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A growing number of studies have explored the ways how teachers contingently respond to students' unexpected responses or a lack of student responses in second language classrooms. From a sociocultural perspective, teacher contingency involves a departure from the lesson plan in local response to the unexpected or unforeseeable actions in the classroom interactions (van Lier, 2001). This study adopts translanguaging as an analytical perspective in order to examine how a teacher employs various resources to contingently respond to students' initiatives and reformulate his utterances in order to prompt student participation. The data are based on a larger linguistic ethnographic project in a Hong Kong English-Medium-Instruction secondary history classroom. This paper reconceptualizes the notion of teacher contingency and argues that the process of how the teacher contingently responds to the unexpected outcomes that arise in real-time interactions is a process of translanguaging. Such a process requires the teacher in orchestrating the available linguistic and multimodal resources to construct pedagogical actions on the spot, instead of being planned in advance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning techniques are playing an increasing role in astronomy to deal with the data avalanche. Here we describe an application for finding resolved planetary nebulae (PNe) in crowded, wide-field, narrow-band Hα survey imagery in the Galactic plane, to test and facilitate more objective, reproducible, efficient and reliable trawls for them. PNe are important for studying the late-stage stellar evolution of low-mass to intermediate-mass stars. However, the confirmed ∼3800 Galactic PNe fall far short of the numbers expected. Traditional visual searching for resolved PNe is time-consuming because of the large data size and areal coverage of modern astronomical surveys. The training and validation data set of our algorithm was built with the INT Photometric Hα Survey (IPHAS) and true PNe from the Hong Kong/AAO/Strasbourg Hα (HASH) data base. Our algorithm correctly identified 444 PNe in the validation set of 454 PNe, with only 16 explicable 'false' positives, achieving a precision rate of 96.5 per cent and a recall rate of 97.8 per cent. After transfer learning, it was then applied to the VST Photometric Hα Survey of the Southern Galactic plane and bulge (VPHAS+), examining 979 out of 2284 survey fields, each covering 1° × 1°. It returned ∼20 000 detections, including 2637 known PNe and other kinds of catalogued non-PNe. A total of 815 new high-quality PNe candidates were found, 31 of which were selected as top-quality targets for optical spectroscopic follow-up. We found that 74 per cent of them are true, likely, and possible PNe. Representative preliminary confirmatory spectroscopy results are presented here to demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques, with full details to be given in our forthcoming paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most discussions on religious activism in Hong Kong focus on Christianity. Building on C. K. Yang's classic theory of diffused religion, this article first distinguishes Chinese religious institutions from less institutional religious practices and expressions and argues beyond this popular assumption and representation of Christianity by considering elements of Buddhism, Daoism, and Chinese folk religions in recent activism, revealing a more complex religious ecology. Second, this paper uncovers a longer historical trajectory whereby colonial forces attempted to co-opt Christianity to legitimize their power, which explains why assumptions concerning Christian domination exist in the first place. Furthermore, colonial policies, Cold War politics, and Chinese regimes have all co-opted institutional religious elites in Hong Kong for ideological purposes, resulting in institutional Chinese religions in Hong Kong, such as Buddhism and Daoism, being connected with the Chinese Communist Party, whereas the linkage between Christianity and liberty is reinforced. At the same time, without secularizing forces from Mainland China, religions in Hong Kong, including Christianity, institutional Chinese religions, and less institutional folk religions, have all diffused into secular institutions and with each other, contributing to the foundation of the Chinese community in the past and the pursuit of democracy, justice, and freedom today on a grassroots, non-institutional level. In this way, this article not only offers critical insight into the role of religion in Hong Kong activism and the often neglected history of religious co-optations under British colonialism and in the Cold War but also provides a theoretical contribution in terms of furthering our understanding of the relationship among religious institutions, state apparatuses, and diffused religion on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In capture‐recapture experiments, individual covariates may be subject to missingness, especially when the number of captures is small. When the covariate information is missing at random, the inverse probability weighting method and the multiple imputation method are widely used to obtain point estimators of the abundance. These estimators are then used to construct Wald‐type confidence intervals. However, such intervals may have seriously inaccurate coverage probabilities. In this paper, we propose a maximum empirical likelihood (EL) estimation approach for the abundance in the presence of missing covariates. We show that the maximum EL estimator is asymptotically normal, and that the EL ratio statistic for the abundance has a chi‐square limiting distribution with one degree of freedom. Simulations indicate that the proposed estimator has a smaller mean square error than existing estimators, and the proposed EL ratio confidence interval usually has more accurate coverage probabilities than the existing Wald‐type confidence intervals. We illustrate the proposed method by analyzing data collected in Hong Kong for the yellow‐bellied prinia, a bird species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once feted, Hong Kong has recently become a centre of civil unrest. In this paper, we situate these emergent politics through a case study of corruption and everyday life in Kowloon Walled City, a mainland Chinese enclave in British Hong Kong, which developed notoriety as a freestanding grey economy. Drawing from oral testimonies of police officers, triad members and local residents, we excavate the lived experience of confinement within this contested space. These accounts reconstruct the Walled City as a 'quasi-carceral' site of enclosure, a zone of colonial exceptionalism and a hybrid cultural space. Through this case study, we historicize current debates in carceral geography, humanize recent interventions in urban scholarship and analyse the shifting politics at the frontier of Chinese expansionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal (ST) system alone, the hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system has many advantages such as simultaneous production of electrical and thermal energies, efficient utilization on solar energy, space reduction and so on. However, there is limited data on both the energy and exergy performance comparisons of these three solar systems, especially for annual performance data. This paper aims to present a comparative study on the performances of the PV, ST and PV/T systems by a series of full-day experiments. Energy and exergy performances of these three solar utilization systems were all calculated and analyzed. Moreover, two typical evaluation methods, i.e. semi-empirical system efficiency model method and input–output method, were also used for evaluating the performances of these systems. Finally, based on the input–output method, the annual performances of the PV, ST and PV/T systems under typical meteorological conditions of Hong Kong region were predicted. The results show that the ST system has the highest total energy gain and energy efficiency and the PV system has the highest total exergy gain and exergy efficiency of these three systems. However, by a comprehensive consideration on the energy and exergy performances, the PV/T system has the best overall performance of these three solar systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a short commentary on Professor Stott's paper, Patterns of 'disorder' during the 2019 protests in Hong Kong: policing, social identity, intergroup dynamics and radicalisation. The commentary seeks to explore the paper from the perspective of how it can contribute to the public-order policing field, as opposed to a commentary on the policing of protest in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article responds to Stott et al.'s 'Patterns of disorder in the 2019 protests in Hong Kong'. In that paper, they offer a social psychological analysis of the Hong Kong events and, in so doing, draw upon the 'Elaborated Social Identity Model', and deploy it as the basis for understanding the escalating tensions and violence that occurred through 2019. This model has a number of positive features, not least that it foregrounds rationality and the organized and purposive nature of collective conduct while also paying careful attention to the wider context in which identity within large groups is formed and reformed. The aim in this article is simply to point to the importance of situating such an account within a wider historical sociology, in particular, considering the longer-term 'life-cycle' of riot and violent protest. Utilizing Sewell's notion of 'events', the article seeks to point to the ways in which such signal phenomena may be considered to have laid the foundations for at least elements of what occurred subsequently. Such an approach provides a basis within which the growth of Hong Kong's localism may be situated, as well as offering a longer-term context for understanding the rapidly shifting position occupied by Hong Kong's police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, the majority of Hong Kong young adults who graduate from secondary school progress onto tertiary education. Poor eating patterns among young adults could lead to long-term health implications associated with overweight and obesity. Using the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework, this paper reviews the current food-related policies in Hong Kong and proposes a comprehensive policy approach relevant to a variety of organizational contexts that has the potential to support positive eating patterns among young adults by enhancing the local food environment. Hong Kong has an unusual food supply in that more than 95% of food is imported, making it vulnerable to food insecurity. Education interventions commonly conducted in Hong Kong are unlikely to be helpful because young adults acquire nutrition-related knowledge when they attend secondary school. There is a need to change the food environment in Hong Kong so that young adults can easily translate their nutrition knowledge into making healthy food choices. Policy approaches might be among the most effective strategies for bringing positive changes in eating patterns because they have the potential to directly influence the food environment and context where an individual lives. A comprehensive suite of approaches that fill the policy gaps, remove barriers of healthy food consumption and create more healthy food choices is required to improve diet and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Caregiving work in 'residential care homes for the elderly' (RCHEs) has long been devalued as 'dirty work', which contributes to RCHE's acute shortages of health care staff in Hong Kong. This study aims to unearth the voice of the RCHEs workers by delineating their insider perspectives of RCHE work. Method Adopting the Photovoice method, a participatory methodology, 30 RCHEs care workers (i.e. Registered Nurses, Enrolled Nurses, Health Workers, and Personal Care Workers) were invited to take photos that showcase their perspectives of doing aged care work. Two in-depth interviews were conducted with each research participant before and after the photo-taking procedure. Thematic analysis is then conducted to analyse the visual and verbal data. Results Findings show that RCHEs care workers perceive and revitalize the nature and meaning of their work in four ways: conducting 'dirty tasks' to help the elderly; valuing and engaging in long-term relationships; learning in work; and cultural meaning of working with the elderly. Contrary to public devaluation, RCHE care workers normalize the delivery of 'dirty tasks' (i.e. handling human excreta and wounds) as being helpful to both the elderly and the family members. Besides the routine caring tasks on paper, care workers highlight that they spend a lot of unrecognized labor to build rapport and provide emotional support to the elderly and their family members in their work. They also report that learning and self-development are an important part of residential care work, both in terms of professional knowledge and personal growth. Taking care of the elderly also conveys positive cultural meanings in Chinese society. Conclusion Policy, professional and educational initiatives of geriatric care primarily emphasize the delivery of clinical tasks (caring for), while undermining the emotional and relational aspects of aged care work. The work described in this paper was fully supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. (UGC/FDS16/M12/20). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates how community policing takes on its actual meanings in the specific circumstances of contemporary Hong Kong. Hong Kong people place tremendous stake on the rule of law, which has always become one of the acclaimed 'core values' distinguishing the post-handover Hong Kong from the rest of China. Against this social background, this paper argues that largely due to the non-democratic structuring of local governance, law is inadequate to maintain a locally given order, and then community policing vested with the necessary police discretion is very often adopted to accommodate the real needs in the local community. This argument is based on the inductive analysis by using a case study of the policing of a marketplace in Hong Kong. It has been found that the local governmental institution consistently calls for the police's strict enforcement of law in order to resolve the community problems generated by the routine operation of the marketplace. On the other hand, the police are actually working against such a call by discretionarily handling the extra-legal arrangements in the marketplace. Taken together, the current study reveals that one of the actual meanings of Hong Kong's community policing is defined by the contradictory juxtaposition situated between the official ideal and local reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the Study: The provision of end-of-life (EoL) care in long-term-care settings remains largely underdeveloped in most Chinese societies, and nursing home residents often fail to obtain good care as they approach death. This paper systematically describes the development and implementation mechanisms of a novel Dignity-Conserving EoL Care model that has been successfully adopted by three nursing homes in Hong Kong and presents preliminary evidence of its effectiveness on enhancing dignity and quality of life (QoL) of terminally ill residents. Design and Methods: Nine terminally ill nursing home residents completed the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Nursing Facilities Quality of Life Questionnaire at baseline and 6 months post-EoL program enrollment. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to detect significance changes in each QoL domains across time. Results: Although significant deterioration was recorded for physical QoL, significant improvement was observed for social QoL. Moreover, a clear trend toward significant improvements was identified for the QoL domains of individuality and relationships. Implications: A holistic and compassionate caring environment, together with the core principles of family-centered care, interagency and interdisciplinary teamwork, as well as cultural-specific psycho-socio-spiritual support, are all essential elements for optimizing QoL and promoting death with dignity for nursing home residents facing morality. This study provides a useful framework to facilitate the future development of EoL care in long-term-care settings in the Chinese context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect has been in operation for more than a year. It is predictable that with the implementation of this scheme, cross-border securities disputes between the Mainland and Hong Kong will be on the rise. In resolving these disputes, one of the most important problems is the determination of substantive law that should apply to them. This paper makes feasible proposals to harmonize the choice of law rules regarding cross-border securities disputes under the Shanghai-Hong Kong Stock Connect with due reference made to the approaches adopted by the Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary and the Uniform Commercial Code of the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]