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The issue of energy self-sufficiency is currently crucial. The concept of energy selfsufficiency is closely related to the concept of energy security; yet, there are many definitions for the term energy security. The essence of all of them is for a country to secure enough energy resources to cover its needs. If a country can secure these resources on its own without depending on imports from other countries, one refers to energy self-sufficiency. Energy self-sufficiency can be achieved in a number of ways such as reducing energy demand, improving fuel efficiency, securing physical infrastructure networks, increasing storage capacity, or increasing the use of renewable energy sources. Fundamental forms of energy self-sufficiency are external self-sufficiency, internal selfsufficiency, and energy consumption; overall, energy self-sufficiency consists of four components: availability; affordability; energy and economic efficiency; and environmental stewardship. Low energy self-sufficiency has a significant economic and social impact, which is reflected in a country's balance of payments and employment, it can lead to economic crises and price instability. Lack of access to reliable and affordable energy can result in food insecurity; health problems; limited access to education, social and economic development. The linkages between energy, food self-sufficiency, and self-sufficiency of water resources are considered in terms of the so-called WEF Nexus (Water-Energy-Food Nexus) that focuses on the interconnectedness of water, energy and food systems to promote sustainable development and address global climate change. Based on the application of scientific methods in relation to the investigation of energy self-sufficiency (the "E" Matrix in the framework of the WEF Nexus) on the background of quantitative & qualitative sustainable development and CSR trends, the main aim of our paper is to assess energy self-sufficiency in the context of the WEF nexus as well as in the light of the United Nations 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to formulate opportunities arising from the European Union Recovery and Resilience Plans. When documenting quantitative & qualitative sustainable development trends in the context of the WEF Nexus, our paper addressed the United Nations 2030 Agenda (alias "SDG diplomacy") as well as the NextGenerationEU Agenda (alias "Green Deal diplomacy"). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for super-rapid charging stations powered by renewable energy sources and conducts an analysis of land suitability based on climatic parameters. Initially, data on temperature, solar radiation, and specific humidity were collected for three designated areas, followed by an examination of the variations in these values. Among the three cities, Cernavoda, Medgidia, and Ovidiu, two equal segments of approximately 30 kilometers each were established for the installation of photovoltaic panel systems on both sides of navigable canals. With each segment measuring 30 kilometers in length, a linear area of 60 kilometers was covered on both sides, resulting in approximately 767 photovoltaic panels per kilometer and an installed power of 514 kW per kilometer. The total installed power for the entire 60 kilometers is approximately 30.84 MW, necessitating the division of the network into 1028 kW segments, each with a 1250 kVA transformer with a voltage of 20/0.4 kV. Fifteen transformer substations must be installed on each side of the canal, totaling 30 substations for the entire stretch. The energy produced by this system is utilized for three electric vehicle charging stations, positioned every 15 kilometers on each side of the canal, resulting in six charging stations per segment. Excess energy is injected into the national electrical grid (SEN) via 20/110 kV substations. To achieve optimal efficiency, a 2x25 MVA substation is supplied by 15 transformer substations, one for each side of the canal. The electric vehicle charging stations are of the super-rapid type, with a capacity of 2x175 kW. Initially, these stations exclusively rely on photovoltaic panels for approximately six hours each day, but energy storage batteries can be installed to ensure continuous operation, even during the evening hours. Comparing the analysis of the two segments, it is observed that there are slight differences. In the second segment, closer to the Black Sea with higher specific humidity, there is a slightly higher annual energy production of 390 kWh compared to the first segment, despite similar solar radiation values. Notably, this analysis reveals that specific humidity as a climatic parameter does not significantly influence the efficiency of photovoltaic panels compared to the other two parameters. Through this project, the aim is to reduce pollutant emissions from vehicles on public roads while simultaneously decreasing carbon emissions by replacing conventional electricity generation plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of climate change on current life is becoming more visible daily. Our capacity to be resilient to these changes is an act of responsibility for the future. Several directions could serve this purpose. The present study aims to determine the current state of the art in unconventional energy sources. Mainly, the focus will be on biomass. Biopower sources are an element of renewable energy alternatives, along with solar, wind, tide, wave, ocean, and geothermal. The statistics underline an increasing trend of these resource contributions to the total power input. The paper aims to determine the benefits of utilizing biomass as a renewable energy alternative. The key characteristics of such an approach will be examined, emphasizing their advantages and the potential for enhancing performance. There were limitations in accessing valuable information from the field. Through it, biomass-type resources present an increased interest due to their particular property to act in a double sense, unlike the other non-traditional ones. The extent of their application will be ascertained based on the available data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the possibility of floating photovoltaic farms on the reservoirs of the Olt river in Romania. For the analysis, a database with the solar irradiance evolution for one year in the four possible locations was created, using the PVGIS-SARAH2 database. The locations were chosen according to the surface area of the reservoir, geographical position, and possibility of connection to the national energy system. After the analysis, it was observed that during the cold season, the solar irradiance is higher in locations 1 and 2, while locations 3 and 4 show higher irradiance during the warm season. Simulations of electricity production were carried out for the location of solar farms, with an installed capacity of 1 MWh, with a southern positioning of the panels having different tilt angles of: 0, 15, 30 and 45 degrees. The paper continues with a statistical analysis of the monthly and annual electricity production when installing solar farms in the analysed locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental problems in shipping belong to the most important research topics in the marine sector, where a number of technical and operational measures to improve environmental friendliness of ships can be found in the literature. Most of the fishing vessels are powered by diesel engines and alternative fuels or full electrification of the ship power system as the ultimate game changer are regularly considered in the literature as technical measures that offer both environmental and economic benefits. It is clear that emerging of alternative powering options is affected by the relevant infrastructure and their availability at the location of use. This paper investigates the availability of alternative energy sources in Croatia and their perspective to improve the environmental friendliness of fishing vessels in the Adriatic Sea. In this sense, trends in prices of diesel fuel, alternative fuels such as for instance hydrogen, LNG, biodiesel, as well as renewable energy sources for electricity production are considered. Potential benefits of their use in the fishing sector are quantified based on the energy demand of a typical purse seiner in the Adriatic Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing interest of people to be informed at every step, to progress and overcome their limits, rapid developments have occurred in the field of IoT (Internet of Things) and miniaturized electronics. Thus, wearable power sources with high reliability and long duty cycles are required to power wearable electronic devices to meet people's needs and smart miniaturized electronics requirements. In addition, to make them truly wearable, these must be light, flexible, silent, low power consumption and adaptable to the human body. Textile materials can meet these requirements, and thermoelectric generators assembled from fibers, filaments, yarns, or fabrics (T-TEG) that allow the generation of thermoelectric energy (TE) from body heat represents a research topic of great interest today. Recent studies have demonstrated that T-TEGs have the potential to provide a sustainable and renewable energy source for a wide range of applications through the use of innovative materials and advanced yet simple manufacturing technologies. The choice of material is an important step in the manufacturing process, and it is essential to consider several factors such as thermoelectric efficiency, cost, processability and scalability. Thus, this paper outlines which methods, designs and materials have been chosen in recent years by researchers for the development and optimization of wearable thermoelectric generators (wTEG). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy community, as a new mode of citizen participation in the European renewable energy market, highlights the close connection between energy decentralisation, territorial development, and the crucial role of local authorities in doing so. In the context of territorial development and keeping within the ongoing decentralisation processes, participation and sustainability is particularly important. Also, the very idea of promoting community energy, leads to the affirmation of an innovative system of energy governance, based on horizontal subsidiarity identifying these actors as the protagonists of a new local development, favouring forms of selfgovernment of particularly fragile territories and the most marginal areas. Since there is a common ground between the local authority and the energy community, this paper will also specifically highlight how local authorities are called upon to play an active role on the one hand, to pursue the public interest and the promotion of the common good. While on the other, the energy communities who have objectives and a juridical nature, makes them interests of the public authority. In fact, it can't be argued that from the perspective of the energy community being a non-profit organization, it is aimed at promoting the protection of the economic interest of its members, as well as promoting a wider environmental and social benefit, which also generally extends to the entire local community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable Energy Communities (REC) are slowly becoming an important driver for promoting the energy transition in Europe. This paper addresses in particular the Italian current regulation on ECs, and analyses how they can implement the application of constitutional principles to the energy sector. In order to answer this question, at present, when we look into the different studies that have addressed the issue, it is pertinent to consider the fact that they have focused on constitutional values of landscape, environment, and health protection. The study examines the model of the energy community as a tool that on one hand, by pushing the local community towards participatory forms of democracy; horizontal, and inter and intra-generational solidarity and on the other hand, helps the local authorities to develop integrated urban planning actions in order to improve the quality of life of citizens. Therefore, it demonstrates how energy communities, especially renewable ones, are an important instrument of "constitutional humanism". They are not only environmental or climatic, but also specifically aimed at the development of the centrality of the Person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world adopts the technological era, the adverse effects of climate change have been experienced by the increasing population, which has led to a rise in energy demand. Heavy industries depend on dirty fossil fuels that release GHG emissions into the atmosphere. This paper aims to review the integration of a nuclear-renewable hybrid energy system (NRHES) to produce green hydrogen in decarbonizing hard-to-abate industries in the ASEAN region. In this study, the two main hydrogen production methods were identified, including thermochemical and electrolytic processes. The available renewable energy sources in ASEAN countries, such as solar, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, and wind, were also determined to evaluate the possible routes for coupling with nuclear power. Thus, considering the zero-emissions and baseload electricity from nuclear energy, integrating this with renewables in the region can accommodate their intermittent characteristics and supply the minimum electricity demand. This article suggests that as the region is rich in agriculture, nuclear-biomass is the most viable combination of energy sources to overcome different global issues. Furthermore, the prospects of hydrogen and its potential for industrial applications--mainly in transportation, manufacturing, chemical plants, and refineries--were presented in this analysis. This review determined the economic, technical, and societal impacts and policy frameworks of implementing NRHES for green hydrogen production to examine the possible challenges faced by Southeast Asia. Therefore, these challenges and gaps enable further exploration of the integration of NRHES to produce hydrogen as an alternative energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ever-growing importance of resource conservation and sustainable lifestyle, people are searching for new, alternative solutions that will enable a more sustainable use of resources. Because energy production is one of the most pollution-intensive industries, a major factor is renewable energy, which reduces the amount of industry pollution and facilitates sustainable use of resources. One of the sustainable energy resources are Salix and the wood chips produced from them, which are used in energy production at cogeneration plants. The quick-growing nature of Salix make Salix wood chips a valid alternative for fossil energy resources. The objective of this paper is to research the economic opportunities for planting and developing Salix fields in Latvia. The paper analyses the theoretical aspects of renewable energy industry, and the growing and utilization of Salix. The research part focuses on analysing Salix fields in Latvia, calculating the economic gross margin per one hectare of Salix fields with a 25-year life cycle and a 3-year harvesting period on the basis of the gross margin models, developing a MET matrix to discover the environmental impact of Salix growing, as well as surveying Salix growers regarding the cultivation, utilisation and future potential of Salix. The research concludes that Salix growing is an economically viable process. Planting material costs account for the majority of the initial expenses, but this investment is fully returned by the third harvest. The greatest impact on the environment and climate is caused by land cultivation, with toxic materials as the main contributor. According to Salix growers, this is an economically viable field if making use of non-agricultural land and cultivating large areas to reduce machinery costs. The future potential of Salix growing is substantiated by the cogeneration stations in Latvia which are in need of fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy is discussed, monitored and regulated by organizations all over the world in the current context of transition to green economies. Moreover, the focus of the debates in the scientific world is targeted towards emissions reduction which has become one of the most significant impact assessment tool of the renewable energy use. By the extensive review of the publications regarding energy access and the monitoring of sustainable development around the world, it can be concluded that the data regarding the access to energy of the majority of countries (including developed ones) is superficial and the reports use inaccurate generalizations regarding what the European Union refers to as the right of its citizens to have their homes connected to the local electricity network. The results of researches conducted on the subject generally indicate that first poverty must be combated and education programs must be implemented before accessing renewable energy. This paper discusses the significant social issue which is disregarded in the current reports about the monitoring of energy at national levels, namely the access to energy, and proposes a shift in perspective from the purpose of on-grid connections of the households to accessing renewable energy resources which could represent the solution of this social issue worldwide. In order to sustain this proposal, data provided by the World Bank in the latest energy report is processed using Microsoft Power BI. Only by considering important dimensions other than the environmental or economical ones, which would seriously benefit from the use of renewable energy, a fair assessment can be made regarding the impact of transitioning to a green economy. Therefore, the discussion about the social dimension must start with emphasis on the assumptions which are made when assessing the status quo, which is one of the main discussion in this paper. By correctly identifying the social issues, the appropriate solutions can be then implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution deals with the energy performance of variants of the building with the glazed cladding. Nowadays, glass facades on commercial buildings are a big fashion hit. Correct adjustment of the glazed surfaces helps us to warm the interior in the cold months, but in the summer months, the interior space becomes overheated. These buildings then look truly original, modern and architecturally interesting. The paper offers possibilities of the structural design of facade shielding and compares the results of energy performance evaluation of the building without shielding, with shielding, with solar collectors and photovoltaic panels. Solar energy is used almost everywhere in the world. The exceptions are the polar region. Solar energy can be converted into heat or electricity. The comparison and evaluation of four variants of the solution from the energy point of view is presented within the paper. It concludes that in a given simulated situation, the best option is a building with solar collectors. It emphasizes, however, that the conclusions cannot be applied across the board. The big advantage compared to the given models is the much lower emission value when using solar collectors compared to other models. This value is up to 70% lower. This is very important environmental and sustainable factor. The issue of sustainable development is receiving increasing attention, and for this reason, the use of fossil fuels should be gradually phased out and replaced by renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the studies of an improvement of techniques for energy saving management on the principle of sustainable development. The authors proposed a hypothesis for the sociocultural, environmental and economic aspects of the sustainable development principles and their correlation with the management of energy-saving procedures in civil construction. Qualitative and quantitative efficiency from improving techniques of energy-saving managing are highlighted. The baselines of the energy consumption are identified and ranked upon the aims and purposes of the building functioning. A complex of improving managing techniques based on organizational principles, technical measures, and motivational effects is proposed. A general list of passive and active procedures contributing to energy-saving efficiency and resource consumption reducing is systematized on the detailing of goals, effects and applied technologies. Additional procedures that provide energy saving through the use of waste, secondary, renewable energy resources are focused. Managing techniques for energy saving highlighted in groups dealt with the building’s functioning regime, operation and maintenance of the building’s systems, energy consumption schedules, responsibilities assigning, energy and resource saving promotion, energy audits, and energy monitoring. The paper concludes the energy-saving management is to be improved on the basis of the principle of sustainable development considering the energetic, economic, ergonomic, social, environmental and financial effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for secure and reliable applications will increase due to the growing necessity for sustainably and independently produced energy. For example, the amount of energy generated by individuals at their homes will probably grow fast in the near future so requiring for easy-to-use and precise solutions. To transform and facilitate the processes related to energy sector it is possible to use blockchain technology. The aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyse different areas of blockchain application in the renewable energy sector. Using content, SWOT and PESTLE analysis, the results show that the main strengths and opportunities are confidentiality, immutability of recordings and potential involvement of each individual, while weaknesses and threats - scalability, compatibility and legal framework. Latvia is already using more (42.1%) renewable energy than in the European Union on average (22.1%) but in order to meet the binding targets for the Member States by 2030, the blockchain technology could promote development in this sector. The results of the study improves the scientific opinion on blockchain technology in sustainable energy field by identifying potential implementation benefits and challenges; thus, gathering the knowledge for easier moving towards real-life implementations and also highlighting the areas with the need for specific further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy crisis triggered globally in the last quarter of 2021, forced Romania to go through a winter with liberalized electricity and gas prices, a period unprecedented in terms of consumer prices, accentuated by the result of closing energy targets that coalfired operations as a result of the imposition of EU conditions for the restructuring of the mining and energy sector. The year before, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, with restrictions imposed, produced a decrease in electricity demand, a decline in coal-fired power consumption, greatly reduced the share of gas in the energy mix, using preferential renewable energy sources. Subsequently, Russian gas prices have risen to record highs and, as a result, coal-fired power generation has returned to the European Union in 2021, although coal became more expensive and emission allowance prices doubled. In the context of the armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine, major price increases are expected worldwide, generating new risks of exposing the economy and new challenges in terms of ensuring Romania's independence and energy security. Against this background of these situations, can Romania still respect the European commitments of the Green Pact, meet these challenges and respond to the needs of the communities affected by the projected programs? The present paper aims at a critical assessment of the current situation of the Romanian coal mining and future trends of using a "clean coal" as a variant to respond to the requirements of the environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis methodology, based on artificial neural networks, for the influences of environment characteristics on generated wind power in Republic of Moldavia. The necessity to reduce the pollution, on one hand and the increasing energy consumption on other hand, leads to an extensive use of so called "renewable energy sources" between these the most targeted being wave and wind energy. For the countries without exits to seas or oceans - like Republic of Moldova is - the wind energy remain the only one source to exploit. In order to obtain an optimal transformation of wind power into electricity, influences of several factors must be analyzed, like: wind speed and terrain roughness over the areas of wind turbine mounting and the turbine height. Based on several years of meteorological recordings, needed data are available. Due to the rapid changes in the weather conditions and terrain aspect the estimation of wind power based on regular mathematical equations is difficult to obtain. The artificial neural networks, through the capacity to find relationships between presented input-output data, are useful tools for analyzing and optimizing the values involved into wind power transformation. In the present paper, the recorded values of wind speed, terrain roughness and turbine height were used for an artificial neural network model building with the goal to find which the most influencing factor is and to optimize the turbine height for a specified placement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity vision about steadily increasing its quality of life has had as a consequence the maintained search for available odds in order to design various energy supply systems based on different energy resources. The innovative thinking way of human beings has always been also driving the field of shaping more efficient energy supply systems with less unwanted environmental impacts. Conventional energy supply systems, especially based on fossil fuels, have been since long applied, their impacts being especially perceivable on environment, but also on society. In the meanwhile has become clear that the usage of fossil fuels for operating energy supply systems is not representing a long term solution. Renewable energy resources, as water, wind and solar energy, have to be more used in the future by taking into consideration their sustainable usage odds, a holistic analysis and assessment being needed to be carried out by applying methods and instruments of Technology Assessment. In this paper proposal a case study for a Romanian region in the Southern part of the country, so-called Oltenia region, will be presented, being known as the lignite mining site of the country. After debating and emphasizing the relevance of technical aspects besides environmental related criteria with regard of energy supply systems, in this case study, the operating efficacy of power plants, and the environmental impact of lignite based energy supply systems by calculating corresponding environmental footprints, future usage odds of renewable energy resources in considered region will be emphasized, assuring by this the basics for shaping sustainable energy supply systems on regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the possible ways of transition to the eco-friendly energy is widening the use of the solar cells. It requires the enhancement of their efficiency and the reduction of the cost of manufacture. One of the most common tools for producing silicon films for the solar cells is the Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD). The present paper describes a new Particle-In-Cell code for simulation of the PECVD reactor. The goal of the research is the optimization of real PECVD reactor by means of the simulation performed with the code under study. We simulate the radio frequency (RF) discharge in the mixture of silane and hydrogen. The validity of the research method being used, namely the Particle-In-Cell method with Monte Carlo collisions is confirmed by the long employment of these methods to the subject area. Another confirmation of the validity of simulation methods is comparing with analytical solution of Vlasov equation when they are available. The results of the research are the following: we were able to simulate the ion current at the grounded electrode depending on the applied electric power. Considering novelty of the research: the new feature is a portable Python code for PECVD simulation. While the numerical method being used is quite traditional and well-known, its implementation with Python numerical libraries and GPU-oriented libraries is new as well as the high portability of the resulting code. The code is executed with no changes on GPUs, CPUs like Intel Xeon and IBM Power and computational accelerators like Intel Xeon Phi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permanent and irreversible effects of changes in the face of the Earth that modern architecture should respond to, are discernible. What distinguishes the ideology of sustainable architecture is highlighting the meaning of the relationship between man and the environment. Due to their activity, people have not only a visible impact on the nature of the landscape, but also on climate change, disturbances in the functioning of flora and fauna, and even deterioration of the health of the population. Ecological, economic and social aspects are now equivalent in importance to the functionality and aesthetics of objects. The aim of the research work is to present the problem of sustainable architecture and outline the possibilities of using sustainable design as a method of work aimed at protecting natural resources through the use of renewable energy sources and improving the comfort of life, understood as a human well-being and the quality of use of the building. The overriding aim of the present paper is to draw attention to the conditions concerning the specific location of the building, both environmental and cultural referring to regional and social traditions. Particular attention was paid to the subject of pro-ecological innovation of the project in which the author of this paper sees the future of architecture. It concerns the use of raw materials and materials in a new and environmentally neutral manner as well as the application of regional priorities. The principles of balanced architecture methodology have been described and implemented on the example of the design process of a model object: an educational building in the Marszewo Forest Botanical Garden in Gdynia, Poland, which has the author of this paper as one of its creators. The paper poses a question of how we should nowadays discuss the role of architecture in human life with reference to creating a friendly environment, respecting nature and its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important stages of the rehabilitation process, in the case of historical buildings, is to find the best solutions that can ensure, in the most efficient and nonaggressive way, the thermal comfort inside the building. In the study of this case, the authors identified several essential aspects in determining the best practices for assuring the heat consumption in buildings declared as historical monuments dating back to the 18th century. Among these we can mention: the destination of the building (tourist purpose), the dimensions and areas with the most significant heat loss, its location in a geographic area rich in geothermal water sources, as well as the thermal level of the thermal springs. It is obvious that taking into account the location of the analyzed building, the most convenient solution to occur is the use of heat from the thermal waters that feed the baths from the tourist premises. This method, taken by itself, in the climatic conditions in Romania, fails to cope with the peak demand for thermal energy during cold winter periods. For this reason, we must also call on additional sources such as electric radiant panels, hot water pipe panels (heated water or coming from renewable sources - source temperature is approximately 55 °C) or heat pumps. From calculations resulted that in the cold periods, of the maximum thermal load required, with the best solution for using the heat from the geothermal source, can cover about 35 %. The remaining 65 % requiring the installation of additional heating systems. It has also been studied the possibility of introducing a micro-cogeneration source, to ensure not only optimal thermal parameters but also a high degree of energy autonomy. In this sense, it will be interesting to analyze, in a future paper, solutions not only from a technical point of view but also from an economic point of view. One of the most important stages of the rehabilitation process, in the case of historical buildings, is to find the best solutions that can ensure, in the most efficient and nonaggressive way, the thermal comfort inside the building. In the study of this case, the authors identified several essential aspects in determining the best practices for assuring the heat consumption in buildings declared as historical monuments dating back to the 18th century. Among these we can mention: the destination of the building (tourist purpose), the dimensions and areas with the most significant heat loss, its location in a geographic area rich in geothermal water sources, as well as the thermal level of the thermal springs. It is obvious that taking into account the location of the analyzed building, the most convenient solution to occur is the use of heat from the thermal waters that feed the baths from the tourist premises. This method, taken by itself, in the climatic conditions in Romania, fails to cope with the peak demand for thermal energy during cold winter periods. For this reason, we must also call on additional sources such as electric radiant panels, hot water pipe panels (heated water or coming from renewable sources - source temperature is approximately 55 °C) or heat pumps. From calculations resulted that in the cold periods, of the maximum thermal load required, with the best solution for using the heat from the geothermal source, can cover about 35 %. The remaining 65 % requiring the installation of additional heating systems. It has also been studied the possibility of introducing a micro-cogeneration source, to ensure not only optimal thermal parameters but also a high degree of energy autonomy. In this sense, it will be interesting to analyze, in a future paper, solutions not only from a technical point of view but also from an economic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, in order to satisfy consumer's profits and the requirements of the environment, manufacturers strive for more ecological, modern and innovative solutions in the area of heat distribution. The paper presents the results of the examinations of the importance of information systems in the process of distribution of heat for final recipients. The main research problem of the paper was to determine the answer to the question of whether IT systems used in the process of heat energy distribution are important for the final customer. The related literature was used to prepare theoretical basis for author's own research. Next, the questionnaire survey was performed and a research tool was prepared (an online questionnaire). The on-line survey was completed by 232 people from Poland, among whom only 22 failed to fill in the questionnaire. The paper is composed of two parts. This part of the paper presents briefly the theoretical basis of the problem of distribution and used IT solutions. The results of the study were also presented: opinions of the respondents concerning the validity of the use of IT solutions in heat energy distribution. The first part of the paper contains a brief presentation of theoretical fundamentals of the concept of distribution and a reference of smart district heating networks to advances in distribution in the heating sector. The results obtained during the study in the heat energy sector were also presented in numbers compared to consumer awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, in order to satisfy consumer's profits and the requirements of the environment, manufacturers strive for more ecological, modern and innovative solutions in the area of heat distribution. The paper presents the results of the examinations of the importance of information systems in the process of distribution of heat for final recipients. The main research problem of the paper was to determine the answer to the question of whether IT systems used in the process of heat energy distribution are important for the final customer. The related literature was used to prepare theoretical basis for author's own research. Next, the questionnaire survey was performed and a research tool was prepared (an online questionnaire). The on-line survey was completed by 232 people from Poland, among whom only 22 failed to fill in the questionnaire. The paper is composed of two parts. The first part of the paper contains a brief presentation of the theoretical fundamentals of the concept of distribution and a reference of smart district heating networks to advances in distribution in the heating sector. The results obtained during the study in the heat energy sector were also presented in numbers compared to consumer awareness. The second part of the paper presents briefly the theoretical basis of the problem of distribution and used IT solutions. The results of the study were also presented: opinions of the respondents concerning the validity of the use of IT solutions in heat energy distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries around the world are concerned with securing enough fuel and energy for their national economy. At present it is important supply of buildings with energy and their efficient consumption. The economical use of energy and fuel in the nonproductive sphere consists of rationalizing energy consumption in the building and energy supply to the buildings. The most energy consumed is recording heating of buildings the reason is to cover thermal losses. The European Union is focusing on supporting the modernization and renovation of apartment buildings. The aim of this paper was to analyze the socio-economic factors and their impact on the renovation of apartment buildings. Our aim was to assess by research the current position on building insulation. Based on the distribution analysis, we identified the social factors that affect the final decision of the target segment - customers. In this paper we analyzed socialeconomic factors by statistical method - multidimensional regression analysis. The results of analyzes highlighted the key socio-economic factors affecting the renovation process of apartment buildings in Eastern European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the increased focus on the Arctic zone is influenced by a number of reasons: The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (the Russian Arctic) has the potential to become a new oil and gas region for our country; the military and strategic importance of the Arctic; the future outlook for the Northern Sea Route. The development of the Russian Arctic aims to enhance the social and economic growth of the region in line with the priorities set forth by the state policy and based on the range of socio-economic issues. The bottleneck that limits further improvement of local settlements as well as construction of new industrial and infrastructure facilities is power, a vital component in the industrial infrastructure. Power supply is key to any infrastructure and greatly affects the quality of life and the possibility of developing a region. In general, the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation can offer significant energy resources, but individual areas are facing power shortage. The paper describes limitations and possibilities of implementing RES in the Russian Arctic; it substantiates the need to use RES in the environment of decentralized power supply; the paper also provides characteristics of the regions and potential RES consumers; it also considers prerequisites for putting RES into operation and analyzes the resources of wind and solar energy in the Arctic region. Acknowledgement. The research was funded by the Russian Scientific Foundation, Project No. 17-78-20145, Social and Economic Levers for Mobilizing Human Resources to the Arctic Region of the Russian Federation. Saint-Petersburg Mining University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the comparative analysis of results of the research concerning energy consumption of separation process and influence of operational parameters is presented. Results are acquired basing on experimental and computational research. Scope of the analysis is stated within cascade system with lack of gas recirculation and membrane system with gas recirculation. Investigation is performed using UBE NM-BO2 A capillary polymer membrane. In the paper, operational characteristics of compared systems, obtained both on the basis of experiment and computational investigation, are presented. Results were obtained basing on varying feed pressure of the membrane module, as well as varying feed flows. Furthermore, comparison of the two systems concerning influence of their selected operational parameters and possibility of application in oxy-combustion systems is performed. Rationality of discussed systems application to industrial and power oxycombustion systems is emphasized. Investigated systems are characterized by number of advantages and certain limitations caused by mechanical properties. The paper states a part of research on possibility of use of discussed membrane technology in industrial systems and power oxy-combustion units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of the paper analyses the role of renewable resources in the production of electric and thermal energy in Romania. It was taken in consideration also the wood mass destined to heating the population, as a large number of households still use this fuel exclusively. Starting from the plough land and its associated production, there is the availability of agricultural biomass possible to use for energy production. The paper is concluded with the final considerations on the benefits of using biomass for energy production. As far as straw is concerned, a feasible long-distance transport option has not yet been found, so their use is limited to the range in which the trucks can be economically conveyed. The same is true for the case of energy willow or sorghum crops. For sorghum its fermentation is advantageous. For the biomass cultivator the following opportunities can be identified: Reduced storage costs; Reducing the environmental pollution and, implicitly, avoiding the sanitation costs of the adjacent area; Income generation through sales; Development of deprived areas and rational employment of the workforce. For the biomass consumer the following advantages can be mentioned: Reducing Renewable Fuel Costs vs. Conventional Fuels (Fuel, Natural Gas, Coal); as a rule, in Romania, agricultural biomass was imposed for the production of thermal energy; Reducing environmental costs. This is possible if it is considered that by using biomass as a fuel, CO2 emissions are considered to be zero compared to the use of conventional fuels under the Kyoto Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a solution for the replacement of conventional fuels with biofuels in order to protect the environment. The proposed biofuel is formed of diesel and a certain amount of animal fats. Biodiesel is similar to diesel fuel but with small differences. The animal fat is the result of the skin processes in the leather industry. In this industry it represents a waste and it is not used. We can consider that the animal fats are a renewable biofuel source. The proposed fuel has the properties of a renewable diesel. The method proposed in this article represents a recovery of this type of waste in the leather industry. The injection mode of this mixture, the flame length and the flame ignition temperature influence the proposed method. The burning of the mixture was done in a boiler Multiplex CL50. The injection of the mixture was performed with the ANYO- 12 burner. This paper presents the results obtained from numerical simulation using the software ANSYS-CFX for viewing the mixture characteristics. The simulations performed were realized for different diameters of the nozzle. The results showed that we can use the waste from animal fat for the burning process and to help to protect the environment by recovering this type of waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the energy sources alternative to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources such as solar garner the public's attention, as they are available and have fewer adverse effects on the environment than do fossil fuels. Solar heating systems are a type of renewable energy technology that has been increasingly used in the past decade across Europe to provide heating, air-conditioning, and domestic hot water (DHW) for buildings. This paper provides a briefly review of the available heating technologies assisted by solar energy and their recent advances. Thus, the paper describes the main types of solar space and water heating systems, concentrating on classifications, system components, and operation principles. It is also focused on active and combisystems. Additionally, some installation, operation, maintenance and control instructions for solar heating systems are analysed and examples of DHW systems and combisystems application are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, bio-economics and alternative energy sources have become increasingly important in the economic environment of the European Union. The reasons for this development are not only environmental, but also economic benefits. The Union is seeking to increase investment in alternative energy sources, thereby promoting sustainable development, new jobs and the circular economy. Alternative energy sources, also known as renewable energy are inexhaustible sources of energy that do not pollute the environment. The main reason for increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) is to achieve the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy, which the EU has set five ambitious objectives on employment, innovation, education, social inclusion and climate and energy that should be met by 2020. All member states have their own national targets in each of these areas. Also, the Slovak Republic has the obligation to increase the use of RES in proportion to the gross final energy consumption from 12% in 2016 to 14% in 2020. One way to achieve a higher share of RES is their application in the new construction buildings. A very important part of the construction design is the efficient design of the construction site, which affects the performance of employees at the construction time and the final quality and cost of construction. The paper presents an example of a suitable combination of two types of RES as wind energy and solar energy. Their interaction produces a synergistic effect. In this paper, we are focusing more on the design of secondary electricity consumption. Analysis of local climatic climate data and their mathematical treatment for the proposal was based on own measurement (own weather station) and cooperation with the local weather station (SHMU). The results can be used for more efficient design of RES on selected objects of construction site equipment, which will contribute to higher efficiency at the stage of preparation and construction of buildings, and last but not least, to obtain a higher rating in the green certificate of world companies such as LEEDS and BREAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special resources of renewable energy identified in Romania have generated far more extensive concerns and research on their capture, storage and use. The first part of this paper presents a couple of renewable energy sources, technologies for their capture and conversion, and also several new storage methods and technologies applied worldwide, in order to know the issue, scale and complexity of the field, advantages and difficulties encountered in harnessing these resources. By this we aim to identify the new evolutions, directions and trends emerging in recent years in the field of renewable energies so that to direct our own research towards the global trend. The second part of the paper presents several already achieved results consisting, in addition to documentation studies, in filing a patent application submitted to the Romanian patent authority (OSIM), and also in developing an experimental energy conversion and storage station project, which is to be physically developed and tested in the next step. The ultimate goal is to increase the capitalization of renewable sources, with increasing energy efficiency in converting, storing and using, by optimizing the structures and promoting new solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable-energy sources are considered to be the energy that is collected from sources that may be regenerated in a lifetime. The renewable-energy sources branch out in five types: wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy and bio energy. However, in this paper, we are analyzing the water, solar and wind, since those three are the most exploited in Romania. Wind power refers to produce electric power, by mechanical powered generators when air flows through wind turbines. Alternatively, to fossil fuels, wind power is clean, without carbon dioxide emissions in operation, doesn't consume water and it's unlimited. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy that produces electricity from fast running water or falling water. A hydro station does not consume the water that it uses to generate electricity and the cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low. Solar energy is a meaningful source of renewable energy and it uses the radiant light and heat from the Sun to convert it into solar power. This is an inexhaustible and clean source of renewable-energy. The large weight of renewable sources of energy makes them highly captivating considering the sources are never ending and clean. Along with the previous idea, using renewable-energy sources to generate electricity brings huge long-term benefits, such as enhancing sustainability, lowering the expenses of fossil fuels, reducing air pollution and slowing down the global warming. In this paper we make a review of fossil fuel in contrast with renewables in Romania, over the last ten years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on the energy demand and the possibilities of covering the energy needs with renewable energy within the territory of Republic of Moldova. The evaluation of the alternative energy resources is extremely important as the Republic of Moldova mainly depends on Ukraine for imported energy. Developing new sources of energy will partially ensure the stability of the economy. The renewable energy will allow the balancing of the payments and will also strengthen, at least to a certain extent, the country's energy security. In the context of Republic of Moldova's intention to adhere to the EU, the paper describes the current legislation directives and the tendency to comply with the EU legislation in what concerns the renewable energy domain, including the wind and the solar energy potential. For this paper we have analysed the data registered by NASA in ChiŠinău area as follows: for the wind energy we have investigated the average monthly wind speed values for a period of 10 years and for the solar energy the average monthly direct normal radiation on ChiŠinău area for 22 years. At the moment, the most used renewable energy resource in Moldova is the biomass. However, the research has indicated that there is a high potential of solar and wind resources yet to be exploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The low head hydropower development "Capra VI and VII" consists of two small hydropower (SHP) stations accomplished in sequence on the homonym stream in Argeș County, center Romania, each of them less than 1MW. The SHPs, study case for this paper, follow the European directives regarding the water, the environment and the green energy. Their accomplishment was based on the existing delimitation of the minor river bed for which it was noticed that the ichthyofaunal environmental conditions are not entirely achieved in time and space. It is known that the flow decrease is significantly produced during the period of medium levels (about 70-50% over one year) while the water volume yearly transited by the affected river sector is about 50% of the medium multiannual reserve. An immediate measure for improving the situation could be the increase of downstream flow from Q95% to values corresponding to larger time steps, but this would affect the SHPs efficiency. Consequently, a structural measure needs to be considered in order to increase the water depth and to diminish the water speed and so to fulfill the propitious life conditions especially for the endangered species (Bullhead - Cottus gobio) – steps endowed with fish ladders or boulder steps of no more than 20cm head. The solution would ask for an increased initial investment cost but would require low yearly maintenance expenses. The energy loss is avoided while the optimum fish mobility conditions are reached, an important advantage regarding the trophic pyramid. The solution bears the inconvenience of the lack in specific implementing legislation in Romania because there was not yet performed the clear delimitation between environmental constructions and those of other specific type, e.g. energy use. We hope that in the near future, based on scientific papers and debate, a proper awareness of the decision makers would be achieved for this aspect concerning the SHPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, political framework reaffirmed sustainable development as a central element of the international agenda and give a new impetus to the practical application of the global measures to combat the negative effects of human actions and for the environmental protection. Since mid 2010, petrol consumption in the transport sector has increased at a higher rate than in other sectors. The transport sector generates 35% of the total CO2 emissions. In this context, strategies have been adopted to use clean energy, with electromobility being the main directive. In this respect, the present work proposes a simultaneous approach to the two concepts with a particular role in the sustainable development of transport infrastructure, namely electric vehicles charging station and alternative energies. This paper examines the possibility of charging electric vehicles batteries with clean energy using wind resources. An isolated system was designed, dimensioned and simulated in operation for an electric vehicles charging station with wind turbine and as a solution for energy storage, two hypotheses are proposed: batteries and hydrogen technology. The energy system analysed in the case study is able to support with 100% green energy the demand of the electric vehicles charging station. The results were related to the energy, environmental and economic performance achieved. These indicators provide arguments in favor of the system that uses hydrogen technology because although the costs of this system type are extremely high, they provide the highest energy efficiency both in meeting the energy demands for the electric vehicles charging station studied, as well as in capitalizing on the potential of the primary wind energies available in the situation of the studied location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the pressing issue of energy saving in the production activities of forest companies. We see the solution to this problem in involving renewable energy sources to production. However, in most cases, the drying and thermochemical processing technologies used at enterprises are not able to meet modern requirements for energy consumption, environmental friendliness, and efficiency. To supply heat and electric energy to vegetable biofeedstock drying equipment, a selfcontained complex energy-saving plant was developed, consisting of a condenser kiln that works on wood and vegetable waste. A special feature of this installation is the use of a compression heat pump, which reduces heat energy consumption, as well as the pulse condensation drying mode, which is carried out without the use of water vapor. The crushed wood and vegetable waste is fed to the reactor for gasification, followed by generator gas production. The resulting gas, after cooling and additional purification, is burned in an internal combustion engine, which drives a heat pump compressor and an electric generator to provide electricity for the electric fan. Note that the heat pump and the fan operate alternately in the pulse mode. During the signal, the fan and heater with heat pipes work, and during the interruption, only the heat pump works, thus ensuring natural circulation and intensive moisture removal without the use of water vapor. The drying chamber power can be controlled using various types of fuel. In particular, research has shown that heat treatment of crushed waste in combination with granulation increases their energy efficiency. It was found that an increase in the wood fuel torrefaction temperature results in an increase of the generator gas energy intensity, which in turn increases the power of the internal combustion engine and accelerates drying. Based on the resulting data, we found that the use of torrefied crushed raw materials as an alternative energy source can increase the productivity of the entire selfcontained drying plant. It should also be noted that the use of the plant in remote areas is significant for vegetable raw materials that require immediate drying with specified parameters to preserve valuable components, and at the same time allows for highly efficient energy-saving drying of biofeedstock by generating internal electrical and thermal energy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in the price for non-renewable energy resources has led to the finding of cheap alternative fuel solutions that can meet the growing demand for energy. The objective for the researchers is to use renewable energy as an alternative energy source to produce green energy. Over time, researchers have developed several types of shapes for the wind turbine: small, which have a generation capacity of 50-60 KW of power; On average, they have a capacity between 50-1500 KW and large, capable with a capacity of 2-3 MW power [8]. The location of the wind turbines must take into account the wind power in the region, the price of the land and the visual impact on the neighboring structures. In this paper we propose a more developed propeller profile in terms of determining the correct angle of the wind attack correlated with the curvature of the turbine propeller. Another purpose is to find a new design of the rotor blades to increase the rotational speed of the wind turbine rotor, when the wind force is very low. Wind energy is an inexhaustible source using for the production of energy as the source of wind, which reduces the impact of environmental pollution, so it can be regarded as a form of ecological energy. The wind is the result of the movement of air flows in combination with the alternation of seasons on land areas. While at large the space for wind power extraction remains rather limited, at large there are large areas that can be considered for future wind power extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges related to the management of current world energy resources strongly emphasize the necessity to progressively increase renewable energy sources (RES) share in meeting electricity demand. To design efficient and sustainable energy systems, it is mandatory to consider both electrical energy generation characteristics and environment preservation targets. The main objective of intensifying RES deployment nowadays is to concurrently mitigate fossil fuels depletion and environment degradation. However, to account for RES stochastic nature, it is necessary to use an additional element to perform the power balancing function and mitigate inherent power variations. Electricity storage systems represent a solution, accomplishing multiple functions, such as frequency and voltage regulation for small/large scale applications. Nevertheless, economic factors and very oriented technic features narrow their widespread. A much more adaptable solution to this matter is an alternative voltage source, which could respond better and to a wider range of solicitations, therefore enhancing RES-based systems operation. Furthermore, the interaction with the grid is improved. Diesel generators fall in this category; environmental issues arising from their exploitation could be mitigated by employing biomass-based fuels. This paper addresses the design and numerical modeling principles for a hybrid system comprising a micro-wind turbine, a diesel generator and a three-phase load. The system can operate both connected to the power network and in off-grid mode. The aim of the presented work is to develop a model that enables the analysis of the hybrid system’s behavior in different load conditions and random wind speed input, taking into account a customized efficiency curve. The focus on the efficiency curve is crucial because micro-turbines are particularly sensitive to the variation of wind speed and blade profile. The model is developed in Matlab environment, using Simscape/SimPowerSystems blocks. The advantages of such systems are highlighted and further integration benefits are clearly presented based on simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The buildings sector currently consumes between 30% and 40% of the total energy produced in the developed countries while contributing over 35% of the total carbon emissions, most of them being built without taking into account passive strategies as well as the integration of renewable energy resources RRE. Given that the technology of solar energy is constantly increasing, adapting continuously to existing solutions is necessary. In this paper we approach the implementation of solar technologies, taking into account the most complex case, respectively, the implementation of a thermal photovoltaic hybrid system (BIPV-T), which has a multiple structural and aesthetic role in generating electricity and thermal energy, but also improving the energy performance, in terms regarding the relationship between the technical system and the building. Through this type of approach the same building has different energy attributes when the amount of thermal energy / electricity is higher or lower than the required energy requirement. In order to implement the system (BIPV-T), a series of technical information is presented, regarding the interaction of thermal collectors and PV based mainly on simultaneously satisfying the energy requirement on the one hand, and on the other hand solving the limitations of the necessary parameters that characterize the hybrid system. In this sense, an alternative is presented, with new solutions and concepts by implementing solar energy in the buildings of the future and sustainable modular homes, aimed at presenting the performance and reducing the limitations of a complex hybrid system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years we see a growing interest in renewable and green energy sources. Particularly noteworthy are photovoltaic system PV which can provide us with energy from solar radiation. The most important factor for such an installations is solar insolation. Concentrator technology allows to focus solar light on the surface area of the solar panels which allow us to increase the electricity production. There are many solutions which grant us the possibility to increase the performance of PV installation, for example: tracking mechanism, new materials and hybrid systems. In dye concentrator technology we curve the light and focus it on the surface area of PV system, the position between the concentrator and the solar light can be change by sun-tracking mechanism. By using this type of technology we can decrease the number of silicon parts in the whole installation and by doing this we can reduce the waste streams from the process of the production of silicon cells. Using dye concentrator we can increase the performance of the installation pre square mater of silicon system. The results presented in the paper indicate an increase in the base efficiency of the cells from 15% up to about 20-43% (depends on the proportion between dye concentrator and silicon cells). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terms of the economic, historical and structural transformations, the Romanian energy sector has contributed and essentially contributed to the country's development and development process through its profound influence on the quality of life, the competitiveness of the economy, the environment and the climate. To support the expectations of energy consumers, the Romanian energy sector must become more economically efficient, technologically advanced and less polluting for human health and the environment. Romania, as a signatory country to a series of international agreements with universal and regional vocation, and a partner state in a number of international programs and projects, has been actively involved in solving problems and dysfunctionalities in the energy sector. Therefore, in the framework of the European project DARLINGe, financed by the INTERREG Danube Transnational Program, made by a consortium of 14 partners from 6 countries and 7 associated strategic partners, including Romania, through the Geological Institute of Romania, each partner country of the project, has worked as a project developer on the country's energy strategy, from which it emerged that each partner country has a strategic energy legislative framework, but not entirely adequate to the confrontations and the existing challenges it faces population and the environment. The paper presents an enumeration of the main tools for achieving the objectives regarding the sustainable development of energy sources, by stimulating the renewable sources in Romania in the context of the European project DARLINGe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass combustion represents a renewable energy source and helps to reduce carbon emission. As the amount of solid residuals from biomass combustion will increase in a near future, the newly designed lime-based plaster modified with pozzolana active biomass ash was studied in this paper. Reference lime plaster and plaster with 15% binder replacement by mass with wood chips ash (WCHA) were the subject of an extensive experimental campaign. As there was a reduction in mechanical parameters for plaster with incorporated biomass ash, a new plaster mix with reduced amount of batch water was designed and tested. To obtain detailed information on applied biomass ash, its chemical composition was measured by X-Ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mapping was performed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyser. For the examined plasters, basic structural, mechanical, hygric, and thermal properties were accessed. As no deterioration neither in mechanical or in functional properties of the final newly designed plaster was observed, it can be concluded that biomass ash can find use in designing of plasters for renovation of historic facades. It is evident the use of biomass ash in the plaster designing brings both ecological and economic benefits as the incorporation of ash into the plaster mix composition reduces the cost of binder production, whereas also waste disposal finances are saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global confrontations in which international energy markets are in a complex transition period, on several dimensions: technological, climate, geopolitical and economic, the energy sector is the biggest challenge and concern, not just at European level, but also globally with profound influences on the competitiveness of the economy, the quality of life and the environment. The current legislative framework in Romania on energy sources encompasses the transposition and implementation of European policies in the field, but regarding the promotion of renewable energy sources, in particular the geothermal sector, there is not a normative act that specifically and clearly regulates the national geothermal policy. Within the project DARLINGe, financed by INTERREG Danube Transnational Programme, carried out by a consortium of 14 partners from 6 countries and 7 Associated Strategic Partners, an inventory of different aspects of exploration, exploitation and use of geothermal energy, regulated by national legislation, was made. The inventory was based on a questionnaire structured in 12 parts: definition of geothermal energy in the national legislation; ownership and access to geothermal resources; allowed exploitation (without license); role and voice of landowner in licensing; criteria for granting a license; duration of licenses and renewal; terms/contents of licenses; termination and revision of licenses; regulatory and information obligations; heat purchase agreements; environmental impact assessment (EIA); other licenses. The paper presents common aspects and differences with the Danube neighboring countries participating in DARLINGe project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When teaching in schools, especially in vocational subjects, it is very important to attract and motivate students to work independently, not only to remember important facts, but also to develop their ability to seek new solutions independently. One of the active assistants in achieving this goal can be the active use of information technology that is close to the current young person. In addition, it is essential not only to learn new knowledge in education, but also to educate them towards an active approach to environmental protection, the use of renewable energy sources and also the economic use of available resources. This paper provides an insight into energy efficiency teaching in building construction. Education is realized through an internet application, which aims to motivate students to develop their active approach to education. The new trend in education is based on the student's active approach to action, which fully meets current practical requirements, uses modern information technology and uses very rapid feedback on learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biodiversity is important in economic terms in Romania, as well as for the ecosystem aspect maintaining and giving spiritual value and comfort. As a result, the article aims to focus attention on the appreciation of plant species in the center of an inexhaustible source of renewable energy. Agricultural holdings in Romania mainly cultivate cereals, some with records in production (for example maize production in 2018). Cereals are well known for their food potential and animal feed. At the same time, after harvest, cereals leave significant amounts of vegetal parts (straw and stalks), which are an important energy source. Reference is made to the possibility of obtaining the second generation ethanol from lingo-cellulose. So, without endangering food, it is possible to obtain the gasoline in order to ensure transport with low combustion emissions. Knowledge in this field is based on the study of numerous scientific papers and the interpretation of the results in correlation with the specific of the area. An important role is represented by the statistical interpretations that place the study in the field of bioeconomics. The expected result fits into the major concerns at European Union level in the field of environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of blockchain technologies in the world drew attention to the environmental aspects of its production. Blockchain technology is based on the use of significant computing power, which consumes a large amount of electricity. In most cases, traditional non-renewable energy sources are used, which leads to the depletion of natural resources. The scale of operations of the mining process of blockchain increased dramatically during the last years. By the end of 2017, the amount of electricity spent on mining exceeded 29 terawatts per hour. This indicator exceeds the level of the annual energy consumption almost all Eastern European and African countries. Russia occupies the third place in the world in terms of energy consumption for cryptocurrency production. To maintain the competitiveness of blockchain technology in the global market, it is necessary to develop an alternative development strategy using renewable energy sources. The need for a transition to a new economic course in the development of a “green” or “low-carbon” economy in the field of blockchain mining determines the relevance of the chosen research topic. The paper investigates the following key points: trends in the blockchain technology and digital economy; the matrix for its environmental risks analysis; determination of significant environmental aspects of blockchain mining in accordance with ISO 14001 requirements. The aspects’ assessment shows that the significant environmental aspects are linked to energy consumed by computers or farms at different stages of its lifestyle. Thus, environmental-friendly methods of mining (hydro mining) are needed. As a conclusion, possible applications of blockchain technology in Russia are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In millions of years, nature has created huge energy reserves in the form of fossil fuels, consumption of which is constantly increasing. The depletion of energy reserves stored in fossil fuels is becoming real. For this reason, as well as for the protection of the environment, it is necessary to look for and utilize the renewable energy sources that we encounter in everyday life. Such a source of energy is, for example, biomass, which has been used as a fuel by many generations before us. The combustion of biomass does not have such negative environmental consequences as fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the main energy source in the metallurgical industry, and this is the reason for seeking possibilities of their substitution by alternative fuels. The choice fell on wood biomass. It is therefore necessary to thoroughly analyze the current knowledge of this field of research and to answer the question of its applicability in the agglomeration process. The product of agglomeration process is an agglomerate the production of which is closely related, from an environmental and energy point of view, to the production of coke, which is the basic fuel component of the blast furnace batch. In order to ensure the quality of the agglomerate, it is necessary to apply fuel into the agglomeration mixture which properties meet the criteria for the release of sufficient heat during burning, acceptable combustion rate or low content of ballast substances concentrated mainly in the solid residue after combustion – ash. At present, the dominant position in the agglomeration process has coke breeze. Biomass use is a strategy that is considered a partial solution for reducing the consumption of coke breeze. Biomass is therefore an alternative for achieving emission reductions and ensuring agglomeration production that meets the quality requirements of the blast furnace process. Such solution should be reflected directly in the price of blast furnace iron production and the improved environmental quality. The paper is focused on the characterization of wood biomass and its comparison with the fossil fuel i.e. coke breeze. The characterisation of the fuel samples was performed by means of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quantitative analysis of the crystalline and amorphous phases in each of the fuel samples was performed using the Rietveld method. The results of the analysis of selected biomass species point to the correct direction – their use in the agglomeration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, due to the rapid increase in energy consumption, sustainability has become an increasingly important concern among developers and software and hardware users. The digital era brings about a fast and continuous production of information, whose management becomes a challenge for both large companies and users worldwide, in their private environment. The huge amount of data needed to carry out day-to-day operations means a continuing need for increased storage space, which translates into high hardware costs. Thus, cloud services have emerged as an optimal and long-lasting solution to this problem. According to a simplified definition, the term "Cloud Computing" refers to the storage, processing and use of data outlying and Internet-accessed systems. In this way, in order to achieve their goals, users can dispose of almost unlimited computing power on request, without having to make significant capital investments and can access the data via an Internet connection from wherever they are. The benefits of Cloud Computing consist mainly in the reduction of spending for IT users and the promotion of the development of a large number of new services. Using Cloud Computing, even the smallest businesses can address increasingly larger markets, while administrations can increase the attractiveness and efficiency of their services, while keeping their spending under control. The cloud’s unexpected economies of scale reduce overall costs and increase efficiency, especially when replacing locally-run servers of an organization. A fundamental concept of Cloud Computing is that through this model information technology is made available to users in the form of services (as by analogy, communications technology is made available to users in the form of voice / voice services, data, etc.) used in the form of periodic subscriptions (as telephone services are used as a monthly subscription). However, the new technologies bring with them their own challenges. Today, much as ever, cloud providers are facing challenges to be able to deliver the energy efficiency of their services, but also their sustainability. Using a large number of cloud data centers increases costs as well as carbon emissions, which still affects the cloud services' sustainability. The main requirement for Sustainable Cloud Computing is energy efficiency which can be acquired mainly by using renewable energy to reduce carbon emissions. This will ensure continuity and security in the process of energy supply, while preserving traditional resources, but at the same time will significantly reduce imports of primary energy resources. Cloud computing technology has its name in the form of a cloud, often described in the graphical representation of a network. Cloud Computing was developed as a consequence of the rising access to IT resources. If in previous years, in traditional outsourcing models, either customer or provider would own the physical resources, Cloud Computing comes with the novelty of being able to access to technological capabilities without owning the software used by the payee. Another important aspect is the fact that by using renewable energy one can also stimulate the economic development starting at the local level, but also at the regional and global level, thus creating new jobs and, implicitly, employment opportunities. [7] Given this economic and social context, the European Commission has developed a set of energy strategy aimed at ensuring an economy characterized by greater safety and durability, but also significantly reduce carbon emissions. The increased use of renewable energy will not only combat climate change as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but it will also have an impact on the reduction of air pollution and it will most probable create new jobs in the environment and renewable energy sectors. Nowadays, in many European countries including Romania, it is necessary to encourage the usage of renewable energy resources as they offer a wide range of advantages [6], [10]. Consequently, nowadays, there is a growing concern for developing computer systems in order to predict, analyse and monitor the performance indicators of renewable energy technology processes. The results of this endeavour have a great importance to the green energy producers as they are required to submit the estimates of alternative energy production requested by the Romanian National Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE) but they are also relevant to developing decision support systems for a more efficient management of electricity generation from renewable sources [9]. Among the renewable energy sources one can mention solar and wind energy, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power, sea energy, biofuels, and renewable waste. If we take into consideration the figures from Eurostat, the use of renewable energy in the EU has increased strongly in latest years. More exactly, the percentage of energy obtained from renewable sources has almost doubled the number in recent years, reaching 17.0% in 2016 from an approximate of 8.5% in 2004. This was brought about also by the legally binding targets set by the EU through Directive 2009/28 / EC in trying to promote the use of energy from renewable sources. This will have a major impact on the long run as some of the benefits of renewable energy consist of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions, but also the dependency on fossil fuels markets [2]. However, the main problem with the renewable power supply is that it is usually intermittent and unpredictable and hence one should try to adopt measures for making the renewable supply constant. In the research work for this article, we have used both quantitative methods (which aim at obtaining statistical, percentage or numerical data, measurable) but also qualitative, which is based not on calculations but on the interpretation of different types of content. The use of qualitative research methods in this paper was based on the fact that qualitative research does not seek to obtain generic information about certain subjects of interest but rather seeks to reach deeper information levels related to them. Moreover, it always implies a holistic approach. Starting from the idea that qualitative research is based more on textual interpretation, which requires the correct definition of the concepts or their scientific substantiation, thus emphasizing the importance of the chosen subject, I consider that the qualitative research is the most suitable for the field addressed whose study is based on the tools and methods of research specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characteristic feature of fuel cells is a weak dependence of their energy efficiency on the scale of the installation and the ability to provide the required level of power by simply increasing the number of fuel cells. The use of fuel cells, including in combination with renewable energy sources, can mean a technological revolution in the transport sector and energy, will reduce the negative impact on the environment to a minimum level. In this paper, a review of the current state of problems and trends in the development of critical technologies of hydrogen energy in Russia and abroad showed that the promising basic technology in the field of small and medium decentralized energy is the use of devices for direct conversion of chemical energy of fuel into electrical – electrochemical generators on fuel cells. The use of fuel cells on hydrogen or hydrogen-containing fuels can be commercially justified and environmentally safe. The relevance of the project is due to the need to develop methods of partial autonomy for commercial electric transport. In this study, the optimal design parameters of the solid oxide fuel cells batteries were studied. The results of the development of methods for the formation of membrane electrode blocks of solid oxide fuel cells are described. The description of membranes is given. Solid oxide fuel cells are an alternative to traditional internal combustion engines and turbines to produce energy that produce electricity with higher efficiency and less negative impact on the environment. Hydrogen, natural gas, kerosene, coal and even complex hydrocarbons can be used as fuel sources for solid oxide fuel cells. However, many solid oxide fuel cells batteries have a high cost per unit of output power. The analysis of patents in Russia showed that over the last ten years the development of the solid oxide fuel cells is aimed at improving the technology of manufacturing the components of the solid oxide fuel cells and assembling the design of the battery of the solid oxide fuel cells, which leads to a significant reduction in capital costs and operating costs. However, the existing difficulties, in particular large start-up periods (usually from a few minutes to several hours) and the high cost of manufacturing materials significantly limits the possibility of their use in automotive engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tremendously increased energy needs due to advancement in technology have put pressure on electric grids. The conventional grids cannot bear that extra load. Although the availability of renewable resources (solar, wind, hydro and biomass) at a large scale have great potential to offer environment friendly energy solutions, however, the compatibility of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRES) with existing conventional grids in developing countries is a serious concern. Therefore, the issue of growing electricity demands cannot be resolved just by installing new power stations, but a major transformation in power infrastructure is required that incorporates advance technologies – smart grid (SG). Smart grid no doubt is capable of resolving these energy crisis, however its deployment in Pakistan has a lot of challenges e.g. socioeconomic issues, adoption of emerging technologies, lack of awareness and robust policies etc. The paper reveals that Pakistan has a huge renewable energy potential, hence, a lot of opportunities and future for smart grid technology exist. It also discusses the challenges, SG implementation may have to face and the barriers its deployment need to overcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the high-bog peat was used for the production of monosaccharide as a biofuel source. As it is known, peat is one of the renewable energy sources which is widespread in the Central Region of the Russian Federation. Paet contains over 40% of such polysaccharides like cellulose and hemicelluloses. The study of the peat pretreatment methods for further hydrolysis is the main task for chemical and biotechnology. In the current work, the effectiveness of the ultrasonic pretreatment of the high-bog peat for its further use as a substrate for the enzymatic production of monosaccharides is shown. It was found that the ultrasonic treatment of peat increases the yield of monosaccharides up to 0.65% for D-glucose and up to 0.42% for xylose (at T=60 °C, 37 kHz, t=90 min). As a result of the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated peat samples, the yield of D-glucose increased up to 6% odb. The obtained dependence of the enzymatic activity on pH was a dome-shaped curve with a maximum at pH 5.0-5.5. The paper shows that in terms of the content and quality of carbohydrates, peat is a suitable feedstock for chemical and biochemical processing. The resulting hexose sugars can effectively be further fermented by microorganisms to bioethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]