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Scientific journals represent the most important tool of communication between scientists. The key factor for the evaluation of scientists is their scientific productivity. In order for their scientific work to be positively evaluated, it is necessary for scientists to publish a considerable number of papers in journals indexed in relevant commercial databases (of which the most important are the Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus). What also matters is that the published articles are highly cited. This preoccupation with numbers has changed the publishing culture and today, scientists are more preoccupied with how much and where they publish than with what they publish. The result is a significant increase in the number of journals and published papers, but this increase does not necessarily lead to the growth of science itself. Publishing pressure is often cited as a reason for scientific misconduct. This paper explores some of the biggest challenges in academia today: transparency and impartiality of the peer review process, publication of papers in predatory journals, growth of co-authorship, prolific authors, ghost writers and honorary writers. The paper will explore these challenges in the context of the Croatian Scientific Activity and Higher Education Act and the Ordinance on Academic Promotion and Advancement Requirements and Proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: In this paper, the provisions of the private international law of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia in the field of inheritance are comparatively analysed. Firstly, the legal norms on the international jurisdiction in both states, from the aspect of prevention of positive conflicts of jurisdiction are examined, followed by the analysis of the rules for determining the applicable law for inheritance. Then, Private International law issues (jurisdiction, applicable law and mutual recognition of decisions) are discussed through six hypothetical factual situations, in order to illustrate the problems of coordination that courts, i.e., notaries in these two countries may face in deciding the cases regarding inheritance with a foreign element. The aim of the paper is to examine whether the differences in the legal norms on international jurisdiction and applicable law have a negative impact on the resolution of inheritance law cases related to two states and to consider possible solutions in order to eliminate this negative impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is to provide with the analysis of the substantial and procedural aspects of disinheritance under the Slovak law, based on the revision of the Slovak Civil Code and certain selected court decisions. The paper also analyses the procedural aspects of disinheritance disputes, which mostly results in the proceedings before the court and emphasises the different approach of the courts in assessing the various grounds for extradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence is becoming an increasingly significant factor in social and economic life. As it is capable of performing a large portion of tasks as well as or even better and faster than humans, its use is becoming widespread, ranging from simple tasks in manufacturing plants to participating in online conclusion of contract and even in diagnostics and surgical procedures in medicine. Although it represents a huge potential for progress and development in society and the improvement of quality of life of an individual, it also brings significant risks. The question of the legal personhood of artificial intelligence was raised long before it became such a significant factor in legal transactions. However, in the last decade, it has become particularly relevant. Despite this, there is disagreement in the doctrine, both in terms of terminology and regarding whether artificial intelligence should be recognized as a legal subject or not. The paper presents various arguments on which authors advocating for the recognition of legal personhood of AI have based their stance, as well as reasons on which other authors base their skepticism towards expanding the circle of legal subjects in favor of artificial intelligence. At the end of the paper, based on the analysis of the presented views and arguments, the authors take a stance on whether and under what conditions legal personhood should be recognized to artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines potential obstacles to dissolution of a coownership community. Although the basic premise is that any co-owner can request the dissolution of the co-ownership community at any time, the presence of certain obstacles may result in its postponement. Delaying the dissolution to a later moment may stem from the will of the co-owners expressed in the form of an agreement to waive the right to dissolution. The paper suggests its optimal form, the need for introducing an annotation of the existence of this agreement in the real estate cadaster, and solutions regarding the preferred period of suspension of dissolution by such agreement. An obstacle to dissolution may result from circumstances where the co-owned thing serves a particular long-term purpose. These are instances of the so called non-independent co-ownership communities where the longer-term purpose for which the thing serves conditions the need for the peristence of the co-ownership community. Lastly, an obstacle expressed through the legal standard of inopportune time or harm to other co-owners reflects the obligatory nature of the co-ownership community, necessitating respect for the interests of other coowners. If the obstacle is temporary rather than permanent and can be overcome in the near future, the court may postpone the dissolution provided that an evaluation of both parties' legitimate interests suggests so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of this paper is the suspensive effect of a claim in an administrative dispute - in comparative and domestic law. Comparative law analysis includes German and Austrian law, having in mind that Serbian judicial control of administration is the closest to their systems. In the explanation of domestic law, we first start from a historical review. The central part of the paper deals with the valid legal regulations in domestic law. The results of the research, which, in addition to legal norms, also includes theoretical explanations and court practice, show a fundamentally different approach to this issue. Different approach leads to a different role of the court in providing this provisional legal protection to the parties. Regardless, however, of the form in which it appears, the question of suspensive effect of a claim in an administrative dispute is always connected with weighing the engaged interests and trying to establish some balance between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extraordinary circumstances caused by the covid-19 virus, numerous states adopted different measures in order to mitigate the consequences of the epidemic, and many of them represented a restriction of human rights and freedoms. This paper is devoted to the analysis of (legal) consequences caused by epidemic measures in the Republika Srpska adopted during the state of emergency. In particular, the legal and sub-legal provisions regulating the actions of authorities in extraordinary circumstances are analyzed, as well as the practice of the Constitutional Court of the Republika Srpska. The aim of the paper is to show that the by-laws, enacted during the state of emergency, were largely in conflict with constitutional and statutory provisions, and it is particularly striking that numerous measures were enacted by non-competent authorities. Although it is an unquestionable obligation of the state to react in a state of emergency, that reaction must be in accordance with the principles of constitutionality and legality, since extraordinary circumstances cannot be an excuse for violating the fundamental values of the legal order. From that point of view, the decisions of the authorities of the Republika Srpska during the state of emergency caused by the covid-19 virus are paradigmatic, but as an anti-model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the EU affects the understanding and protection of human rights in the European Union, including the right to property. Human rights in the European Union are regulated by the Charter of Fundamental Human Rights, and the standards established by the European Convention on Human Rights and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights are also taken into account. This paper provides an overview of how the right to property is defined and how it was applied in certain cases before the Court of Justice of the EU, concretely, in relation to the fact whether a certain limitation of this human right is unlawful. In this way, an analysis of the procedure in which the proportionality test is applied in practice was carried out – that is, the balancing between general and individual interest, when it comes to the unrestricted enjoyment of the right to property. Some of the presented cases are atypical in terms of their facts and the legal context in which the selected decisions were given. It is precisely for this reason that the paper presents the evolving dimension of the Union law, that is, the legally creative and interpretive role of the Court of Justice of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses several important issues related to the regulating of electronic commerce and their incorporation into the WTO legal system. First of all, the subject of the study is the relevance of the existing legal framework for this new area, with a special focus on the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Within that framework, the approach to the practice of dispute resolution in the given segment is considered. The paper also discusses the institutional efforts undertaken in the WTO with the aim of regulating electronic commerce. In particular, some of the possible courses of action are systematized and critically analyzed and suggestions are made for realistically feasible solutions to the problem of legal regulation in the given area. The paper concludes that electronic trade has posed a complex legal challenge to the WTO, which must be answered urgently and as comprehensively as possible. However, the existing legal rules of this organization are only partially applicable to the given area. The attempts to extend the relevance of the given rules through the practice of dispute resolution in WTO have a limited scope. On the other hand, the activities on institutional improvement through negotiations in the WTO are blocked due to the different positions of the member countries. Therefore, we are of the opinion it necessary to create a realistic approach that would be widely acceptable, and which would combine the development of the most general rules, while simultaneously resolving practical issues related to electronic commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has discussed the violation against education facilities in Gaza Strip from the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) perspective, explaining the challenges and the impact of armed conflict on education rights. The paper will identify those violations and will propose methodologies to improve the adoption of the IHL against them. Moreover, it will discuss the policies to decrease the impact of those violations and propose techniques to respond to the threats against children’s rights within the war duration. It will be analyzed the applied IHL in the protection of the education system in Gaza Strip from the attack which happened in 2021 by exploring the efficiency of the IHL impartially. In this research, a qualitative approach has been adopted as a primary source in exploring how educational institutions should be protected within IHL (which should be respected) during attacks. As per the descriptive study, the research will investigate the importance of protecting children’s educational institutions in armed conflict situations. The assessment of child protection was considered in the escalation of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip in May 2021. The main source of data has been collected using different media such as Telephone-based semi-structured interviews, E-mail correspondence, documentary review, and agencies working in child protection in Gaza Strip; in addition, other secondary sources have been considered, such as desk review, reliable journalism, and published academic research. Continuous military operations throughout Gaza Strip compose dramatic challenges to getting highly qualified education in a safe environment for children. The air strikes and rocket attacks prevented 637,195 students from being in school in a safe environment (Jeanne, 2008). Other reports addressed that Israeli airstrikes destroyed over 184 schools in 2021 and caused partial or severe damage to others. As addressed in other reports, the students and the academic staff have suffered from different cases of depression and expressed their fears of asymmetric warfare in addition to being under blockage (OCHA, May 2021). Regarding the laws governing educational facilities and institutions’ protection, IHL still has some space for improvement that can be addressed and applied in the future to enhance them (Adam, 2011). It is known that numerous kid fatalities and schools suffered partial or total destruction as a result of military activities. On the same, it is documented that the levels of violence against educational organizations and schools hit unheard-of levels in the last ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of state administration and its public institutions in certain circumstances represents one of the most significant issues in the last twenty years following the serious security crisis caused by terrorist attacks in New York on 11 September 2001. The accent of public administration reforms was on efficiency and effectiveness of public institutions. Reforms were divided into deregulation and liberalization of public services, territorial decentralization, and regionalization with the strengthening of local government institutions and reform of central government administration. After the security crisis in 2001, financial crisis in 2008 and health crisis in 2020, the role of state institutions and public authorities in governing the state was redefined. The leading motives of general liberalization of public services, deregulation, and various forms of decentralization of public institutions abounded due to the new doctrinal approach of governmental organization. New strengthening of public authorities and public institutions became the new mainstream in the organization and functioning of the state. This paper analyzes how the role of the state can be modified due to the dynamics of social, political, and economic changes in society. New governmental reforms are contrary to earlier political and administrative measures, which include the strengthening of public institutions and concentration of public authorities. The government takes on a regulatory function in many aspects of social, political, and economic life. This situation leads to a new organization of the state, where public authorities take on a significant part of the responsibility to regulate various aspects of economic and social activities. At the focus of this paper will be how the dynamics of specific circumstances in society can affect the developing processes of the state and their public institutions. Those processes have economic, social, and political dimensions. The economic dimension includes regulatory measures on the market which contributes to development of the framework for economic development. The social dimension includes measures of social policy focused on improving the social position of citizens according to the economic development of society. The political dimension includes various aspects of security policy, with various protective measures in the community, which depends on the type of treatment for security of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features of the German administrative judiciary are the subject of this paper. The paper is divided into several parts. In the first part, origins and development of the German administrative judiciary are explained, so that the historical background of the current system could be fully grasped. The next part is about the position and the organisation of the German administrative judiciary, which is considered to be a special and separated branch of judiciary. The following topic makes the very essence and the spirit of the German administrative judiciary – the idea of the comprehensive legal protection of parties in their legal relations to the public administration, as a state power and authority. Finally, the explanation is being finished with the administrative courts procedure and it includes its general principles, civil law origins and its subtle relation to the administrative procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political power and state institutions, primarily in the sense of interweaving and reduction of their political power, is a research topic that has been going on for thousands of years. Many have studied the intertwined corridors of these political phenomena, but they have never been able to fully explore this topic. In this paper, their causal relationship is analyzed, with a special emphasis on the tendency of political power and state institutions to become alienated, in which these “servants of the people” are transferred over time to lords, which is why this paper starts from the position that political power wants to subordinate state institutions. The scientific importance is primarily contained in the effort to further enrich the scientific fund in the field of political theory and the state. The aim of the research is much more ambitious and is contained primarily in the intention to point out all the positive and negative repercussions that arise from the complex relations between the political power and state institutions, with the intention of pointing out these social anomalies and to increase the degree of democratization, but also functionality of society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resale price maintenance represents a special type of vertical restraint in a vertical agreement, in which an upstream undertaking defines, controls or restricts the price at which a downstream undertaking can resell its product. According to the Commission Regulation (EU) 2022/720 on the application of Article 101(3) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to categories of vertical agreements and concerted practices the exemption shall not apply to vertical agreements which, directly or indirectly, in isolation or in combination with other factors under the control of the parties, have as their object the restriction of the buyer's ability to determine its sale price, without prejudice to the possibility of the supplier to impose a maximum sale price or recommend a sale price, provided that they do not amount to a fixed or minimum sale price as a result of pressure from, or incentives offered by, any of the parties. Minimum or fixed resale price maintenance represents a hardcore restriction and as such removes the benefit of the block exemption provided for in Art. 2 of the Regulation 2022/720. The paper deals with the legal regulation of restrictive vertical agreements in which a fixed or minimum resale price is determined in the competition law of the European Union, as well as the methods for such resale price maintenance. The problem will be considered through the analysis of relevant sources of law, practice of the European Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union and doctrinal views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender-sensitive language is considered as one of products of the heroic struggle of women to be recognized and respected in modern world, for all what they are and for all what they could be and could achieve. This means that women are not escaping from their natural, biological roles -especially mother's role and other cherishing, nurturing and gentle emotions they have and use in raising the children and keeping the family on the same spot. This means that it should make men to find them, on linguistical and more over on other levels, equally capable of doing all sorts of jobs they are doing themselves. The newly changed national legal framework makes use of gender sensitive language as obligation since May 2024. All governmental bodies, on any territorial level, journalists, children and teachers at schools etc. will be obligated to use those gender sensitive terms, especially when they are used to mark woman in special profession(for example, in judiciary, in area of national security and defense, etc.) or else will be fined. In this paper the author will deal shortly with both argumentations-pro and contra of using gender sensitive language, and also to present own opinion-which is in the middle. Also, it will be presented one of the disputes in area of protection of human rights. The dispute is about whether all protectors of citizens' rights should be called-ombudsman, as the original name of this institution is, or ombudswoman, when marking the woman who serves on this position, or ombudsperson-as gender neutral, or else. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situations where the fundamental human right to work is threatened by unlawful termination of employment, i.e., if the termination of employment occurs contrary to the provisions of the Labor Law or another special law, the employee achieves protection through the court in a procedure which is regulated by the Civil Procedure Law. In the paper, the authors deal with the peculiarities of the litigation procedure for protection against unlawful termination of employment, but also with the normative solutions and legal consequences of unlawful termination of employment that occur for the employer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper critically analyzes some of the elements of provincial autonomy contained in the Constitution of Serbia. Creating the autonomy, some of those segments of autonomy are an expression of the pure self-government of the autonomous province (original affairs), while others segments represent rights that are confirmed and regulated by state's law, and we cannot name them as original. The right to self-regulation of authorities and the right to protection of province, as elements of autonomy, belong to the first group, while provincial finances and acts (regulations) must be regulated in accordance with the law [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modern trends of life and work "without borders" result in an increase in cross-border crime, which also affects the increase in the number of criminal proceedings in which there is a need for the cooperation of competent authorities from several countries. In these cases, the high standard of rights of accused persons reached in Europe imposes the need for harmonization of regulations, primarily those related to the most important rights of the suspect or accused person, such as the right to information and the right to interpretation and translation. In the European Union, after the adoption of the Resolution on the road map for strengthening the procedural rights of accused persons in criminal proceedings (adopted by the Council in 2009) and since then several other directives and decisions relevant to this issue, a lot of time has passed, and various procedural solutions in states still exist, which is why it is necessary to further develop and harmonize these rules so as not to call into question the basic principles of international legal assistance in criminal matters, primarily the principle of mutual trust and the principle of mutual recognition of decisions. A significant step in the further development of cross-border cooperation in criminal matters at the level of the European Union is the proposal of the Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the transfer of criminal proceedings, from 2023, in relation to which the need for a firm and explicit establishment of the standard of the defendant's rights has already been highlighted by the professional public. Solutions that are not fully harmonized with the European Union regulations related to the rights of the accused person, which are also important for cross-border cooperation. In the paper, the authors deal with the analysis of the rights of accused persons in the relevant directives of the European Union and the rights given to them in the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Republic of Serbia, primarily the right to information and the right to interpretation and translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of political shaping of the right to a healthy environment, started with the adoption of the Stockholm Declaration in 1972, basically ended only fifty years later, when the United Nations Assembly adopted the Resolution declaring access to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment as a universal human right. At the beginning of the long journey, the responsibilities for implementing the decisions expressed in the Stockholm Declaration were divided between the member states, on the one hand, and the international community, on the other.The dominant position was given to state authorities. It was agreed that they must be entrusted with the task of planning, managing and controlling ecological resources, in order to improve the quality of the environment, and that states have the right to sovereignly exploit their own resources in accordance with their environmental protection policy. On the other hand, the belief was expressed that the international community will find a source of strength for later concrete action in the Stockholm Declaration. Since then, very modest progress has been made at international level. Official UN statements noted that the 2022 Resolution is not legally binding for 193 member states, but that its proponents hope it will encourage countries to enshrine the right to a healthy environment in national constitutions and regional treaties and encourage them to implement laws that relate to that right, and that it will help people fight for their right to a safe climate, their right to breathe clean air and their rights to access clean and safe water, adequate food, healthy ecosystems and a non-toxic environment. In the global context, the right to a healthy environment is still aspirational (imperfect, unfinished), something that still needs to be fought for at the national level. It will remain so until the consumer society model is replaced by a new form of social organization, which will be based on a different value system. Such a conclusion is also indicated by the reasonable, well-balanced judgement of the Court of Justice of the European Union at the end of 2022, in the case of JP v. Ministre de la Transition écologique (C-61/21). It stated that the provisions of the directives related to air quality must be interpreted in the sense that they do not aim to give individuals the right to seek compensation from the member state for loss and damage caused by the state’s violation of EU law, but that it does not excludes the possibility of an individual claiming compensation from the state on the basis of national law. During the past half century, about 150 countries around the world have constitutionalized the right to a healthy environment. It thus, at the national level, gained a significantly different physiognomy and more effective protection not only before the courts of general jurisdiction, but also before the constitutional courts, in proceedings regarding constitutional appeals. However, some new problems arise here. Among them, the competition (conflict) of property rights and certain sectoral rights included (integrated) within universal human right to a healthy environment, such as the right to water, which is discussed in this paper, is particularly significant. In conditions where it is not possible to satisfy the interests of everyone, states will be forced to prioritize their own citizens, and that means civil (private) rights, over universal human rights for the sake of social stability and the preservation of internal order. The process of constitutionalization will be slowed down, and it is possible that in some countries a kind of deconstitutionalization will be carried out, by amending the constitution or informally, through a more restrictive application of universal human rights and more restrictive decision-making regarding constitutional appeals. In the final part of the paper, it was stated that the boundaries between traditional subjects and objects of law are gradually being erased and that the environment must eventually be understood as a community of all living beings, which has a specific legal subjectivity and the right to be healthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to compare the remedies at the consumer’s disposal in the event of a lack of conformity of goods in Slovenian, Croatian, and Serbian law. The Slovenian and Croatian legislators have already transposed Directive (EU) 2019/771 in 2022 and 2021, respectively. On the other hand, the rules of the Serbian Consumer Protection Act are still based on Directive 1999/44/ EC. This Directive, however, also shaped the Slovenian and Croatian legislation long before the latest amendments. For this reason, the paper also analyses the rules in Slovenian and Croatian law which were in force before the recent amendments. The principal aim of the authors is to determine the similarities, peculiarities, and differences between the three legal systems. At present, the common denominator of the examined laws is the existence of a hierarchy of consumer rights: repair and replacement are the primary, and appropriate price reduction and termination of the contract the secondary or subsidiary remedies. Before the amendments in 2022 and 2021, termination of contract was the sole subsidiary remedy in Slovenian and Croatian law. It may be inferred that the most important differences between the examined legal orders concern the possibility of the termination of the contract, since the Slovenian and Serbian legislators considerably facilitated it when the lack of conformity becomes evident shortly after the delivery of the goods. Conversely, in Croatian law the emergence of non-conformity in a short period after the delivery does not immediately prompt the termination of contract. Presently, only Croatian law obliges the consumer, except in specific cases, to fix an additional period of reasonable length in which the seller can still perform the contract before the consumer’s statement aimed at the termination of the contract gains legal effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the legal significance of food safety standards in the WTO. In this framework, the task is to determine the formal normative basis and conceptual approach to this issue. The subject of more detailed analysis will be the essential determinants of this approach, in particular the process of harmonization and the status of international standards in the WTO law. In addition, the paper aims to determine the effective results of the WTO rules in this area, as well as their scope and limitations, and this especially refers to the process of harmonization and application of international standards. In the area of food safety, in the WTO law, through the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, a realistic normative system is created based on the rules that ensure safety and predictable access to food at the international market, with priority observing of human health and food safety. In terms of content, the leading role of states in this area is not excluded, but it is upgraded with alternative solutions for the facilitated development of international trade, in particular with a strong fostering of harmonization and normative recognition and regulation of the status of international standards. Although the given WTO approach can certainly be positively evaluated, it is not unambiguous and faces limitations and challenges, especially in the context of the Codex of standards as the main international reference point in the field of food safety. Therefore, it is necessary to refine this normative system, harmonize it one with another, and specifically specify it in order to avoid negative implications of the vagueness of some of the rules, which would raise the effectiveness of these rules to a higher level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid progression and widespread integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have ushered in a new era of sweeping social and legal transformations. Among the many groundbreaking advancements, Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a pivotal force, permeating nearly every facet of our daily lives. From the realms of commerce and industry to healthcare, transportation, and entertainment, Artificial Intelligence technologies have become indispensable tools shaping the way we interact, work, and navigate the world around us. With its remarkable capabilities and ever-expanding reach, Artificial intelligence stands as a testament to humanity’s relentless pursuit of innovation and the boundless potential of technology to revolutionize society. While completing all the tasks they are programmed for, Artificial Intelligence systems can perform actions, which could result in crimes if committed by humans. But crimes follow the reserve of law, therefore can be difficult to criminalize such crimes because of the lack of written law. Nevertheless, in modern legal systems, the structure of crimes doesn’t only require the commission of a typical fact, but also the determination to do it. In this scenario, being Artificial Intelligence a non-human entity, the reconstruction of criminal responsibility is particularly difficult to theorize. This is mainly true because of the peculiar nature of the environment the machine lives in: the digital environment is made of a digital reality, and many of its actors (for example algorithms, protocols, and programs) are not even human and can only exist in that reality. This means that in this environment, machines can act, determine themselves and possibly commit crimes with or without a human user This scenario makes it necessary to analyze Artificial Intelligence crimes in the light of common ones, using the ordinary law discipline. This analysis allows users (lawyers, judges, and scholars) to use three traditional liability models: “the perpetration-via-another”, “the natural probable consequence”, and “the direct liability”. Through these models, users can assess whether the machine committed a crime. Nevertheless, the three liability models supra mentioned open the door to a totally modern scenario: the man-machine concurrence (the concurrence between man and Artificial Intelligence algorithm). In fact, if theorizing the liability of the machine comes with challenges, it is even more complicated to adapt to modern Constitutions the concurrence between the living and the digital. Indeed, it is necessary to assess whether a machine can commit crimes (or it is just an instrument), determine how the machine can concur with a human, and how much responsibility can be addressed to it. This paper wants to analyze the peculiarities of Artificial Intelligence, deconstruct three possible Artificial Intelligence liability models, and, finally, theorize the criminal participation man-machine through the lenses of Italian law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Piercing the corporate veil represents one of the most contraversal institutes in company law because it represents a deviation from the rules on limited liability. As this institute became part of the judicial practice, the judicial practice is very important in the analysis of the given institute. There are some comparative legal systems in which this institute is often applied in judicial practice. On the other hand, there are systems, including domestic ones, in which this institute is rarely and cautiously applied in practice. The main goal of the research in this paper is the analysis of the institute of piercing the corporate veil and its significance in Company law, with a special reference to domestic judicial practice and the analysis of certain characteristics of comparative judicial practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with the short history of the English jury in the modern age. The main goal of the author is completing a historical research and finding the most important features concerning legal institutions of the Anglo-Saxon type of lay jurisdiction in England and Ireland. The historical perspective gives a chance to examine the institutions of the jury as a court of citizens integrated into the jurisdiction of the state for a brief period of time. The author takes the view in several periods from the early 19th century up to the end of the 20th century. It is not the procedure but the organisational rules which are under discussion here with special attention to the conditions which determined the role of the jury as a part of county courts and sessions as well as the central tribunals in London. The literature was collected in the British Library during research intervals to have the opportunity to work from special sources not cited by Central-European scholars yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the legal institution of judicial and prosecutorial practice an accused accomplice as a potential factor in inciting young individuals to organized crime. In organized crime, law enforcement agencies instead of individuals deal with a well-structured organization with a solid internal hierarchy, discipline, high level of conspiracy, elaborated strategy, and tactics of concealing criminal activities and evading criminal responsibility. A legal establishment known as “accused accomplice” has been established into Serbian judicial and prosecution system in an effort to identify members of criminal organizations, their associates, and organizers. It’s possible that at some point, given the advantages promised to alleged accomplices, youth involvement in organized crime would be encouraged. The research’s goal is to determine how students perceive the accused accomplice legal institution as a possible inducement for young people to join organized crime. It is assumed that teenage involvement in organized crime may be encouraged by the rewards promised to members of these organizations for cooperation with the law enforcement. A study was carried out in March 2023 on a sample of 96 high school students, as described in this report, to ascertain this. All research hypotheses were supported by the data obtained using the Scaler – LIJPP – AA – PFIIYTOC (α = .762) and examined using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, and analysis of variance. The importance of the analyzed legal institution in the struggle against corruption, terrorism, and organized crime cannot be denied. As a result, it is widespread throughout the world. On the other hand, if there are findings indicating the researched legal institution has a negative impact on the upbringing of children and youth, the question of whether there is room for its existence emerges. By reassessing or implementing the accused accomplice legal institution in a way that won’t adversely effect children’s and youths’ upbringing, a compromise solution must be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persons committing misdemeanors pursuant to the Tobacco Law are prosecuted pursuant to a misdemeanor notice. Should such person be found responsible in the ensuing procedure, the misdemeanor court may sentence him to the most severe fine foreseen in the Misdemeanor Law, as well as in the Tobacco Law. Apart from prescribing misdemeanors, the Tobacco Law also contains other provisions of importance for material and procedural misdemeanor law, as well as the enforcement of misdemeanor law. The subject of this paper are exactly these specific misdemeanor provisions from the Tobacco Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right of religious organizations to independently decide on purely religious issues is one of the basic prerequisites is fundamental for upholding both communal and individual aspects of religiousfreedom. The scope and content of religious autonomy may differ depending on the model of the relationship between the state and churches and religious communities. The basic hypothesis of the paper is that the protection of religious autonomy in Serbia does not deviate from the general international standards established by international conventions for the protection of human rights and the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. However, there remains an opportunity for enhancement, particularly concerning the protection of rights for various factions resulting from divisions within formerly unified religious entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The requirements put before the courts by sources that regulate human rights significantly affect functioning of the mechanism of Private International Law. This statement particularly applies to situations in which it is necessary to give effect to the change of personal and family status acquired abroad. The paper refers to the problem of recognition of same-sex marriages concluded abroad. It analyzes the most important decisions of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the obligation of the member states of the Council of Europe to provide legal protection and recognition to same-sex unions, in accordance with Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (protection of private and family life). The analysis shows that today it is undoubtedly clear that these states have a positive obligation to establish an adequate legal framework that would allow partners in a same-sex union to enjoy certain subjective rights. The obligation in question also extends to same-sex marriages concluded abroad and, when it comes to Serbia, requires immediate legislative intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sacred and moral duty of family members, primarily heirs, was to bury the deceased. The funeral ceremony and the size of the funeral monument reflected the social status of the decedent; nonetheless the funeral itself had a dual role – to ensure a peaceful transition of the soul into eternity and to provide peace for the descendants. Reading the legal texts, it could easily be seen that the issue of funeral costs was at the high level of importance for the offspring. In addition, we can assert that the Roman legislators, lawyers and priests were particular aware of its importance. In this regard, the praetor issued the Edictum de sumptibus funerum, establishing the actio funeraria, in order to determine who and under what conditions acquires the right of reimbursement of funeral costs, but also to ensure that no one is buried at someone else’s expense. The aim of this paper is to answer the questions who had the liability and responsibility to organize the funeral and bear it costs, when and under what conditions could organizer sue for the incurred expense and what was considered as the funeral cost. Results indicate the following. The grandeur of the funeral and the amount of funeral expenses depended on the social status and wealth of the deceased. The costs of the funeral were divided into necessary, which cover expenses in the name of activities without funeral could not take place and convenient, which depend on the reputation of the defunctus. Although there have been attempts to expand Ulpian’s classification into necessary and convenient expenses, this does not seem to have been the case at the outset. Funeral expenses were mostly – with a few exceptions, covered from the inheritance, and the obligation to reimburse the costs incurred was most often borne by the persons burying the deceased. From Cicero’s and Ulpian’s texts, we learn which persons were obliged to bury the deceased, i.e. cover funeral expenses. It is important to note that research shows that from the moment of death until the costs are paid, the inheritance is in the regime of hereditas iacens, and that it is administered by the praetor to ensure that no one is buried at someone else’s expense. The paper uses linguistic, historical and systematic interpretation of passages D.11.7.12.4–6, D.11.7.13, D.11.7.14.3,4,6 and 10, D.11.7.21, Cic.Leg.2.48–49, as well as historical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal offences against economic interests are prescribed in the separate chapter of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia. It is about 29 incriminations. Except that these offences are prescribed in the Criminal Code, such incriminations are prescribed and by the other laws. Author of this paper refers to certain penal and criminological aspects of the mentioned offences. At the beginning of paper there is a word about punishable acts in the field of economic interests. A chapter of work is dedicated to data on the frequency of occurrence of such offences. Author emphasizes certain specifics in regard to the enforcement of criminal sanctions against persons convicted for offences against economic interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper the author considers the environmental characteristics of property tax. The aim of the paper is to present how this tax can be used in order to contribute to the protection of environment. Having in mind the fact that the ecological role of property tax in Serbia is quite modest, the author will try to answer whether there is room for further greening of the property tax by introducing new tax reliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Serbian literature the issue of the overlap between contractual and liability in tort has been thoroughly discussed. The majority of references state that the differences between the two regimes of liability outweigh their common features, thus separate sets of rules should exist governing each. There are authors who claim that differences are not of such significance so as make the integral concept of liability for damage senseless, hence they support the idea of regulating both regimes of liability by a single set of rules. The effective Obligations Act of 1978 is in line with the majority opinion, since it envisages different sets of rules for each regime of liability. Taking into account the existing duality of the rules in the Act, which significantly differ on major points, the key issue is the overlap of contractual and tortious liability, namely rules of which system of liability should apply if the injured party may base their claim on both (so-called concurrency of claims). Lacking an explicit rule in the Obligations Act, the majority asserts that the regime more favorable to the injured party should apply, which corresponds to the German solution. The inspiration for this paper is found in the new Hungarian Civil Code from 2013 which, in contrast to its predecessor, the 1959 Civil Code, and the Serbian Obligations Act, contains an explicit rule on the concurrency of claims in contract and tort. It prescribes a mandatory application of the rules of contractual liability even when the inflicted damage supports the application of the rules of the liability in tort. Such an approach is in line with the French non-cumul doctrine. The aim of this paper is, on the one hand, to initiate a discussion whether it would be reasonable to have a statutory rule in the Serbian law regulating explicitly the issue of concurrency of claims in contract and tort. On the other hand, the paper highlights the reasons that led the legislator in Hungary to prohibit the concurrency of claims. The solution of the new Turkish Code of Obligations from 2011 is mentioned in the paper, as well, which also contains an explicit rule on this subject matter. However, it took a diametrically opposite standpoint as the Hungarian Civil Code: it explicitly enables competing claims not only in contract and tort, but according to any set of rules granting redress to the injured party. Finally, the paper gives a review of the Project of the Reform of the French Code Civil concerning the rules of the liability for damage from 2017. The Project envisaged a rule that would codify the traditional stand-point of the case law and doctrine on the exclusion of the concurrence of claims and mandates the application of the rules on contractual liability. The Project specifies, however, some major exceptions, when regardless of the existence of a contract between the parties, the rules of tortious liability apply. For the time being, however, it seems that a genuine will of the legislature is lacking to embody the Project in the amendments of the Code civil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several topics are covered in the paper. Firstly, a list of sources of law which regulates the issue of the jurisdictions of provincial governors is given form the broader ones to the narrower ones. Jurisdiction of а provincial governor used to come into being in the moment of his entrance to the province. In case he leaves it, his jurisdictions would stop and he would become a private individual. The substitution of the personal jurisdiction of provincial governors, which was significantly shaken by the constitution of Caracalla in 212, with the territorial one, appears to be obvious at the end of the Dominate. The governor used to have civil and military jurisdictions. The former included judicial and administrative powers. Judicial jurisdictions were comprised of those in criminal and those in civil matter. Out of scope of the civil matter, only the examples of the jurisdictions of provincial governors in the matter of property law have been covered in this paper, which, according to the tripartition of Gaius, amounts to ius quod ad res pertinet. Provincial governors were authorised to adjudicate on almost all disputes arising from the everyday life during the formation, protection and termination of rights, not only those related to possessio, dominium, and iura in re aliena, but also those in the matter of obligationes and inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the positive innovations in the field of labour law is the introduction of the “due diligence” standard. Altough this principle has long been known and applied in other areas of law, it is new in labour law. The global application of due diligence standard, found in UN, ILO, OECD documents, and soon in the EU directive, as well as in many national laws, should lead to better and more comprehensive protection of the human rights of employees, as well as of all other persons regarding that work. This paper discusses more about the meaning, development and application of due diligence standards in the context of employee rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development goals represent the paradigm of international politics of the 21st century. Their importance is also reflected in the growing number of national and international legal sources that directly or indirectly prescribe provisions for their affirmation. The international investment law, as a diverse set of international legal sources traditionally focused on the protection of foreign investments, has been increasingly linked to the requirements for contributing to the sustainable development of the host state. This paper analyzes the provisions of international investment agreements (IIAs) in the context of various aspects of sustainable development. Preambles, substantive and procedural provisions of bilateral and other international agreements containing provisions on investment protection were analyzed. The conclusion is that in the existing corpus of IIAs, still a smaller number of them contain provisions important for sustainable development, but that a trend can be observed of increasingly frequent incorporation of these “modern” provisions into newly signed agreements, as well as into the modern model BITs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the author discusses the conditions under which misdemeanor from the Law on Public Order and Peace can be committed via the Internet. These are the existence of the element of publicness, the essential feature of the mentioned misdemeanor, which is manifested through the requirement that the act of execution and the consequences of the misdemeanor be objectified in a public place, and the eligibility of being a misdemeanor. The Internet as a digital space is viewed through two segments: public and non-public Internet space. The criterion of the direction of the enforcement action on public or non-public internet space is defined, which depends on whether the internet can be considered a public place. Spatial, expansive and consequent determination of the public place resulting from the legal definition of this term and the relationship with the Internet were analyzed. Eligibility of being a misdemeanor determines which misdemeanors from the Law on Public Order and Peace can be committed on the Internet. The author’s conclusion is that the focus of the enforcement action on the public Internet space implies the existence of a misdemeanor, and that in the case of a non-public Internet space, the misdemeanor exists if the consequence occurred in a public place or public Internet space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the author tries to answer the question, what are the sources of polarization in modern authoritarian states (that are procedurally democratic), and what are the key differences (points of conflict) between the polarized parties? Research attention is focused on the analysis of the political and broader social effects of polarization and on the dilemma of whether it is even possible to reduce the negative effects of the actions of value-opposing actors? The author observes a universal sociological regularity according to which the roots of polarization almost unmistakably arise from the pluralism of social identities that are built on ideology, religion, and ethnicity and which tend to be manipulated by political elites. Primarily, artificially created political polarization is a strategy for mobilizing the electoral base, and secondarily it represents a means for legitimizing and consolidating populist and authoritarian regimes. Once society starts to polarize, intra-group loyalty is strengthened within competing political and other groups and a group identity is created that is sensitive to any Otherness, which is reflected in conflicts with social groups and movements that are opposed in terms of interests and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

certain informations cannot and must not be available to the general public because they represent information of importance for national security or their publication could lead to great damage or endangerment of persons, property and other relations. In our legal system, such information is defined as secret data, which is further categorized into several groups based on its importance and the damage that may occur as a result of its publication. The protection of such data, by determining that they are secret, and carefully controlling who and how they give access to that data, is carried out by competent authorities in accordance with the law. The matter of defining secret data, use and protection of secret data in the Republic of Serbia is codified by the Data Secrecy Act, but other regulations are also applied in specific areas, which makes the entire positive legal framework for the protection of secret data extremely extensive. In the paper, the author analyzes the current legal framework and especially emphasizes the role played by the administrative bodies and the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia in the protection of secret data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unjust enrichment is very highly positioned as one of the sources of obligations in the Law on Obligations. Research of comparative legal literature (both doctrinal type and judgments of national courts) indicated significant differences in the attitude towards this institute both between the legal systems of continental law and within the corpus of countries in which the so-called common law system is dominant. In the paper, a detailed analysis of both domestic and comparative legal literature and court practice was carried out. During the research, special emphasis was placed on the legal solutions in force in other, primarily European legal systems. The analysis included both those legal systems (French, German) that have a decisive influence on the civil law codes of other continental law countries, as well as those that are of decisive importance in countries characterized by precedential law (Great Britain, United States of America). A review was also made of solutions from the Hungarian legal system, whose impact on our law is not nearly as far-reaching as the aforementioned legal orders, but due to the similarity of the genesis of civil law in our two countries in the last hundred years, they arouse interest. One of the basic differences between continental and common law is reflected in the fact that in the former the central question is whether there was a legal basis for the defendant to gain some benefit, while the latter the focus is on the question of whether the plaintiff has a basis to claim restitution. Consequently, in continental law systems, the court will, first of all, order the restitution of what the defendant unjustly acquired, while in “common law” systems the plaintiff has the obligation to first prove that he has a reliable basis for restitution. In addition to recognizing the differences between the two groups of systems, through analysis we also come to distinctions within the groups themselves. For example, unlike French law, German law, albeit with certain difficulties, resolves the problem of unjust enrichment due to the actions of a third party. According to our ZOO, when a part of one person’s property has been transferred in any way to the property of another person, and that transfer has no basis in a legal transaction or in the law, the acquirer is obliged to return it, and when this is not possible – to compensate the value of the benefits achieved. Obligation to return, i.e. compensation of value also occurs when something is received with regard to a basis that was not realized or that later fell away. The obligation to return is not subject to those goods that were given in the name of fulfilling some natural obligation or some moral or social duty, amounts that were paid even though the payer knew that he was not obliged to make the payment, as well as funds that, without a legal basis, were paid in the name of compensation for damages due to bodily injury, health impairment or death, if the payment was made to a bona fide recipient. The review of domestic judicial practice shed light on a wide range of situations in which legally unjustified enrichment can occur, i.e. acquisition without grounds. Although we are talking about an institution that has long been present as a source of obligations in the Law on Obligations, certain judgments, which are contra legem, show that in connection with this institution there are, still, numerous doubts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper examines two important and up-to-date topics in labour law. First, the analysis focuses on the general aspects and the significance of the European Pillar of Social Rights (EPSR), which is the most recent legal source – except for a couple of directives and regulations based on the EPSR itself – in the social policy of the European Union. It contains several fundamental labour and social rights and one of its main aims is to promote and to strengthen these rights and values throughout the Membes States. At the same time, the EPSR is already having an impact on national labour and social law systems in the EU because of some new pieces of labour law-focused legislation. One of these new laws is the Directive (EU) 2019/1152 of the European Parliament and of the Council (20 June 2019) on transparent and predictable working conditions in the European Union that contains very important new norms regarding both the possible broad concept of the “employment relationship” and the workers’ fundamental rights. Second, the paper focuses on some relevant questions of the Hungarian labour law as a case study, analysing the possible – and already visible – impact of the EPSR and the aforemtnioned new directive. The paper tries to answer some questions based on the paper’s hypotheses centred on the possible change in the Hungarian regulation and legal interpretation taking into account the EPSR and the already cited directive. The analysis is based on the relevant regulations and laws, and the outcomes of the research focus both on some general remarks regarding the EPSR and the Directive (EU) 2019/1152 joint with the conclusions that can be drawn paying attention specifically to the Hungarian labour law system with special attention to the workers’ fundamental rights [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents some general theoretical settings about the principle of immediacy in criminal proceedings. It should serve as a theoretical platform for developing further research in this area. The autor gives a definition of the principle of immediacy and sees his place in the classification of procedural principles, linking it to the judicial function. The principle of immediacy is one of the implicit procedural principles, which also have international legal roots in Art. 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and fundamental freedoms. The paper emphasizes and analyzes the following important features of the principle of immediacy: instrumentality, complexity, relativity (susceptibility to gradation) and connection with other procedural principles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines what was Hungary’s and other European countries’ answer to the collision between the exercise of the right to vote and the measures of public health meant to guarantee the right to health. The paper focuses on the effects that the epidemic triggered by the coronavirus had on Hungary’s and other countries’ elections and electoral processes. Overall, managing the situation posed a serious challenge to all decision makers throughout the world, and countries holding general elections during the pandemic faced particular difficulties. In countries where decision was taken to hold (general) elections (often after postponement), increased measures of protection were implemented during both the campaign and the voting. However, experience shows that despite all these efforts fewer citizens turned out to vote than before the pandemic. This faces countries which are about to organize general elections with a serious dilemma. In fact, decision makers have to ensure the right to vote for all those wanting to exercise it on the one hand, and on the other hand this has to be done amid circumstances that would not expose voters’ health to danger. In order to reach a higher turnout, softening electoral requirements (concerning, for example, the very process of casting the vote) seems to be an obvious solution, but the principle of proportionality has also to be taken into account to preserve the integrity of elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of legal analysis in the paper is a narrow, but very important and specific legal segment, namely the change of the concession contract during its validity. The consideration is based on the analysis of the relevant EU law, with the appropriate use of practice of the Court of Justice of the EU. The ultimate goal was to evaluate the situation of the current EU law, both at the conceptual plan, and in details. The emphasis was in the nature, scope and conditions for changes to the contract and their implications. The paper concludes that the legal regulating of the changes to the concession contract is not an easy task for the regulator. In particular having in mind that this contract cannot be seen only through the prism of internal legal relations between the concession participants, without implications for the third persons and other interests. In such a context the optimum regulating of changes to the concession contract requires a layered legal architecture, mutually coherent, sufficiently clear and predictable, and yet relatively flexible. In that respect, the Directive 2014/23EU, manages to meet the given requirements up to the highest extent in methodological sense and both in terms of regulating and in terms of content. However, due to its generality, most of the given regulation will require specifying through national regulations in the EU Member States, and primarily in the practice of the Court of Justice of the EU. This primarily refers to significant changes to the concession contract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on formal and practical problems in the field of environmental protection, which occur as a consequence of omissions of the legislative and executive authorities in Serbia. The text analyzes the positive legislation and compliance of domestic legal regulations with international declarations and conventions ratified by our country (from the Stockholm Declaration and the Council of Europe Convention on Civil Liability for Damage Caused by Dangerous Activities to the Environment to the Rio Declaration), as well as with European Directives (EU Directive on Industrial Emissions) and Regulations (Regulation No. 525/2013 on monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and reporting on other information relevant to climate change). The candidacy for equal membership in the European family of nations obliges the Serbian Parliament and the Government to make additional efforts in the direction of harmonizing our law with the European one. The paper takes a de lege ferenda approach, so the author explains the need to amend a number of laws, such as the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment, the Law on Strategic Environmental Assessment, the Law on Fees for the Use of Public Goods and the Law on Budget system, as well as the enactment of the Law on Climate Change and the Serbian Civil Code as soon as possible (in which dilemmas that hinder the subjects of law in using the environmental lawsuit as an instrument of environmental protection should be resolved). An unacceptable deviation from one of the fundamental principles established by the Rio Declaration was pointed out, which brings with it a number of structural problems and the inability of both the Green Fund institutions and a number of organizations that focus on ecology. The consequences of the discrepancy between the intentions proclaimed by the Constitution of Serbia and the National Strategy of Serbia for the accession of Serbia and Montenegro to the European Union from 2005 on the one hand and the absence of adequate legislative and executive activities in environmental protection, on the other hand, are obvious in the reports of the European Commission and the European Environment Office, as well as in the health risk and increased mortality of a large number of citizens of Serbia and other European countries, due to harmful emissions that cause pollution of air, water and soil in our country. In addition to the proposals for changes in the formal framework in the field of environmental protection, the paper points out the need to use those mechanisms of civil protection, such as environmental lawsuits (established by the Law on Obligations 1978), which is, by its nature, actio popularis and in that sense accessible to the widest range of subjects. The defense of the standards established by the Kyoto Protocol and the Basel Convention would, through the extensive use of this procedural instrument, be placed not only in the hands of representatives of the legislature and the executive, but also, the judiciary (conditionally, of course, because courts can decide only initiate a civil action, but not on its own initiative). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main subject of this paper is analysis how digitalization can contribute in resolving legal concerns which were observed in practice and which are related to the fact that a share in the company is the object of common property of spouses. There are shown the main provisions of family law in Republic of Serbia, in order to approach the meaning of common property of spouses, as well as material and procedural provisions related to the company law in Republic of Serbia, regulations on registration of companies, data and documents which are of importance for the companies and which are the object of registration, Goal is to show that checking of fact is natural person who is achieving the share in the company married while undertaking legal actions in order to achieve that share, as well as automatic, electronic recording and centralized exchange of these data between public notaries and other public authorities in that process, in the future, can greater legal security in Republic of Serbia and in the neighborhood states-Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To counteract climate change, various states have adopted innovative laws and solutions. Electromobility as a climate policy is one of the solutions that can contribute to reducing carbon emissions. Furthermore, international organisations such as the European Union (EU) have encouraged member states to develop an electric mobility ecosystem. Moreover, as one of the EU partner organisations, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has encouraged member states to adopt similar laws and policies in electromobility innovations. This study examined the EU and ASEAN legal innovations that developed electromobility ecosystems in the context of energy justice comparisons. This paper argues that adopting the principle of energy justice in EU and ASEAN law is highly dependent on the function and role of international organisations in lawmaking. As a climate policy innovation, electromobility is closely related to energy justice for the public. Therefore, analysing the functions and roles of international organisations such as the EU and ASEAN is crucial. The study examined the legal framework adopted by the EU and ASEAN to create an electromobility ecosystem. The purpose of the study was to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the role and function of lawmaking in international organisations supporting climate policy and contributing to the achievement of energy justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixing the outcome of sports competitions is one of the biggest threats to the integrity of sports. Sport as a social phenomenon has its own individual and social dimension. However, the degree of benefit for the individual and society can be neutralized by phenomena that threaten the integrity of sports competitions. The goal of this research is to provide an answer to the question of whether criminal law, as a branch of law characterized by the ultima ratio character, should respond to the appearance of fixing the outcome of sports competitions, as well as what type of outcome fixing should be responded to within the framework of criminal law. This research also includes an analysis of certain provisions of the Council of Europe Convention on the manipulation of sports results in order to see the potential scope of the Convention in terms of influence on the criminal legislation of countries that ratify the convention. In the last part of the paper, the criminal offense of fixing the outcome of the competition from Art. 208a. Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article sheds light on the regulations of Roman law appearing Property Law, Law of Obligations) in the works of Pavle Seroglić, the first reviewer of Serbian Civil Code (1844) (The Review of the Civil Code for the Serbian Principality, Promulgated on 25 March 1844 (Pregled Zakonika građanskog za Knjažestvo srbsko, 25. marta 1844. obnarodovanog, published in Bačka vila 4/1845, 114-187). Counterresponse to Response of Mister Miloš Svetic in the Third Linguistic Counterattack (Replika na odgovor gospodina Miloša Svetića u Utuku III Jezikoslovnome, Novi Sad 1847) and Civil Law in Croatian-Slavonian and Serbian-Banat Military Border (Gradansko parvo uc.k. Hrvatsko-slavonskoj i Srpsko-banatskoj Vojničkoj granici, Šeroglic's undated and unpublished commentary of Austrian General Civil Code, kept in the archival materials of Sremski Karlovci Grammar School in the Archives of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in that town. The provisions of civil law cited by Seroglić are sorted by similarity with necessary clarifications thereto. This paper, being the first of two sequels of the article related to Seroglic's accounts on Roman law, shall shed light on the author's fragments on is Greek legal transplants in Rome, theory of law, property law and law of obligations, whereas the passages in relation with other branches of Roman law shall be scrutinized in the follow-up article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the positive legal system of the Republic of Srpska, endangering to safety and endangering to security are regulated as two different criminal of fenses, in such a way that endangering safety is prescribed as a criminal offense against the freedoms and rights of citizens, while endangering to security (threat of an attack on life, body or property) is prescribed as misdemeanor against public order and peace. The paper will analyze both of these criminal acts, with the aim of highlighting the similarities and differences between them and possibly. after that analysis, determining whether there is still a need for both acts, prescribed in this way, to exist in positive legal system. The author proposes de lege ferenda to correct the legal description and name of the misdemeanor endangering security by threatening to attack life, body or property in such a way that this misdemeanor only bears the name of threat and that the legal description expressly states that the place of execution is a public place or prescribe as consequence a violation of public order and peace or to decriminalize this misdemeanor because everything that this offense currently provides protection for is already sufficiently and adequately protected by the criminal offense of endangering safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the legal framework for the protection of human rights in situations of extreme crisis in the European legal area, in order to achieve a coherent understanding of legal standards that will lead to their more uniform application. Through an in-depth analysis of the meaning and scope of the provisions of Article 15 of the European Convention, as well as the corresponding practice of the European Court of Human Rights, the authors determine under what conditions the suspension of certain rights and freedoms is legally permissible, and which state measures adopted in extraordinary circumstances represent the protection of the public interest, and which go beyond the scope of the most necessary measure required by the given situation and represent a violation of the rights and freedoms of the individual. This work is based on the idea that specific limitations for the enjoyment of human rights are necessary and justified. It is a well-known that only a limited number of human rights are absolute and as such are immune to any restrictions regardless of the circumstances and justifications. However, this does not reduce the need for the measures that the state resorts to in times of crisis to be strictly controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]