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This paper develops a conceptual framework for the management of used oil that encompasses a tax (deposit) on manufactured oil and sector-specific subsidies (refunds) on producers who purchase recycled oil as an input in production. The framework mirrors the deposit-refund systems implemented in the used oil recycling programs of Italy, Spain, Australia and in the US State of California that favor re-refining uses over re-processing routes that lead to combustion of recycled oil as fuel. Our analysis considers environmental damage to arise jointly from improper disposal of used oil and from air pollution created by combustion of used oil. We demonstrate that the optimal policy involves a tax on manufactured oil and a subsidy of equal value on used oil collection irrespective of the ultimate end-use of used oil as re-refined lubricating oil or fuel oil. We derive policy implications to evaluate recently proposed changes to the management system for used oil in California. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]