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The application of neurophysiological techniques to marketing and consumer research has seen tremendous growth in recent years. To provide a comprehensive overview of neuroscientific methods, the authors first review extant conceptual and empirical studies on neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience, based on these the rationale, features, and applications of neuroscientific techniques are systematically summarized. Next, the authors discuss how neurophysiological methods were applied to the research on customers' cognition, emotion, and behavioral responses to marketing stimuli, and illustrate how neuromarketing studies extend the knowledge boundary and contribute to marketing theories and practices. The limitations of current neuromarketing tools, studies, and methodology are concluded as well, and future directions are presented accordingly. This paper contributes to the literature by offering a clear research insight into the application of neurophysiological methods. By articulating principles, methods, contributions, and directions of neuromarketing, this paper may benefit the development of neuroscientific tools being a more well-established and commonly used marketing research approach and offers a guide to scholars who are dedicated to consumer neuroscience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we conduct a systematic review of the emerging literature on the biological perspective in management and investigate research spanning the areas of genetics, physiology, and neuroscience. We examine 291 papers published in 133 journals over an 85-year period as well as 10 conference/working papers and six books. On the basis of this analysis, we present an organizing framework of the area, explain the mechanisms through which biological factors relate to management, and discuss the implications of the biological perspective for the theory and the practice of management. Finally, we present an agenda highlighting avenues for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Heather Andrew and Dr Shaun Seixas of Neuro-Insight, and Helen Haines from Ocean Outdoor explain how modern brain imaging technology can be applied to measure people's emotional, subconscious responses to different forms of outdoor media, from static paper and paste posters to multisensory advertising screens. With reference to visual attention, emotional intensity, desirability, and memorability, they describe a program of research that investigated brain response to the latest generation of outdoor advertising locations, and which explains the cognitive processes that underlie their success, not just in the context of out–of-home advertising, but in the broader digital world. The conclusions have implications that are fundamental to the planning, design, and development of media campaigns, identifying the role that outdoor advertising can play vis a vis other media, and how different media platforms can work together to the benefit of advertisers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) has been designated as the 'ultimate empathy machine' due to its alleged ability to powerfully immerse users in another's perspective. As VR has attracted growing attention, criticism of its alleged 'empathic superpowers' has also gained strength. Critics have recently argued that the empathic VR vision is ethically flawed since it is misleading and denies non-communicable aspects of the Other. Moreover, several scholars argue that VR empathy rhetoric in fact exploits the marginalised targets of empathy, turning them to objects 'identity tourism' for the privileged. The paper revisits these claims, arguing that they rely on empathy notions that are dominant in traditional art-media, while overlooking VR's unique experiential affordances. Drawing on psychophysiological evidence, it argues that the ethical significance of VR lies in the unique ways in which it manipulates the user's body scheme via multisensory stimulation. These manipulations result in unprecedented empathy-related perceptual and conceptual transformations whose ethical implications require new ethical framing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: genetics; physiology; neuroscience; neurodevelopmental conditions; biology EN genetics physiology neuroscience neurodevelopmental conditions biology 3 17 15 12/10/20 20210101 NES 210101 The past decade has experienced a significant increase in the number of papers on the biology of entrepreneurship. We define the BPE as the body of research that examines the role of genetics ([25]), physiology ([52]), neuroscience ([5]; [39]), and neurodevelopmental conditions ([16]; [56]) in entrepreneurial behavior. Accordingly, we next briefly review the four strands - genetics, physiology, neuroscience, and neurodevelopmental conditions - that constitute the BPE (Table 1 for a summary). Genetics, physiology, neuroscience, neurodevelopmental conditions, biology. [Extracted from the article]

This paper offers a critique of affect theory using the analytical concept of scale that is made concrete through an ethnography of Pentecostal Christianity and an exploration of current neuroscientific thinking. Affect theory is one recent form of a Western philosophical concern about the loss of agency in modernity, what I call "agency-anxiety." Affect theorists tend to privilege the sense of freedom gained by immediate and individual experience over the constraints of more extended experiences and collectivity. That is, affect theory often scales its analysis tightly. This paper responds with an ethnography of Pentecostal practice and exploration of work in neuroscience that describes an analytic space in which broader scales can be useful as well. Ethnography scaled beyond the instant reveals that the Pentecostal ideal of surrendering to God in a moment of abandonment often results from a "fake it until you make it" approach; in other words, from extended, effortful, willful practice. This practice leads to the formation of habits and dispositions that allow the attainment of spontaneous rupture. Likewise, neuroscience can scale out its analysis by focusing on dispositions, moods and habits, rather than simply a more immediate view. Further, "scale effects" and emergent properties in scale-to-scale relations undermine reductionism. Finally, because Pentecostals are generally right wing yet also exemplify ruptural practice, it seems that outside of a particular conjuncture, the tightly scaled eruptive moment of affect is by no means per se a productive or (politically) progressive formation. As such, making scale an explicit analytical category might help us to see agency, change, and structure more clearly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the relationship between cities and brains: it charts the back-and-forth between the hectic, stressful lives of urban citizens, and a psychological and neurobiological literature that claims to make such stress both visible and knowable. But beyond such genealogical labour, the paper also asks: what can a sociology concerned with the effects of ‘biosocial’ agencies take from a scientific literature on the urban brain? What might sociology even contribute to that literature, in its turn? To investigate these possibilities, the paper centres on the emergence and description of what it calls ‘the Neuropolis’ – a term it deploys to hold together both an intellectual and scientific figure and a real, physical enclosure. The Neuropolis is an image of the city embedded in neuropsychological concepts and histories, but it also describes an embodied set of (sometimes pathological) relations and effects that take places between cities and the people who live in them. At the heart of the paper is an argument that finding a way to thread these phenomena together might open up new paths for thinking about ‘good’ life in the contemporary city. Pushing at this claim, the paper argues that mapping the relations, histories, spaces, and people held together by this term is a vital task for the future of urban sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jouissance is one of Jacques Lacan's most impenetrable concepts. Yet it is essential to Lacan's view of sex. The term is sometimes translated as "enjoyment," but this misses key features of the concept, notably its "traumatic," excessive character. This excess points to a structural negativity within the subject (i.e., the real), an original split that cannot be remedied. In this first of a series of three papers, it is proposed that "surplus prediction error"—as understood within contemporary neuropsychoanalysis—is a neural correlate for jouissance. In part 1, jouissance is explicated within Lacanian metapsychology, primarily in reference to Lacan's real and symbolic registers. Jouissance is an excess enjoyment, outside of the binding, representational capacities of language. The real is the negativity or antagonism within the symbolic, the limit of language and meaning, the point where jouissance emerges. To clarify the relationships among these terms, their positions are traced in some of Freud's major concepts, including drive, infantile sexuality, repetition, and the unconscious. A basic understanding of jouissance is necessary for the rest of this Lacanian neuropsychoanalytic project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study probes the ethics of intrusive technologies for experimental research in tourism, through the lens of collaborative ethnography. Amidst the increasing uptake of technology to assess participant responses, the role of ethics in an experimental setting has received scant attention in tourism and hospitality. While intrusive technologies such as eye tracking, skin sensors and neuroscience headgear become more ubiquitous, the ethical boundaries of using such equipment are increasingly blurred and inconsistently approved. Seeking convergence of ethics concerning intrusive technologies is complicated when framing political spaces, target audiences and management of data obtained. Rather than view the role of intrusive technologies as a dichotomous outcome of ethical or unethical approaches, this paper argues that ethics needs to be contextually embedded with increased collaboration and co-creation in the application preparation and approval process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the unspoken, implicit white racial logic of the brain disease model of addiction, which is based on seemingly universal, disembodied brains devoid of social or environmental influences. In the United States, this implicit white logic led to "context-free" neuroscience that made the social hierarchies of addiction and its consequences invisible to, and thus exacerbated by, national policies on opioids. The brain disease model of addiction was selectively deployed among the white middle-class population that had long accessed narcotics and pharmaceutical treatments for narcotics disorders from biomedical clinics, as opposed to from illegal sources subject to law enforcement. In turn, new treatments for opioid addiction were racially marketed to the same white clientele to which newly patented opioid analgesics were marketed, tapping into a circumscribed but highly lucrative consumer base that has long benefited from a legally protected, racially segregated safe space for white narcotics consumption. The connecting thread for the contemporary white opioid "crisis," therefore, is white race as a ghost variable in addiction neuroscience and in its pharmaceutical and biotechnological translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goals of laboratory experiences include developing knowledge base, research skills, and scientific communication abilities. Objective: The aim was to assess an inquiry-based laboratory activity using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans in relation to learning goals. Method: Students in a Biopsychology laboratory course worked in groups to test the effect of various drugs (e.g., nicotine, ethanol, fluoxetine, and melatonin) on C. elegans behavior. The activity included literature review, experimental design, and a final lab report. A cumulative final exam included a synaptic communication question related to the content of the activity. Results: Students showed better retention of laboratory-related content compared to other topics from the course, as demonstrated through performance on the final exam and were able to replicate previous research demonstrating effects of drug on locomotion. However, students did not improve writing ability compared to performance on a previous American Psychological Association style lab report. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that using a student-designed, multi-week laboratory assignment in an undergraduate Biopsychology course supports the growth of psychology knowledge and the development of research skills. Teaching Implications: Instructors should consider using the described laboratory activity for biopsychology or behavioral neuroscience classes or consider similarly designed laboratory formats for other courses in Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades commercial and academic market(ing) researchers have studied consumers through a range of different methods including surveys, focus groups, or interviews. More recently, some have turned to the growing field of neuroscience to understand consumers. Neuromarketing employs brain imaging, scanning, or other brain measurement technologies to capture consumers' (brain) responses to marketing stimuli and to circumvent the "problem" of relying on consumers' self-reports. This paper presents findings of an ethnographic study of neuromarketing research practices in one neuromarketing consultancy. Our access to the minutiae of commercial neuromarketing research provides important insights into how neuromarketers silence the neuromarketing test subject in their experiments and presentations and how they introduce the brain as an unimpeachable witness. This enables us conceptually to reconsider the role of witnesses in the achievement of scientific credibility, as prominently discussed in science and technology studies (STS). Specifically, we probe the role witnesses and silences play in establishing and maintaining credibility in and for "commercial research laboratories." We propose three themes that have wider relevance for STS researchers and require further attention when studying newly emerging research fields and practices that straddle science and its commercial application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of neuroscience and psychotherapy research has long been a topic of interest in the field of mental health. A significant challenge in psychotherapy research is understanding the dyadic interaction between patient and therapist. This interaction is complex, emerging from a myriad of multi-level factors such as gestures, verbal communication, mentalization, and environmental influences. This article aims to present a roadmap for the future integration of neuroscience and psychotherapy research, addressing the complexities of human interaction. We introduce the 4E/MoBI approach, a framework that combines theoretical and methodological tools to study the dynamics of the brain, body, and environment in real-world settings. This approach emphasizes the use of physiological systems (e.g., heart and brain), behavioral interactions (e.g., conversations and eye-tracking), and environmental video recordings. Additionally, the scalable experimental design (SED) heuristic is discussed as a method to blend controlled experiments with real-world scenarios, allowing for the parametric testing of neurobehavioral markers. As a practical demonstration of the SED heuristic within the 4E/MoBI framework, a concrete experimental example using the N170 event-related potential (ERP) component is presented. While the N170 ERP component is not posited as the foundational marker in the field, it serves to illustrate the application of hypothesis-driven designs and analyses. The 4E/MoBI approach offers a promising avenue for the integration of neuroscience and psychotherapy research. By addressing existing gaps, such as the physiology and phenomenology of expertise in psychotherapy, this framework can foster a virtuous relationship between the two disciplines, paving the way for more comprehensive and nuanced understandings of therapeutic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is seeking to encourage researchers to move away from diagnostic tools like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the DSM). A key mechanism for this is the "Research Domain Criteria" (RDoC) initiative, closely associated with former NIMH Director Thomas Insel. This article examines how key figures in US (and UK) psychiatry construct the purpose, nature, and implications of the ambiguous RDoC project; that is, how its novelty is constituted through discourse. In this paper, I explore and analyze these actors' accounts of what is new, important, or (un)desirable about RDoC, demonstrating how they are constituted through institutional context and personal affects. In my interviews with mental health opinion leaders, RDoC is presented as overly reliant on neurobiological epistemologies, distant from clinical imaginaries and imperatives, and introduced in a top-down manner inconsistent with the professional norms of scientific research. Ultimately, the article aims to add empirical depth to current understandings about the epistemological and ontological politics of contemporary (US) psychiatry and to contribute to science and technology studies (STS) debates about "the new" in technoscience. Accordingly, I use discussions about RDoC as a case study in the sociology of novelty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginnings of cybernetics were marked by the publication of two papers in 1943. In the first one, Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow claimed that purposeful behavior is a circular process controlled by negative feedback. In the second seminal paper, McCulloch and Pitts proposed that neurons are interconnected working as logical operators. Both articles raised human-machine analogies and mathematically formulated cognitive mechanisms. These ideas ignited the interest of von Neumann, who was developing the first stored-program computer. Thus, after a preliminary meeting in 1945, a series of meetings were held between 1946 and 1953. The role of the Spanish neurophysiologist Rafael Lorente de Nó in the beginnings of cybernetics is attested not only by his participation in the core members of these Macy conferences but also for his previous description of reverberating circuits formed by a closed chain of internuncial neurons. This was the first neurobiologic demonstration of a feedback loop. Most researchers considered the central nervous system as a mere reflex organ until then; nevertheless, he demonstrated a self-sustained central activity in the nervous system, supporting the idea of self-regulating mechanisms as a key concept not just in machines but also in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research that involves both neuroscience and art often attempts to explain the aesthetic experience of ‘beauty’ in visual art, and to define the function of art in neural terms; less has been written concerning the neural correlates of poetry reading. It is suggested that there are existing areas of study in neuroscience that may help elucidate how we enjoy literature beyond pure neuroaesthetics, such as research in creative problem-solving, knowledge-based pleasure, and music. This essay endeavours to bring together insights from both neuroscience and literature to shed light on how and why we take pleasure in interpreting T.S. Eliot's ‘The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock’. It is proposed that the pleasures of reading ‘Prufrock’ are ultimately associated with the ways in which the reader's expectations are confirmed or challenged. While the conclusions of this paper are intentionally constrained to a single poem, they are potentially generalisable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years, esports (the competitive video game industry) have evolved significantly, revolutionizing not only the competitive scene but also the teams and their professional staff. Sports psychologists need to face with cognitive demands related to this activity primarily mental, to respond to the specific needs of the sector (e.g., high performance interventions). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive performance in tests and the MOBA League of Legends (LOL) game scores. A group of 36 pure-genre LOL players was evaluated with behavioral tests of fluid intelligence, attentional control inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and decision making. Furthermore, their in-game performance (rank percentile, kills death assists, minions per minute, and vision score) was recorded during a complete season (approximately 1 year). Data was analyzed by means of correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that cognitive flexibility was positively related to the "rank percentile" (p <.001; R =.442; 95% CI [2.97, 74.76]). Besides, a positive relationship was found between decision making and the in-game performance variable "minions per minute" (p =.009; R =.236; 95% CI [−8.46, 5.26]). These findings point that it is possible predict performance on specific variables, in esports with high cognitive impact throughout neuropsychological assessment. These results provide a starting point for research in the field of esports, sports psychology, and high-performance-oriented intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stories hold an important role in the theory and practice of psychoanalysis. Their power derives in part from the fact that humans are biologically programmed for storytelling. Stories foster connection with others, socialization, and identity formation. They are integral to all psychoanalytic theories of therapeutic action, and their telling is therapeutic in itself. Psychoanalytic theoretical paradigms can be considered stories, as well. A positive outcome of analytic treatment has the individual emerging with an open-ended story that encompasses past, present, and future. Finally, an autobiographical example demonstrates how shared stories consolidate group identities, uphold and perpetuate a group's power over others, and perpetuate racial and ethnic stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animations of scientific concepts may improve comprehension by explaining and visualizing the steps of complex processes, but unless they engage student interest in meaningful ways, their effectiveness as teaching tools is limited. We achieve this through a novel approach to animation design that includes the target audience (undergraduates) so that the resultant animations align with their learner characteristics. Objective: This case study investigated whether undergraduate-generated animations were more effective educational tools than informationally equivalent text-and-illustration presentations and whether learners' background influenced the relative benefits of animations. Method: Incorporating feedback from faculty and undergraduates, we created animations and text-plus-illustration content to explain how neural signals are generated and measured by scalp electrodes. Neuroscience majors and non-majors were presented with either animations or static presentations followed by comprehension and engagement assessments. Results: Both groups showed comprehension and engagement benefits for animations. Although majors showed better overall comprehension, animations improved comprehension for non-majors over static presentations. Conclusion: When educational content is directed for a target audience, animations can be more effective teaching tools for a broader student audience. Teaching Implications: The relevance of online tools for remote instruction makes animations, developed for and by undergraduates, important tools for effectively introducing difficult content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The rating of perceived effort (RPE) is a common method used in clinical practice for monitoring, loading control, and resistance training prescription during rehabilitation after rupture and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). It is suggested that the RPE results from the integration of the afferent feedback and corollary discharge in the motor and somatosensory cortex, and from the activation of brain areas related to emotions, affect, memory, and pain (eg, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and prefrontal cortex). Recent studies have shown that rupture and ACLR induce neural adaptations in the brain commonly associated with the RPE. Therefore, we hypothesize that RPE could be affected because of neural adaptations induced by rupture and ACLR. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: RPE could be directly altered by changes in the activation of motor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex. These neural adaptations may be induced by indirect mechanisms, such as the afferent feedback deficit, pain, and fear of movement (kinesiophobia) that patients may feel after rupture and ACLR. Conclusion: Using only RPE for monitoring, loading control, and resistance training prescription in patients who had undergone ACLR could lead to under- or overdosing resistance exercise, and therefore, impair the rehabilitation process. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy: 3C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commentary on: Roddy DW, Farrell C, Doolin K, Roman E, Tozzi L, Frodl T, O'Keane V, O'Hanlon E. The Hippocampus in Depression: More Than the Sum of Its Parts? Advanced Hippocampal Substructure Segmentation in Depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2019 Mar 15;85(6):487-497. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.08.021. Epub 2018 Sep 6. PubMed PMID: 30528746. The hippocampus is a key cognitive hub implicated in major depressive disorder. However, major depressive disorder neuroimaging studies have used inconsistent anatomical hippocampal definitions to estimate hippocampal volumes, leading to some heterogeneity in findings. In a recent paper, we used a novel reassembly of automated hippocampal substructures (composites) to build alternative anatomical hippocampal definitions and used these to investigate differences in a well-defined cohort of major depressive disorder patients and healthy controls. We found that the most significant differences between major depressive disorder and healthy controls were localized to the core cornu ammonis (CA) regions of the hippocampus. The CA2–4 regions were smaller in first episode major depressive disorder, whereas more widespread differences were found in recurrent/chronic major depressive disorder, suggestive of a potential disease process in major depressive disorder. In this commentary, we also show how new hippocampal composites to investigate sections of the hippocampal circuitry demonstrate that differences in major depressive disorder occur across the input, middle and output circuit nodes of the hippocampal core. Hippocampal pathology localized across the core hippocampal CA circuity may account for the diverse and wide-ranging symptoms often experienced in depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short article is a commentary on this special section of Perceptual and Motor Skills entitled Relationships between Executive Function and Sports/Exercise. Given the vast executive function research in sports already published, this moment is opportune for highlighting (a) progress to date, (b) research limitations yet to address, and (c) inspirational new findings. The articles that follow illustrate these themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Current Sociology is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Research suggests benefits for incorporating popular press books into courses to encourage critical thinking and student-instructor interactions about concepts. Objective: This article offers a summary and critique of 7 ½ Lessons about the Brain by Lisa Feldman-Barrett along with pedagogical strategies for integrating the book within Introduction to Psychology courses. Teaching Implications: This popular press book affords an opportunity to incorporate a biopsychology thematic approach to Introduction to Psychology. Several pedagogical strategies using active learning and collaboration are provided. Conclusion: Choosing to include a popular press book in class to supplement student learning may benefit critical thinking about many concepts presented within Introduction to Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review aims to evaluate the characteristics of worldwide studies evolving the scope of nursing practice in Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a three-step search strategy using 11 databases and reference lists. Of the 4,174 screened studies we included 324 (8%). Most were published during 1978 to 2020, with significant increasing in publications from 2002 onwards and a forecast to double in the next 10 years (total expected = 614, ±62.2, R 2 =.998). We identified studies involving nine contexts of nursing practice in PD, in four continents and 31 countries, most of them of observational design (47.2%), funded (52.2%), authored by nurses (70.1%), and related to Nursing care/Guidelines (32.1%), Educational/Research content (16.4%), Symptom management/Medication adherence (14.5%), and Family caregiving (11.1%). The worldwide studies evolving the scope of nursing practice in PD is growing in several health context. These results can guide future research and evidence-based practice involving the role of nurses in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the prospects of using electroencephalography (EEG) in tourism and hospitality research. It first discusses the concept and importance of EEG. Then, it systematically reviews articles that have used EEG to measure psychophysiological responses in business and management. The review mainly discusses EEG themes/theories/concepts and EEG methods and indices. Based on the review, this study analyses main challenges of applying EEG and suggests solutions to solve them. It finally proposes some future applications of EEG in tourism and hospitality. This study is one of the first to offer a better understanding of the literature, analysis methods, and theories/concepts associated with EEG, informing future EEG applications in tourism and hospitality research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several deep revisions of Freud's theory of the drives are proposed: (1) Drives are conscious and are in fact the source of all consciousness. (2) Drive energy is equated with variational free energy and is therefore quantifiable in principle. (3) There are not two drives but many, seven of which may be described as "emotional" as opposed to "bodily" drives. (4) All drives are self-preservative or preservative of the species; there is no death drive at work in the mind. This means, at the mechanistic level, that all drives are homeostatic and anti-entropic. (5) The great task of mental development is to supplement instinctual predictions about how our multiple drive demands may be met and reconciled with each other. This work is done by learning from experience, mainly through voluntary behavior, which is governed by conscious feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jouissance refers to an excess enjoyment beyond (yet tied to) speech and representation. From the perspective of some Lacanian analysts, jouissance is precisely what testifies against any relationship to the brain— jouissance "slips" out of cognition. On the contrary, it is argued here that jouissance has a central place in contemporary neuropsychoanalysis. In part 1 of this series the metapsychology of jouissance was presented in relation to the real and symbolic registers. Here, in part 2, Mark Solms's neuropsychoanalytic model of Karl Friston's free energy principle is summarized. In this model, "predictions" aim to resolve prediction errors—most notably, those signaled by affective consciousness. "Surplus prediction error"—prediction error that arises at the point where the predictive model fails—is proposed to be a neural correlate of jouissance. This limit within prediction is analogous to the real as a structural negativity within the symbolic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In parts 1 and 2 of this Lacanian neuropsychoanalytic series, surplus prediction error was presented as a neural correlate of the Lacanian concept of jouissance. Affective consciousness (a key source of prediction error in the brain) impels the work of cognition, the predictive work of explaining what is foreign and surprising. Yet this arousal is the necessary bedrock of all consciousness. Although the brain's predictive model strives for homeostatic explanation of prediction error, jouissance "drives a hole" in the work of homeostasis. Some residual prediction error always remains. Lacanian clinical technique attends to this surplus and the failed predictions to which this jouissance "sticks." Rather than striving to eliminate prediction error, clinical practice seeks its metabolization. Analysis targets one's mode of jouissance to create a space for the subject to enjoy in some other way. This entails working with prediction error, not removing or tolerating it. Analysis aims to shake the very core of the subject by provoking prediction error—this drives clinical change. Brief clinical examples illustrate this view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Computational brain models use machine learning, algorithms and statistical models to harness big data for delivering disease-specific diagnosis or prognosis for individuals. While intended to support clinical decision-making, their translation into clinical practice remains challenging despite efforts to improve implementation through training clinicians and clinical staff in their use and benefits. Drawing on the specific case of neurology, we argue that existing implementation efforts are insufficient for the responsible translation of computational models. Our research based on a collective seven-year engagement with the Human Brain Project, participant observation at workshops and conferences, and expert interviews, suggests that relationships of trust between clinicians and researchers (modellers, data scientists) are essential to the meaningful translation of computational models. In particular, efforts to increase model transparency, strengthen upstream collaboration, and integrate clinicians' perspectives and tacit knowledge have the potential to reinforce trust building and increase translation of technologies that are beneficial to patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically examines the role and influence of neuroscientific knowledge in problematising youth-to-adult (Y2A) offender transitions. Drawing upon empirical data from a policy Delphi panel (n = 33) in Wales (UK), it is argued that a 'neuro-deficits' model based around 'maturity' has permeated the understandings of policy-makers and practitioners working with youth offenders. In internalising such neuroscientific knowledge, the policy environment has in turn become problematised for inadequately catering towards such developmental deficits. While this 'neuroscientific turn' in Y2A transitions may serve to further legitimate a set of managerialist and risk-oriented practices, it also provides opportunities for broader meaningful reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 'Against Stored Abstractions,' Ambridge uses neural and computational evidence to make his case against abstract representations. He argues that storing only exemplars is more parsimonious – why bother with abstraction when exemplar models with on-the-fly calculation can do everything abstracting models can and more – and implies that his view is well supported by neuroscience and computer science. We argue that there is substantial neural, experimental, and computational evidence to the contrary: while both brains and machines can store exemplars, forming categories and storing abstractions is a fundamental part of what they do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of sensory stimuli in care facilities have been shown to negatively affect people with dementia. This article describes the development and application of Resonant Silence Technique which endeavors to create a calming and peaceful atmosphere through multiple periods of silence following sound. The use of a quieting environment, subtle sound, and intentional silence is reported to help people with dementia feel less anxious, more relaxed and cooperative, emotionally appreciative, empathetic, and to improve eye contact and communication. Other positive benefits include improvements in concentration. Suggestions are made for further work to measure the impact of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a growing willingness in the evolutionary cognitive science of religion (ECSR) to embrace an inclusive, theoretically pluralistic approach and the emergence of a broad consensus around some key themes that collectively constitute a central theoretical core of the field. Nevertheless, ECSR still raises serious problems for some in the humanities. In exploring the reasons for the perception of conflict between humanistic and cognitive evolutionary approaches to religion, I suggest that both ECSR's default account of the origins of religion and religion's role in social bonding rely upon notions of culturally unmediated universal cognitive mechanisms that preclude alternative humanistic explanations. I subsequently suggest that the gap between humanistic approaches and the evolutionary study of religion more broadly conceived may be narrowed by further expanding ECSR to include recent research into the brain opioid theory of social attachment (BOTSA), which emphasises the emotional rather than cognitive basis of religion's social bonding functions. Finally, I outline a possible evolutionary account of the earliest forms of religious ideas and practices, which decouples the origins of religion from the evolution of specialised cognitive machinery and which humanists are likely to find more amenable than mainstream ECSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several models of the evolution of religion claim that ritual creates "religion" and gives it a positive evolutionary role. Robert Bellah suggests that the evolutionary roots of ritual lay in the play of animals. For Homo sapiens , Bellah argues, rituals generate a world of experience different from the world of everyday life, and that different world of experience is the foundation of later religious developments. Robin Dunbar points to trance dancing as the original religious behavior. Trance dancing both alters ordinary consciousness and generates trance experiences that will give rise to religious concepts and also, through the production of endorphins, bonds people into tight-knit social groups whose social bonding gives them a survival advantage. The role of ritual in social bonding has been well established through the research on the production of endorphins by synchronized activity and the role of endorphins in social bonding. The role of ritual in generating religious experience has been much less developed. Drawing on the extensive research on the ways in which bodily activity can impact and transform our sensory and cognitive processes, and the ways in which sensory and cognitive processes are neurologically connected with somatic processes, this article will propose one neuropsychological model of how ritual activity might give rise to religion. Starting from bodily activity means that here religion will be understood more as a set of practices and less as a set of beliefs. Theological implications of this model will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Despite recent advances in neuroscience highlighting its potential applications in the assessment and treatment of psychiatric disorders, the training of psychiatrists in neuroscience is lacking. However, it is not clear to what extent Canadian trainees are interested in further learning and using neuroscience in their daily clinical practice. This study explored the attitudes of Canadian psychiatry trainees with regard to neuroscience education and training by asking them to assess their own understanding of neuroscience and the perceived relevance of neuroscience knowledge to effective psychiatric practice.Methods: An online questionnaire was sent to psychiatry residents at Canadian universities. This questionnaire consisted of self-assessments of neuroscience knowledge, attitudes toward neuroscience education, preferences in learning modalities, and interest in specific neuroscience topics.Results: One hundred and eleven psychiatry residents from psychiatry residency programs at Canadian universities responded to this survey. Participants represented trainees from all 5 years of residency. Almost half of all trainees (49.0%) reported their knowledge of neuroscience to be either "inadequate" or "less than adequate," and only 14.7% of trainees reported that they feel "comfortable" or "very comfortable" discussing neuroscience findings with their patients. 63.7% of Canadian trainees rated the quantity of neuroscience education in their residency program as either less than adequate or inadequate, and 46.1% rated the quality of their neuroscience education as "poor" or "very poor." The vast majority of participants (>70%) felt that additional neuroscience education would be moderately-to-hugely helpful in finding personalized treatments, discovering future treatments, destigmatizing patients with psychiatric illness, and understanding mental illness.Conclusions: Canadian trainees generally feel that their neuroscience knowledge and the neuroscience education they receive during their psychiatry residencies is inadequate. However, as the first step for any change, the majority of future Canadian psychiatrists are very motivated and have a positive attitude toward neuroscience learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental task for sociology is to uncover the mechanisms that produce and reproduce social inequalities. While status characteristics theory is the favored account of how social status contributes independently to the maintenance of inequality, it hinges on an unobserved construct, expectation states, in the middle of the causal chain between status and behavior. Efforts to test the mediation mechanism have been complicated by the implicit, often unconscious, nature of status expectations. To solve this "black box" problem, we offer a new conceptualization and research approach that capitalizes on the accuracy and precision of neurological measurement to shed new light on the biasing role of expectations in the status–behavior relationship. Results from an experimental study provide a unique illustration of ways in which social status is inscribed in the brain and how, in turn, these inscriptions are related to behavioral inequalities that emerge during interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background.: Neuro-occupation was coined to conflate three distinctly different concepts: the brain, context, and occupation. Discussing neuro-occupation has been more of an academic exercise rather than cogently researched for everyday practice, perhaps due to the seemingly incongruity among the concepts. Purpose.: This article traces the self-organization approach, an assumption of complex systems, to understand how the concepts can be conflated. Method.: Deductive category application, a qualitative descriptive method for tracing theoretical assumptions, was drawn from the lived experiences of 11 Iranian participants with cerebrovascular accidents. Matrix construction aided collection of data for analysis. Findings.: The self-organization approach, underpinning neuro-occupation, was shown to be traceable, explaining how occupational participation may be influenced by the brain circular causality and perturbations provided by the context. Implications.: By understanding the dynamics of self-organization, occupational therapists can identify and create salient features that may motivate and enable clients to enhance occupational participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We critically examine the potential that neuroscience holds for the future of entrepreneurship research and provide a framework for entrepreneurship researchers interested in pursuing this line of inquiry. Specifically, we propose four complementary mechanisms through which neuroscience can inform entrepreneurship theory and research. We conclude with a discussion of the limitations and ethical implications of a neuroscientific approach to entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks Final Opinion on "The need for nonhuman primates in biomedical research, production and testing of products and devices" (2017 SCHEER) highlights approaches that could significantly contribute to the replacement, reduction, and refinement of nonhuman primate (NHP) studies. Initiatives that have the potential to affect NHP welfare and/or their use are expected to be appropriate, fair, and objective and publicly disseminated information focused on NHPs in biomedical research, which includes toxicologic and pathologic research and testing, should be objectively evaluated by stakeholder scientists, researchers, and veterinarians. Thus, IQ Consortium member companies convened to develop an informed and objective response, focusing on identifying areas of agreement, potential gaps, or missing information in 2017 SCHEER. Overall, the authors agree that many positions in the 2017 SCHEER Opinion generally align with industry views on the use of NHPs in research and testing, including the ongoing need of NHPs in many areas of research. From the perspective of the IQ Consortium, there are several topics in the 2017 SCHEER that merit additional comment, attention, or research, as well as consideration in future opinions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For years now, a growing online subculture has been exchanging videos designed to induce 'autonomous sensory meridian response' (ASMR), a mysterious, blissfully relaxing tingling sensation held to alleviate anxiety, pain, insomnia and depression. Emerging from online health forums, ASMR culture today centres on YouTube, where 'ASMRtists' have used the feedback mechanisms built into social media platforms to refine a repertoire of 'trigger' techniques. Exemplifying a wider trend for using 'ambient media' as mood modulators and task facilitators (Roquet, 2016 Ambient Media: Japanese Atmospheres of Self. London: University of Minnesota Press.), ASMR culture's use of the word 'trigger' is telling, gesturing towards what Halberstam ((2014) You Are Triggering Me! The Neo-Liberal Rhetoric of Harm, Danger and Trauma. Bully Bloggers. Available at: https://bullybloggers.wordpress.com/2014/07/05/you-are-triggering-me-the-neo-liberal-rhetoric-of-harm-danger-and-trauma/ (accessed 8 August 2018)) sees as a shift away from the Freudian notion of 'memory as a palimpsest' towards one of memory as 'a live wire sitting in the psyche waiting for a spark', whereby digital subjects become black-boxed nodes in a cybernetic circuit. This shift has serious implications for the humanities and is particularly resonant for scholars of life-writing. As McNeill ((2012) There is no "I" in network: Social networks sites and posthuman auto/biography. Biography 35(1): 65–82.) argues, digital technologies 'complicate[] definitions of the self and its boundaries, both dismantling and sustaining the humanist subject in practices of personal narrative' (p. 65). The resulting friction is highlighted in 'ASMR autobiographies': texts narrating the author's experiences of ASMR and their discovery of online ASMR communities. Echoing familiar auto/biographical forms, from medical case histories and coming out narratives to tales of religious conversion, these texts show that the models of subjectivity we have inherited from Enlightenment philosophy, religion, psychology and Romantic literature retain some cultural purchase. But they also suggest digital media are fostering new understandings of personhood informed by cybernetics, evolutionary psychology, behaviourism and neuroscience. Focusing on works by Andrew MacMuiris, Andrea Seigel and Jon Kersey while also addressing a range of other texts, this article asks what ASMR autobiographies can tell us about digital subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strides in Neuroscience, coupled with Futures Studies, have the potential to complement one another in exploring how the brain thinks about the future and how we might anticipate disruption. This article explores disruption through anticipatory thinking and the lenses of both Futures and Neuroscience in bringing a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding how we think about futures and how Futures and Neuroscience might join forces to create broader insights and adapt futurist toolsets leading to better foresight models and data collection methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofinance is a relatively new area of research that strives to understand financial decision making by combining insights from psychology and neuroscience with theories of finance. Using behavioral experiments, neurofinance studies how we evaluate information about financial options that are uncertain, time-constrained, risky, and strategic in nature and how financial decisions are influenced by emotions, psychological biases, stress, and individual differences (such as gender, genes, neuroanatomy, and personality). In addition, it studies how the brain processes financial information and how individual decisions arise within it. Finally, by combining these experiments with computational models, neurofinance aims to provide an alternative explanation for the apparent failure of classic finance theories. Here we provide an introduction to neurofinance and look at how it is rooted in different fields of study. We review early findings and implications and conclude with open questions in neurofinance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time is ripe for a renewed and interdisciplinary approach to organizational research that incorporates neuroscientific techniques. Like all methods, they have methodological, analytical, and interpretational limitations; however, the potential gains from using these techniques are far more considerable. We have therefore assembled a succinct yet authoritative collection of articles on the topic of neuroscience in organizational research, to serve as a solid introduction to the methods of neuroscience and what they can accomplish. The special topic is organized into two parts. The first includes a set of accessible reviews of the palette of brain imaging, mapping, and stimulation techniques (fMRI, fNIRS, EEG, MEG, and NIBS) as well as examples of the application of neuroscience methods to various disciplines including economics, marketing, finance, organizational behavior, neuroethology, as well an integrative translational critique on a variety of applications. The second is a collection of articles resulting from a competitive call for submissions that cover various neuroscience topics but also address important methodological and philosophical issues. The articles lay out a roadmap for the effective integration of neuroscientific methods into organizational research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we give an overview of the growing field of consumer neuroscience and discuss when and how it is useful to integrate neurophysiological data into research conducted in business fields. We first discuss the foundational elements of consumer neuroscience and showcase a range of studies that highlight the ways that neuroscientific research and theory can add to existing lines of research in marketing. Next, we discuss the new domains and questions that brain data allow us to address, such as an emerging ability to predict market-level behavior in a range of decision types. We conclude by providing insights about the emerging frontiers in the field that we think will have an important impact on our understanding of marketing behavior, as well as organizational behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroscience offers a unique opportunity to elucidate the role of mental phenomena, including consciousness. However the place of such phenomena in explanations of human behavior is controversial. For example, consciousness has been construed in varied and conflicting forms, making it difficult to represent it in meaningful ways without committing researchers to one species of consciousness or another, with vastly different implications for hypothesis development, methods of study, and interpretation of findings. We explore the conceptual foundations of different explications of consciousness and consider alternative ways for studying its role in research. In the end, although no approach is flawless or dominates all others in every way, we are convinced that any viable approach must take into account, if not privilege, the self in the sense of representing the subjective, first-person process of self as observer and knower of one's own actions and history, and the feelings and meanings attached to these. The most promising frameworks in this regard are likely to be some variant of nonreductive monism, or perhaps a kind of naturalistic dualism that remains yet to be developed coherently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the lack of availability and prohibitive expense of brain imaging technology have limited the application of neuroscience research in organizational settings. However, recent advances in technology have made it possible to use brain imaging in organizational settings at relatively little expense and in a practical manner to further research efforts. In this article, we weigh the advantages and disadvantages of neuroscience applications to organizational research. Further, we present three key methodological issues that need to be considered with regard to such applications: (a) level of assessment, (b) intrinsic versus reflexive brain activity, and (c) the targeting of brain region(s) or networks. We also pose specific examples of how neuroscience may be applied to various topical areas in organizational behavior research at both individual and team levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroessentialism is the view that the definitive way of explaining human psychological experience is by reference to the brain and its activity. This leads to the view that psychological disorders, such as depression, are fundamentally brain disorders. Neuroessentialism has grown increasingly popular for academic and public audiences. It has also attracted critics. This article describes neuroessentialism, the reasons for its rising prominence, and the theoretical and clinical concerns it raises. It connects these concerns to evidence from empirical studies that suggest that neuroessentialistic conceptualization of depression can have negative clinical impacts that need to be considered by mental health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral ulcer is the most common oral disease and leads to pain during meals and speaking, reducing the quality of life of patients. Recent evidence using animal models suggests that oral ulcers induce cyclooxygenase-dependent spontaneous pain and cyclooxygenase-independent mechanical allodynia. Endothelin-1 is upregulated in oral mucosal inflammation, although it has not been shown to induce pain in oral ulcers. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of endothelin-1 signaling with oral ulcer-induced pain using our proprietary assay system in conscious rats. Endothelin-1 was significantly upregulated in oral ulcers experimentally induced by topical acetic acid treatment, while endothelin-1 production was suppressed by antibacterial pretreatment. Spontaneous nociceptive behavior in oral ulcer model rats was inhibited by swab applications of BQ-788 (ETB receptor antagonist), ONO-8711 (prostanoid receptor EP1 antagonist), and HC-030031 (TRPA1 antagonist). Prostaglandin E2 production in the ulcers was suppressed by BQ-788. Mechanical allodynia in the model was inhibited not only by BQ-788 and HC-030031 but also by BQ-123 (ETA receptor antagonist), SB-366791 (TRPV1 antagonist), and RN-1734 (TRPV4 antagonist). In naive rats, submucosal injection of endothelin-1 caused mechanical allodynia that was sensitive to HC-030031 and SB-366791 but not to RN-1734. These results suggest that endothelin-1 production following oral bacterial invasion via ulcerative regions elicits TRPA1-mediated spontaneous pain. This pain likely occurs through an indirect route that involves ETB receptor-accelerated prostanoid production. Endothelin-1 elicits directly TRPA1- and TRPV1-mediated mechanical allodynia via both ETA and ETB receptors on nociceptive fibers. The TRPV4-mediated allodynia component seems to be independent of endothelin signaling. These findings highlight the potential of endothelin signaling blockers as effective analgesic approaches for oral ulcer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]