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Background Vascular calcification (VC) is a common comorbidity among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), indicating major cardiovascular events. This study aimed to evaluate the effects and safety of intravenous sodium thiosulphate (STS) for VC in CKD patients. Methods Electronic databases were searched for clinical trials that provided data comparing outcomes among patients treated with and without STS. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. Efficacy was assessed using calcification scores and arterial stiffness. Safety was examined by analyzing adverse symptoms, electrolytes and bone mineral density (BMD). Random-effects models were performed. Meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were done. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tools. Results Among the 5601 publications, 6 studies involving 305 participants (mean age: 56 years, male: 56.6%) with all participants on maintenance hemodialysis met eligibility criteria. For efficacy, the progression in Agatston scores in the coronary arteries [107 patients, mean difference (MD): −241.27, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): −421.50 to −61.03] and iliac arteries (55 patients, MD: −382.00, 95% CI: −751.07 to −12.93) was lower in the STS treated group compared with controls. The increase in pulse wave velocity was lower in the STS group (104 patients, MD: −1.29 m/s, 95% CI: −2.24 to −0.34 m/s). No association was found between the change in calcification scores and STS regimen. For safety, gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. nausea) and increased anion gap acidosis were noted. No reduction in BMD by STS was observed. Conclusions Intravenous STS may attenuate the progression of VC and arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients. Large and well-designed randomized controlled trials are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (CUA; calciphylaxis) is a rare disease seen predominantly in patients receiving dialysis. Calciphylaxis is characterized by poorly healing or non-healing wounds, and is associated with mortality, substantial morbidity related to infection and typically severe pain. In an open-label Phase 2 clinical trial, SNF472, a selective inhibitor of vascular calcification, was well-tolerated and associated with improvement in wound healing, reduction of wound-related pain and improvement in wound-related quality of life (QoL). Those results informed the design of the CALCIPHYX trial, an ongoing, randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 3 trial of SNF472 for treatment of calciphylaxis. Methods In CALCIPHYX, 66 patients receiving haemodialysis who have an ulcerated calciphylaxis lesion will be randomized 1:1 to double-blind SNF472 (7 mg/kg intravenously) or placebo three times weekly for 12 weeks (Part 1), then receive open-label SNF472 for 12 weeks (Part 2). All patients will receive stable background care, which may include pain medications and sodium thiosulphate, in accordance with the clinical practices of each site. A statistically significant difference between the SNF472 and placebo groups for improvement of either primary endpoint at Week 12 will demonstrate efficacy of SNF472: change in Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool-CUA (a quantitative wound assessment tool for evaluating calciphylaxis lesions) or change in pain visual analogue scale score. Additional endpoints will address wound-related QoL, qualitative changes in wounds, wound size, analgesic use and safety. Conclusions This randomized, placebo-controlled Phase 3 clinical trial will examine the efficacy and safety of SNF472 in patients who have ulcerated calciphylaxis lesions. Patient recruitment is ongoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood-incompatibility is an inevitability of all blood-contacting device applications and therapies, including haemodialysis (HD). Blood leaving the environment of blood vessels and the protection of the endothelium is confronted with several stimuli of the extracorporeal circuit (ECC), triggering the activation of blood cells and various biochemical pathways of plasma. Prevention of blood coagulation, a major obstacle that needed to be overcome to make HD possible, remains an issue to contend with. While anticoagulation (mainly with heparin) successfully prevents clotting within the ECC to allow removal of uraemic toxins across the dialysis membrane wall, it is far from ideal, triggering heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in some instances. Soluble fibrin can form even in the presence of heparin and depending on the constitution of the patient and activation of platelets, could result in physical clots within the ECC (e.g. bubble trap chamber) and, together with other plasma and coagulation proteins, result in increased adsorption of proteins on the membrane surface. The buildup of this secondary membrane layer impairs the transport properties of the membrane to reduce the clearance of uraemic toxins. Activation of complement system-dependent immune response pathways leads to leukopenia, formation of platelet–neutrophil complexes and expression of tissue factor contributing to thrombotic processes and a procoagulant state, respectively. Complement activation also promotes recruitment and activation of leukocytes resulting in oxidative burst and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, thereby worsening the elevated underlying inflammation and oxidative stress condition of chronic kidney disease patients. Restricting all forms of blood-incompatibility, including potential contamination of dialysis fluid with endotoxins leading to inflammation, during HD therapies is thus still a major target towards more blood-compatible and safer dialysis to improve patient outcomes. We describe the mechanisms of various activation pathways during the interaction between blood and components of the ECC and describe approaches to mitigate the effects of these adverse interactions. The opportunities to develop improved dialysis membranes as well as implementation strategies with less potential for undesired biological reactions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Hip fractures are among the most serious bone fractures in the elderly, producing significant morbidity and mortality. Several observational studies have found that mild hyponatremia can adversely affect bone, with fractures occurring as a potential complication. We examined if there is an independent association between prolonged chronic hyponatremia (>90 days duration) and risk of hip fracture in the elderly. Methods. We performed a retrospective cohort study in adults >60 years of age froma prepaid healthmaintenance organization who had two or more measurements of plasma sodium between 2005 and 2012. The incidence of hip fractures was assessed in a very restrictive population: subjects with prolonged chronic hyponatremia, defined as plasma sodium values <135 mmol/L, lasting >90 days. Multivariable Cox regression was performed to determine the hazard ratio (HR) for hip fracture risk associated with prolonged chronic hyponatremia after adjustment for the propensity to have hyponatremia, fracture risk factors and relevant baseline characteristics. Results. Among 31 527 eligible patients, only 228 (0.9%) had prolonged chronic hyponatremia. Mean plasma sodium was 132 ± 5 mmol/L in hyponatremic patients and 139 ± 3 mmol/L in normonatremic patients (P < 0.001). The absolute risk for hip fracture was 7/282 in patients with prolonged chronic hyponatremia and 411/313 299 in normonatremic patients. Hyponatremic patients had a substantially elevated rate of hip fracture [adjusted HR 4.52 (95% CI 2.14-9.6)], which was even higher in those with moderate hyponatremia (<130 mmol/ L) [adjusted HR 7.61 (95% CI 2.8-20.5)]. Conclusion. Mild prolonged chronic hyponatremia is independently associated with hip fracture risk in the elderly population, although the absolute risk is low. However, proof that correcting hyponatremia will result in a reduction of hip fractures is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]