inputs the vehicle trajectories of different driving types into independent prediction sub-networks, respectively, to realize the accurate prediction of vehicle trajectories. The experimental results show that the MAE and MSE values of trajectory prediction of the DBC-Informer model in different time domains are much smaller than those of other comparative models, and the improvement of accuracy is more obvious in the long-term domain trajectory-prediction task scenario, and the increase in prediction error of the DBC-Informer model is significantly reduced after the prediction time exceeds 1 s. The on-line behavioral categorization is achieved by comparing different categorization models; it reaches 98% in classification accuracy and, according to the results of ablation experiments, the addition of the driver behavior-classification method to the prediction model improves the accuracy of prediction in longitudinal and lateral motion by 56% and 61%, respectively, which verifies the effectiveness of the driver behavior-classification method. It can be seen that the DBC-Informer model can more accurately portray the effects of different driving behaviors on vehicle trajectories and improve the accuracy of vehicle trajectory prediction, which provides important data support for vehicle warning systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of breakthrough infections have attracted global attention. These variants have significant mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein and the membrane (M) protein, which may imply an enhanced ability to evade immune responses. In this study, an examination of co-mutations within the spike RBD and their potential correlation with mutations in the M protein was conducted. The EVmutation method was utilized to analyze the distribution of the mutations to elucidate the relationship between the mutations in the spike RBD and the alterations in the M protein. Additionally, the Sequence-to-Sequence Transformer Model (S2STM) was employed to establish mapping between the amino acid sequences of the spike RBD and M proteins, offering a novel and efficient approach for streamlined sequence analysis and the exploration of their interrelationship. Certain mutations in the spike RBD, G339D-S373P-S375F and Q493R-Q498R-Y505, are associated with a heightened propensity for inducing mutations at specific sites within the M protein, especially sites 3 and 19/63. These results shed light on the concept of mutational synergy between the spike RBD and M proteins, illuminating a potential mechanism that could be driving the evolution of SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedum is the largest succulent genus in Crassulaceae. Because of predominant maternal inheritance, little recombination, and slow evolution, plastomes can serve as powerful super barcodes for inter- or intra-species phylogenetic analyses. While previous research has focused on plastomes between Sedum species, intra-species studies are scarce. Here, we sequenced plastomes from three Sedum species (Sedum alfredii, Sedum plumbizincicola, and Sedum japonicum) to understand their evolutionary relationships and plastome structural evolution. Our analyses revealed minimal size and GC content variation across species. However, gene distribution at IR boundaries, repeat structures, and codon usage patterns showed diversity at both inter-specific and intra-specific levels. Notably, an rps19 gene expansion and a bias toward A/T-ending codons were observed. Codon aversion motifs also varied, potentially serving as markers for future studies. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the non-monophyly of Sedum and divided the Acre clade into two groups. Individuals from the same species clustered together, with strong support for the relationships between S. alfredii, S. tricarpum, and S. plumbizincicola. Additionally, S. japonicum clearly affiliates with the Acre clade. This study provides valuable insights into both intra-specific and intra-generic plastome variation in Sedum, as well as overall plastome evolution within the genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decentralization and anonymity of blockchain have attracted significant attention. However, in recent years, there has been a rise in blockchain money laundering incidents, and anti-money laundering efforts have become crucial within the blockchain space. Blockchain money laundering differs from traditional financial money laundering as it does not provide account information, particularly in the case of Bitcoin. This absence of information makes it challenging for researchers to detect money laundering activities based on transaction data. We propose LB-GLAT, a novel Long-Term Bi-Graph Layer Attention Convolutional Network, to effectively capture the topological structure and attribute characteristics of money laundering on the blockchain transaction graph. LB-GLAT utilizes the transaction graph and the reverse transaction graph to solve the no-loop problem that results in the inability to capture the destination of blockchain transactions and designs a long-term layer attention mechanism to alleviate the over-smoothing problem. We implemented a series of experiments to evaluate LB-GLAT, which achieved state-of-art performance compared with other methods, presenting an accuracy of 0.9776, a precision of 0.9317, a recall of 0.8494, an F1−score of 0.8887, and an AUC of 0.9806. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial layout and arrangement of obstacles in the built environment significantly affect its evacuation performance. However, few researchers focus on pedestrian simulation-based design optimization of built environment under emergency evacuation conditions. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the evacuation performance of optimized design solutions for traffic space in the teaching building of a primary school based on a pedestrian simulation approach and to quantify the effect of design parameters on evacuation time. Firstly, the level of traffic space design parameters was determined and optimized design solutions for the traffic space of the school building were generated. Secondly, based on the Anylogic simulation platform, the environment module and pedestrian evacuation behaviour rules of the teaching building were built to realize the evacuation behaviour simulation. Thirdly, the effect of the traffic space design parameters on the evacuation time of the teaching building was evaluated and the most significant design parameters were identified. Finally, the optimal combination of traffic space design parameters was proposed under evacuation performance orientation. The results show that the sensitivity of the traffic space design parameters to evacuation time is 31.85%. The effect of corridor width on evacuation time is 49.06 times greater than the staircase width. The optimal design combination for the traffic space in the teaching building of the primary school is a 3.0 m wide trapezoidal corridor combined with a 3.6 m wide staircase, and a 3.0 m wide fish maw corridor combined with 3.6 m wide staircase, guided by evacuation performance. The framework developed in this paper provides technical support for the development of evacuation performance-oriented design optimization of the built environment, and the results are intended to supplement the building design specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to accurately identify soybean planting areas for ensuring agricultural and industrial production. High-resolution satellite remotely sensed imagery has greatly facilitated the effective extraction of soybean planting areas but novel methods are required to further improve the identification accuracy. Two typical planting areas of Linhu Town and Baili Town in Northern Anhui Province, China, were selected to explore the accurate extraction method. The 10 m multispectral and 2 m panchromatic Gaofen-1 (GF-1) image data were first fused to produce training, test, and validation data sets after the min–max standardization and data augmentation. The deep learning U-Net model was then adopted to perform the accurate extraction of soybean planting areas. Two vital influencing factors on the accuracies of the U-Net model, including cropping size and training epoch, were compared and discussed. Specifically, three cropping sizes of 128 × 128, 256 × 256, and 512 × 512 px, and 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 training epochs were compared to optimally determine the values of the two parameters. To verify the extraction effect of the U-Net model, comparison experiments were also conducted based on the SegNet and DeepLabv3+. The results show that U-Net achieves the highest Accuracy of 92.31% with a Mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 81.35%, which is higher than SegNet with an improvement of nearly 4% in Accuracy and 10% on mIoU. In addition, the mIoU has been also improved by 8.89% compared with DeepLabv3+. This study provides an effective and easily operated approach to accurately derive soybean planting areas from satellite images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saxifragales is a 15-family order of early-divergent Eudicots with a rich morphological diversity and an ancient rapid radiation. Codon usage bias (CUB) analyses have emerged as an essential tool for understanding the evolutionary dynamics in genes. Thus far, the codon utilization patterns had only been reported in four separate genera within Saxifragales. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the codon manipulation based on 50 plastid genes, covering 11 constituent families at a larger sampling scale. Our results first showed a high preference for AT bases and AT-ending codons. We then used effective number of codons (ENC) to assess a range of codon bias levels in the plastid genes. We also detected high-informative intrafamilial differences of ENC in three families. Subsequently, parity rule 2 (PR2) plot analyses revealed both family-unique and order-shared bias patterns. Most importantly, the ENC plots and neutrality analyses collectively supported the dominant roles of selection in the CUB of Saxifragales plastid genes. Notably, the phylogenetic affinities inferred by both ML and BI methods were consistent with each other, and they all comprised two primary clades and four subclades. These findings significantly enhance our understanding of the evolutionary processes of the Saxifrage order, and could potentially inspire more CUB analyses at higher taxonomic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several complex cellular and gene regulatory processes are involved in peripheral nerve repair. This study uses bioinformatics to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the satellite glial cells of mice following sciatic nerve injury. Methods: R software screens differentially expressed genes, and the WebGestalt functional enrichment analysis tool conducts Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomics (KEGG) pathway analysis. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins constructs protein interaction networks, and the cytoHubba plug-in in the Cytoscape software predicts core genes. Subsequently, the sciatic nerve injury model of mice was established and the dorsal root ganglion satellite glial cells were isolated and cultured. Satellite glial cells-related markers were verified by immunofluorescence staining. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and Western blotting assay were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of Sox9 in satellite glial cells. Results: A total of 991 DEGs were screened, of which 383 were upregulated, and 508 were downregulated. The GO analysis revealed the processes of biosynthesis, negative regulation of cell development, PDZ domain binding, and other biological processes were enriched in DEGs. According to the KEGG pathway analysis, DEGs are primarily involved in steroid biosynthesis, hedgehog signaling pathway, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, American lateral skeleton, and melanoma pathways. According to various cytoHubba algorithms, the common core genes in the protein–protein interaction network are Atf3, Mmp2, and Sox9. Among these, Sox9 was reported to be involved in the central nervous system and the generation and development of astrocytes and could mediate the transformation between neurogenic and glial cells. The experimental results showed that satellite glial cell marker GS were co-labeled with Sox9; stem cell characteristic markers Nestin and p75NTR were labeled satellite glial cells. The mRNA and protein expression of Sox9 in satellite glial cells were increased after sciatic nerve injury. Conclusions: In this study, bioinformatics was used to analyze the DEGs of satellite glial cells after sciatic nerve injury, and transcription factors related to satellite glial cells were screened, among which Sox9 may be associated with the fate of satellite glial cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) recently has been extensively used in evolutionary analyses. The superfamily Certhioidea is a highly diverse group within the passerine clade, and the phylogeny of this group is still controversial. To date, few studies have focused on the mitogenome evolution of Certhioidea. In the present study, we provided six new complete mitogenomes of Certhioidea. Comprehensive analyses were carried out on the mitogenomes of Certhioidea, including basic genomic characteristics, codon usage patterns, evolutionary rates, and phylogenetic implications. Based on our analyses, we found the codon usage biases of genes were asymmetrical. Most importantly, we suggested that Salpornis should be separated from family Certhiidae and put into family Salpornithidae to maintain the monophyly of Certhiidae. The present work may provide new insights on the mitogenome evolution of Certhioidea. The superfamily Certhioidea currently comprises five families. Due to the rapid diversification, the phylogeny of Certhioidea is still controversial. The advent of next generation sequencing provides a unique opportunity for a mitogenome-wide study. Here, we first provided six new complete mitogenomes of Certhioidea (Certhia americana, C. familiaris, Salpornis spilonota, Cantorchilus leucotis, Pheugopedius coraya, and Pheugopedius genibarbis). We further paid attention to the genomic characteristics, codon usages, evolutionary rates, and phylogeny of the Certhioidea mitogenomes. All mitogenomes we analyzed displayed typical ancestral avian gene order with 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and one control region (CR). Our study indicated the strand-biased compositional asymmetry might shape codon usage preferences in mitochondrial genes. In addition, natural selection might be the main factor in shaping the codon usages of genes. Additionally, evolutionary rate analyses indicated all mitochondrial genes were under purifying selection. Moreover, MT-ATP8 and MT-CO1 were the most rapidly evolving gene and conserved genes, respectively. According to our mitophylogenetic analyses, the monophylies of Troglodytidae and Sittidae were strongly supported. Importantly, we suggest that Salpornis should be separated from Certhiidae and put into Salpornithidae to maintain the monophyly of Certhiidae. Our findings are useful for further evolutionary studies within Certhioidea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As representative of the early-divergent groups of angiosperms, Saxifragales is extremely divergent in morphology, comprising 15 families. Within this order, our previous case studies observed significant structural diversities among the plastomes of several lineages, suggesting a possible role in elucidating their deep phylogenetic relationships. Here, we collected 208 available plastomes from 11 constituent families to explore the evolutionary patterns among Saxifragales. With thorough comparisons, the losses of two genes and three introns were found in several groups. Notably, 432 indel events have been observed from the introns of all 17 plastomic intron-containing genes, which could well play an important role in family barcoding. Moreover, numerous heterogeneities and strong intrafamilial phylogenetic implications were revealed in pttRNA (plastomic tRNA) structures, and the unique structural patterns were also determined for five families. Most importantly, based on the well-supported phylogenetic trees, evident phylogenetic signals were detected in combinations with the identified pttRNAs features and intron indels, demonstrating abundant lineage-specific characteristics for Saxifragales. Collectively, the results reported here could not only provide a deeper understanding into the evolutionary patterns of Saxifragales, but also provide a case study for exploring the plastome evolution at a high taxonomic level of angiosperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Plastids are semi-autonomous plant organelles which play critical roles in photosynthesis, stress response, and storage. The plastid genomes (plastomes) in angiosperms are relatively conserved in quadripartite structure, but variable in size, gene content, and evolutionary rates of genes. The genus Crassula L. is the second-largest genus in the family Crassulaceae J.St.-Hil, that significantly contributes to the diversity of Crassulaceae. However, few studies have focused on the evolution of plastomes within Crassula. In the present study, we sequenced ten plastomes of Crassula: C. alstonii Marloth, C. columella Marloth & Schönland, C. dejecta Jacq., C. deltoidei Thunb., C. expansa subsp. fragilis (Baker) Toelken, C. mesembrianthemopsis Dinter, C. mesembryanthoides (Haw.) D.Dietr., C. socialis Schönland, C. tecta Thunb., and C. volkensii Engl. Through comparative studies, we found Crassula plastomes have unique codon usage and aversion patterns within Crassulaceae. In addition, genomic features, evolutionary rates, and phylogenetic implications were analyzed using plastome data. Our findings will not only reveal new insights into the plastome evolution of Crassulaceae, but also provide potential molecular markers for DNA barcoding. The genus Crassula is the second-largest genus in the family Crassulaceae, with about 200 species. As an acknowledged super-barcode, plastomes have been extensively utilized for plant evolutionary studies. Here, we first report 10 new plastomes of Crassula. We further focused on the structural characterizations, codon usage, aversion patterns, and evolutionary rates of plastomes. The IR junction patterns—IRb had 110 bp expansion to rps19—were conservative among Crassula species. Interestingly, we found the codon usage patterns of matK gene in Crassula species are unique among Crassulaceae species with elevated ENC values. Furthermore, subgenus Crassula species have specific GC-biases in the matK gene. In addition, the codon aversion motifs from matK, pafI, and rpl22 contained phylogenetic implications within Crassula. The evolutionary rates analyses indicated all plastid genes of Crassulaceae were under the purifying selection. Among plastid genes, ycf1 and ycf2 were the most rapidly evolving genes, whereas psaC was the most conserved gene. Additionally, our phylogenetic analyses strongly supported that Crassula is sister to all other Crassulaceae species. Our findings will be useful for further evolutionary studies within the Crassula and Crassulaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Bletilla is a small genus of only five species distributed across Asia, including B. chartacea, B. foliosa, B. formosana, B. ochracea and B. striata, which is of great medicinal importance. Furthermore, this genus is a member of the key tribe Arethuseae (Orchidaceae), harboring an extremely complicated taxonomic history. Recently, the monophyletic status of Bletilla has been challenged, and the phylogenetic relationships within this genus are still unclear. The plastome, which is rich in both sequence and structural variation, has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding plant evolution. Along with four new plastomes, this work is committed to exploring plastomic markers to elucidate the phylogeny of Bletilla. Our results reveal considerable plastomic differences between B. sinensis and the other three taxa in many aspects. Most importantly, the specific features of the IR junction patterns, novel pttRNA structures and codon aversion motifs can serve as useful molecular markers for Bletilla phylogeny. Moreover, based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods, our phylogenetic analyses based on two datasets of Arethuseae strongly imply that Bletilla is non-monophyletic. Accordingly, our findings from this study provide novel potential markers for species identification, and shed light on the evolution of Bletilla and Arethuseae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community governance is the foundation of social governance and a guarantee for modernizing the national governance system and capacity. Residents' satisfaction with community governance is an important factor in measuring community governance level. Based on similar related literature and practical research analysis, 18 influencing factors of community governance residents' satisfaction were extracted from four dimensions. Through the principal component analysis of social science statistical software, 16 key influencing factors were finally selected, and six regression models were analyzed and compared. Further, they clarified the influence of various dimensions on residents' satisfaction with community governance. Further analysis and research on the model show that community governance service, community education and community interpersonal communication are significantly positively correlated with residents' satisfaction with community governance. Although participation in community governance as a single influencing factor has no significant effect in this study, it can also positively and significantly affect residents' satisfaction with community governance under the joint action of community education and community interpersonal communication. Therefore, from the aspects of improving the service level of community governance, enhancing the participation of community governance in multiple ways, giving full attention to the role of community education and shaping the new model of community communication, a more realistic evaluation system of community governance residents' satisfaction is designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, teaching and learning methods are constantly changing with the development and popularization of information technology. Many teaching activities are exploring the integration of virtual technology. However, the specific effects of VR are challenging to verify. In this paper, "teaching in VR environment" and "traditional teaching" were designed to carry out a series of teaching comparison practices between two groups of a primary school. By analyzing the experimental data of the experimental group and the control group, the research found that it is easier to enter mental flow in virtual reality, and the introduction of virtual reality technology is positively correlated with learning engagement. What is more, compared with traditional teaching and learning methods, virtual reality technology and related software can help individuals give full play to their creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we introduce the Architecture Tech for High-Pressure Experiments Net Assembly (ATHENA) package based on diamond anvil cells, combining both the deposition of specimens as well as the detection of probes on anvils layer by layer. The specimens are typically ~1 μm in thickness and very hard to manipulate with traditional hand skills. ATHENA represents an all-in-one package by accurately synergizing chip-like networks prepared using magnetic sputtering methods and guaranteeing well-designed dimensions, positions and perfect electric contacts. We apply ATHENA successfully to the study of lanthanum metal above 60 GPa, showing very sharp pressure-enhanced superconductivity and parabolic critical temperature (Tc) evolution as a function of pressure with pressure-enhanced itinerant behavior at normal state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reported the growth of Fe2As single crystals and the study of its physical properties via comprehensive measurements, such as transport properties under pressure and high-pressure synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction. Fe2As is an antiferromagnetic metal with TN ~ 355 K. Within the pressure range of 100 GPa, no superconductivity was observed above 2 K. The abrupt drop in resistance from 21 to 31.7 GPa suggests a high-pressure phase transition happens. The high-pressure X-ray experiments indicate a new high-pressure phase appears, starting from 27.13 GPa. After the refinement of the high-pressure X-ray data, the pressure dependence of lattice constants of Fe2As (P4/nmm phase) was plotted and the bulk modulus B0 was obtained to be 168.6 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of polycrystalline samples of a new diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)2Sb2 has been synthesized and systematically studied. The parent phase is the so-called "Zintl compound" BaZn2Sb2, a week-degenerate semiconductor with a narrow band gap of 0.2 eV. In (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)2Sb2, the charge is doped by (Ba,K) substitution while the spin is independently doped by (Zn,Mn) substitution. (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)2Sb2 and analogue (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)2As2 have comparable narrow band gaps, carrier and spin concentrations. However, the former establishes a short-range spin-glass order at a very low temperature (<10 K), while the latter forms a long-range ferromagnetic ordering with a Curie temperature up to 230 K. The sharp contrast makes (Ba,K)(Zn,Mn)2Sb2 to be a touchstone for DMS theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on the multi-depot vehicle routing problem (MDVRP) for hazardous materials transportation, this paper presents a multi-objective optimization model to minimize total transportation energy consumption and transportation risk. A two-stage method (TSM) and hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm (HMOGA) are then developed to solve the model. The TSM is used to find the set of customer points served by each depot through the global search clustering method considering transportation energy consumption, transportation risk, and depot capacity in the first stage, and to determine the service order of customer points to each depot by using a multi-objective genetic algorithm with the banker method to seek dominant individuals and gather distance to keep evolving the population distribution in the second stage, while with the HMOGA, customer points serviced by the depot and the serviced orders are optimized simultaneously. Finally, by experimenting on two cases with three depots and 20 customer points, the results show that both methods can obtain a Pareto solution set, and the hybrid multi-objective genetic algorithm is able to find better vehicle routes in the whole transportation network. Compared with distance as the optimization objective, when energy consumption is the optimization objective, although distance is slightly increased, the number of vehicles and energy consumption are effectively reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the microstructure and mechanical properties that distribute regulation along the rolling direction of tailor rolled blanks (TRB) were investigated. A tensile specimen with equal probability in yield (EYS) was first designed considering variation both in thickness and in material strength. The uniaxial tension test was carried out with a digital image correlation method to analyze the mechanical behaviors. The results showed that the strain distribution of EYS was homogeneous. From the results, it can be known that a new design philosophy for a TRB tensile specimen is reasonable and EYS is suitable to characterize the mechanical behavior of TRB. The true stress-strain curves of metal in different cross sections of TRB were calculated. On the basis of the true stress-strain curves, a material model of TRB was constructed and then implemented into finite element simulations of TRB uniaxial tensile tests. The strain distribution of numerical and experimental results was similar and the error between the elongation of the specimen after fracture obtained by experiment and FE ranged from 9.51% to 13.06%. Therefore, the simulation results match well with the experimental results and the material model has high accuracy and as well as practicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the largest family within the order Saxifragales, Crassulaceae contains about 34 genera with 1400 species. Mitochondria play a critical role in cellular energy production. Since the first land plant mitogenome was reported in Arabidopsis , more than 400 mitogenomic sequences have been deposited in a public database. However, no entire mitogenome data have been available for species of Crassulaceae to date. To better understand the evolutionary history of the organelles of Crassulaceae, we sequenced and performed comprehensive analyses on the mitogenome of Sedum plumbizincicola . The master mitogenomic circle is 212,159 bp in length, including 31 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 14 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes. We further identified totally 508 RNA editing sites in PCGs, and demonstrated that the second codon positions of mitochondrial genes are most prone to RNA editing events. Notably, by neutrality plot analyses, we observed that the mitochondrial RNA editing events have large effects on the driving forces of plant evolution. Additionally, 4 MTPTs and 686 NUMTs were detected in the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of S. plumbizincicola , respectively. Additionally, we conducted further analyses on gene transfer, secondary structures of mitochondrial RNAs, and phylogenetic implications. Therefore, the findings presented here will be helpful for future investigations on plant mitogenomes.