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Europe accounts for 51% of international tourist arrivals and the tourism industry provides about 10% of workplaces in Europe. Tourism will be impacted by climate change in a diverse number of ways. At the same time, tourism is also a significant contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this article is, therefore, to provide an assessment of climate and carbon risks for the European tourism industry based on a systematic literature review. Climate risk is the dominant category with 313 papers (74%), while 110 papers (26%) were on carbon risks. The following gaps were identified: geographical gaps, especially in countries of the former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia; a lack of coherent studies on national tourism's and its sub-sectors' emissions; research addressing how climate policies might affect tourism demand; assessments of the integrated carbon and climate risks; lack of evidence on the link between tourism climate indicators and tourism demand; lack of climate change and tourism studies addressing policy and institutional tools for adaptation and implementation of adaptation measures in destinations; and research on rising sea levels and coastal erosion and its impacts on tourism destinations and demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate hazards have only fairly recently been acknowledged as key risk factors for airports. While there is a growing body of research examining specific climate change impacts, there is only limited work that combines this literature with overall climate risk. This paper seeks to address this gap in the literature by investigating and synthesising findings from studies relating to historical airport sensitivity to climate hazards and offering insights on the overall climate risk for the global airport system. With airports increasingly needing to become more "climate-resilient" due to projected changes in global climate, airport planners and decision-makers face challenges in terms of identifying key priority areas for resilience planning and investment. The findings of the paper provide insights into these challenges by examining best-applied practices and current levels of vulnerability. The paper supports the wider inclusion of climate risks as a key factor in airports' planning and operational processes. This will require transforming current management cultures to enhance an airport's operational ability to respond to climate events efficiently and recover quickly in the event of a disruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is among the top global risks due to its growing adverse impact on businesses. However, few empirical studies address this imminent risk from a supply chain perspective. Due to a lack of established approaches for capturing complex interaction between climate change risk and supply chain performance, a three-phase mixed methodology approach was attempted. A cognitive map first captured the inter-relationships based on a mental model established by a group of experts. Later, a survey gathered from industry practitioners assessing causal relationships identified key climate change factors and most influenced supply chain performance dimensions. Finally, a system dynamics model supported by multiple case scenarios assessed the implications of climate change on supply chain performance. The results indicated a significant reduction in the availability of natural resources/raw material and capacity, leading to increase in stock-outs, inventory costs and bottlenecks disrupting procurement, manufacturing and logistics functions. Supply chain performance captured through efficiency and effectiveness shows a negative trend with increasing climate change consequences. The systems approach followed in this paper contributes by providing a quantitative model for assessing the impact of climate change risk on supply chain performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying sound strategies to manage climate risks requires understanding complex systems, characterised by; a large number of potential factors that interact; multiple stakeholder constituencies with diverse values, deep and dynamic uncertainties. This paper assesses the general understanding and dominant narrative regarding climate change in particular societies in order to track the trends regarding the management of climate risk. In this regard, this paper considers climate risk from a Zimbabwean perspective between 1980 and 2021. The assessment of climate risk in Zimbabwe took cognisance of the fact that climate change is a subject that has received a considerable amount of attention in Zimbabwean focused literature. As such, secondary data were used to understand the dominant narratives regarding climate risk in Zimbabwe. The climate risk discussion in Zimbabwe has significantly grown over past four decades nonetheless, it is evident that the dominant narrative is biased towards climate change adaptation particularly on aspects of agricultural and livelihoods sensitivity from a water scarcity perspective. Other adaptation components such as the exposure to hazards, indigenous knowledge systems, ecological and infrastructure vulnerability, communication and gender dimensions of climate change also form the bulk of issues that dominate the adaptation centred narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change introduces greater complexity to water resources planning, requiring techniques suited to increased future uncertainties. In Australia's Murray Darling Basin, governments formally recognised climate risk in 2002 and legislated science-based climate risk assessment in 2007. Since then, research has helped clarify the significance of climate change impacts on catchments, riverine ecosystems and water resources. This paper offers a review of climate risk assessments undertaken over the past two decades and outlines research needs and policy options while noting there are no simple solutions given the systemic nature of climate risks. Water resource planning and climate risk assessment need to handle non-stationarity and post-natural Anthropocene conditions. These methods should integrate biophysical and socio-economic modelling, increase stakeholder participation in developing and testing policy options and codify standards and procedures for transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is increasingly influencing tourism policy and practice and there is a growing need to assess climate risk for destinations and the potential implications for global tourism demand patterns. Climate-dependent tourism markets, such as beach tourism, are particularly sensitive to changes in climate, and understanding the future redistribution of tourism climate resources remains a gap in many world leading tourism regions. This paper presents the first climate change assessment of tourism climate resources in China. The Holiday Climate Index:beach (HCI:beach) and Holiday Climate Index:urban (HCI:urban) are calculated for 775 climate stations across China for the 1981–2010 baseline and mid and late-twenty-first century using projections from six CMIP5 Global Climate Models under low and high emission futures. The projected geographic and seasonal redistribution of tourism climate resources are advantageous for many climate-limited destinations but pose high heat risks for some major city destinations. The differential results for the HCI:beach and HCI:urban reinforce the importance of utilising market-specific indices to assess future climate risk. The results provide new decision-relevant climate information for tourism managers and destination planners throughout China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst growing concerns about climate risks to the U.S. housing markets, strategies to physically retrofit homes are gaining attention—including within debates over how to resolve intersecting crises of housing re/insurability and affordability in highly exposed sites like Florida. We consider an important but under-studied example of this “climate-proofing” strategy unfolding today: Residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE) finance. While PACE has historically financed decarbonization retrofits, it is increasingly being deployed to facilitate hurricane risk reduction in Florida. In this paper, we introduce PACE: its basic characteristics, evolving uses, and controversies. Exploring the Florida case, we examine two deeper but as yet under-examined financial tensions: PACE’s intersections with other forms of property-linked finance (and potential systemic breakdowns) and rising affordability breakpoints as homeowners encounter its new debt amidst other growing and intersecting climate/climate response costs. These issues call for more transformative imaginaries of urban retrofitting and its resourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As intensifying climate-related disasters strike cities across the United States, they are provoking rising concern for the stability of the U.S. housing market and broader financial system. How homeowners, mortgage lenders, federal institutions/regulators, and investors will variously encounter and manage climate risk is an urgent question for urban scholars, as is who might bear the costs of restabilizing mortgage finance under new breakdowns. This paper’s multi-scalar intervention draws on financial “following” methods to explore how climate risks are being experienced and governed at multiple illustrative moments of U.S. mortgage finance: (1) working households at the front line of urban climate impacts, (2) mortgage professionals brokering loans to them, (3) government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) negotiating incoming federal climate risk disclosure requirements, and (4) capital markets off-taking GSE risks through financial derivatives like credit risk transfers. Emerging concerns include ruptures between household risks and financial system-preserving responses and new dangers of “climate redlining.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper chronicles 15 years of experimentation with index insurance as a technology of weather risk governance, particularly as applied to vulnerable agricultural populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Index insurance – in which payouts are determined by environmental variables rather than direct loss inspection – has become a preeminent method with which development actors propose to manage climate vulnerability, despite problems of low demand and inaccurate loss indemnification. These challenges have prompted expert revisioning of the appropriate agents, risks and pools for index-based cover. Contrary to neoliberal individualization, indices have recently been used to constitute broader scales for welfare and humanitarian interventions. Yet, difficulties at even the largest-scaled pool suggest the impossibility of democratizing risk without transforming the terms on which the global adversely selected are offered coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is forcing governments and businesses to explore mitigation strategies to avoid future catastrophe. There is an urgent need to manage climate change risks in global supply chains. Following a systematic literature review and text mining approach, 90 interdisciplinary articles between the years 2005 and 2018 were studied. Thematic and descriptive analysis identifies sources, consequences and control mechanisms for the climate change risks. It is found that climate change driven by extreme weather conditions significantly impacts food production, natural resources and transportation worldwide. This direct impact on food, mining and logistics sectors cascades into other interlinked global supply chain network. Climate change and supply chains are found to be mutually influencing each other through natural disasters and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions respectively. A systems theory driven, novel supply chain risk management framework for managing climate change risks is proposed. The study contributes to supply chain risk management literature by capturing the nexus between climate change and supply chain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Coastal erosion and sea level rise has become a significant threat to coastal heritage due to climate change. Management bodies are monitoring the risks posed by undertaking studies, ranging from Rapid Coastal Zone Assessments to much larger government and research council funded studies. These studies have incorporated varying techniques and datasets such as environmental sampling, LiDAR, GPS, and UAV surveys. However, these approaches rarely combine study of historic shoreline change with physical susceptibility modeling. This paper presents a combined methodology, utilizing LiDAR and survey data collected by the Climate, Heritage, Environments of Reefs, Islands and Headlands (CHERISH) project, along with historic mapping and aerial photography to produce a risk assessment for the heritage assets located on Ynys Enlli (Bardsey Island), North Wales. By constructing an Historic Erosion Model and an Erosion Susceptibility Model using ESRI’s ArcGIS 10.5.1. with the DSAS Plugin and combining them with the LiDAR-derived spatial extents of archaeological features on the island, this project has shown that using both methodologies alongside each other can create a more complete overview of coastal environment change for the creation of vulnerability indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A consequence of the interconnectedness of global supply chains is that disturbances in one location can propagate between continents. This means that for companies to manage climate risks, it is important not just to assess risks in operation locations, but also throughout supply chains. In this paper, we analyse how 14 Swedish large export-oriented businesses view and address risks from physical climate impacts on their international supply chains. We find that climate change is not considered a priority risk and there is little evidence of risk management strategies implemented at the operational level. Businesses fail to see a clear causality between climate change as a global phenomenon and operational risks in the supply chain. Furthermore, the complicated structures of many supply chains make comprehensive risk assessment and management very resource-demanding. We conclude that there is a need for novel strategies to improve businesses' capabilities to assess emerging risks from climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourist destinations in small island developing states are facing increasing risk from climate change, threatening not only tourism businesses but all destination elements including the community and ecosystems. In order to reduce climate risk destination wide, this paper first enhances the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change risk framework by extending it with destination specific features. This extended framework was drawn upon to develop a system model for Vanuatu, called the Vanuatu Tourism Adaptation System, using a qualitative multi-phase research design. The system highlights economic, socio-cultural, political, and environmental variables, how they are interlinked and thereby influence climate risk to destinations in Vanuatu. It provides a novel tool for understanding climate risk reduction within destinations as a holistic system and based on this understanding, destination trade-offs and policy recommendations are discussed. It can thus aid tourism and climate change decision makers in identifying and testing adaptation measures that benefit not only tourism but the destination more broadly, including the local community and ecosystem health. This study fills a gap in the academic literature by enhancing the systemic understanding of climate risk in small island developing states destinations and contributes to our understanding of tourism as a climate-resilient development pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the moderating effect of climate risk, measured by Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and a Global Climate Risk Index (CRI), on the relationship between Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) score and firm performance using data on non-financial listed firms in the MENA region during the period 2006–2021. We perform the analysis in two stages, in the first stage, we examine the impact of ESG score on firm performance. The findings show that ESG score has a negative impact on operational and financial performance and a positive effect on market performance. Next, we hypothesize that ESG will have a more positive and stronger impact on firm performance in high than low climate risk countries. The results indicate mixed evidence. In further analysis, we have examined the effect of environmental performance index and net zero initiatives on the relationship of ESG on firm performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we set out to construct a daily frequency climate risk index with the aim to explore the impacts of climate risk on the stock markets of advanced and emerging countries and green stocks. We adopt an approach similar to the Sharpe ratio to demonstrate the pricing of climate risk into stocks and therefore reexamine the (in)efficiency of these markets. We specify an econometric model to evaluate the predictive content of the climate risk index for stock returns. We find compelling evidence of market efficiency when climate risk is priced into the stocks and market inefficiency otherwise. Results from the predictability analyses indicate that about 85% of advanced stock markets, 17% of emerging stock markets, and 100% of green stocks have the capacity to protect investors against climate risk. Forecast evaluations reveal that the climate risk index is a good predictor of the stock returns only after controlling for the macroeconomic environment. We explore several robustness checks and highlight both investment and policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study delved into transition risk by introducing a novel Climate Transition Score to evaluate the climate-related performance of the most capitalized firms in the stock markets of developed countries. Then we classified these firms into green and brown portfolios. Our analysis demonstrates that high-emission or brown firms bear more risk than their green counterparts do, even if they do not consistently outperform them. To gauge exposure to transition risk, we employed asset pricing factor models such as CAPM, Fama and French 3-Factor, and Carhart's (1997) model. However, these models failed to provide a satisfactory explanation for portfolios' excess returns in their standard formulation. To address this gap, we introduced the Green Minus Brown risk factor. This addition enhanced the explanatory power of the models, emphasizing the heightened exposure of brown companies to transition risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing risks from climate change is key for effective local adaptation planning. Integrated and participatory risk assessments are increasingly promoted as the most credible approach, ensuring community buy-in and overcoming data and resource restrictions in specific localities. Integrating the risk assessments of multiple actors can prove problematic, however, and demands attention to actors’ diverse values and politics. In this paper, I critically examine the potential for integrated risk assessments of climate change in Vanuatu, South Pacific. I focus on local communities’ risk assessments, and assessments by practitioners in civil society organizations (CSOs) that facilitate and fund local adaptation planning on climate change. I find a marked difference in how actors contextualized and prioritized risks. Villagers assessed current impacts and risks from climate change in relation to wider socio-economic changes, and prioritized maintaining their way of life. In contrast, CSO actors adopted a technocratic approach, drawing on climate science and focusing not only on the severity of risks but also on the potential need for external interventions. Explanations for climate-related changes, and notions of causality, also differed among villagers and CSO actors. These differences reveal key challenges concerning actors’ ways of knowing, conflicting values and worldviews, and the political interests influencing risk assessments. Effectively enabling integrated risk assessments will require open and inclusive dialogue among actors that creates space for alternative understandings of risk and potential adaptation strategies for climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries share many common challenges in addressing current and future climate risks. A key barrier to managing these risks is the limited availability of accessible, reliable and relevant weather and climate information. Despite continued investments in Earth System Modelling, and the growing provision of climate services across Africa and India, there often remains a mismatch between available information and what is needed to support on-the-ground decision-making. In this paper, we outline the range of currently available information and present examples from Africa and India to demonstrate the challenges in meeting information needs in different contexts. A review of literature supplemented by interviews with experts suggests that externally provided weather and climate information has an important role in building on local knowledge to shape understanding of climate risks and guide decision-making across scales. Moreover, case studies demonstrate that successful decision-making can be achieved with currently available information. However, these successful examples predominantly use daily, weekly and seasonal climate information for decision-making over short time horizons. Despite an increasing volume of global and regional climate model simulations, there are very few clear examples of long-term climate information being used to inform decisions at sub-national scales. We argue that this is largely because the information produced and disseminated is often ill-suited to inform decision-making at the local scale, particularly for farmers, pastoralists and sub-national governments. Even decision-makers involved in long-term planning, such as national government officials, find it difficult to plan using decadal and multi-decadal climate projections because of issues around uncertainty, risk averseness and constraints in justifying funding allocations on prospective risks. Drawing on lessons learnt from recent successes and failures, a framework is proposed to help increase the utility and uptake of both current and future climate information across Africa and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of the salmon aquaculture industry has attracted an increasing number of investors. Investors are conscious of economic consequences of climate change for the salmon farming companies, hence their demand for climate-related financial disclosure has increased. This study discusses potential climate-related financial impacts imposed on the salmon aquaculture production as identified by the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure (TCFD). We use data from 2016 to 2021 available on the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) platform, and we show to what extent salmon aquaculture companies disclose their climate-related risks. We find that when the demand of investors for climate-related financial disclosure increases, more firms tend to comply with their requests, while based on the CDP's evaluation system, the firms perform better in minimizing their carbon impact. We argue that when salmon aquaculture companies publish their climate-related financial disclosure, they ensure transparency for their investors and secure a smooth transition into a low carbon economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that policies towards upland communities in Vietnam tend to reinforce land use strategies that increase vulnerability to climate-related risk and undermine adaptive capacity of upland communities. It is argued that the division of land use between intensive agriculture/tree plantation and protected forest is increasing both livelihood- and environmental risk. Qualitative interviews and group discussion with upland villagers and local government staff in two districts of north and central Vietnam suggest that farmers are facing frequent loss and damage due to floods, storms and drought. Changing production patterns, together with the increase in climate-related hazards and stresses, is changing the character of vulnerability of upland communities. The study primarily explores village-level perspectives regarding impacts of hazards and stresses, ideas of how to reduce risk, along with how related policies and institutions influence local possibilities of risk reduction and adaptation. Our fieldwork results suggest that many villagers and local leaders see adaptation and risk reduction in terms of improved irrigation and in terms of access to land and forests for their livelihoods. The findings support arguments for more integration of agriculture and forestry land use, allowing for more flexibility in the development of upland livelihoods, with the aim of facilitating adaptation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of climate change carry substantial financial consequences. Despite this, physical climate risk has only sparsely been covered in previous research, particularly in the setting of investing. Investors' tools for managing physical risk are in general rudimentary and many rely on sustainability labels. This study compares physical climate risk exposure of three groups of equity funds labelled as sustainable with the general market. Physical climate risk was evaluated by quantitative modelling, incorporating first level of upstream supply chain. The results show a lower physical risk for all three groups of sustainable funds in a five- and ten-year horizon. It cannot be concluded whether the lower risk is a result of consideration in sustainability labelling, or if lower physical risk is correlated with other sustainability qualities. Further research on physical climate risk for investors is needed, not least from a quantitative perspective and on risks related to supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing temperatures and sea levels, changing precipitation patterns and more extreme weather pose severe threats for vulnerable communities, ecosystems, and livelihoods in cities of developing countries. Realizing these threats has heightened scholarly inquiry on future risk trends of climate change and adaptation strategies in the countries of Global South and North. However, most studies are based on data of North America, Europe, and Asia. There is minimal documentation of adaptation strategies to mitigate the risk of extreme weather in cities of Sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, this study addresses this need by examining the factors influencing individual and household adaptation strategies to climate risk in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Data was collected from 384 randomly selected household heads in different residential densities of the city. Household socioeconomic and demographic attributes, awareness of climate change and factors influencing their adaptation strategies to climate risk were assessed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study showed that adaptation strategies adopted were reactive rather than anticipatory and varied in magnitude according to the different residential densities. Recommendations emanating from the study include integrating and implementing climate change adaptation policies and embarking on a rigorous awareness campaign to ease households' vulnerability and augment their climate change absorptive, adaptive, and transformative abilities in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries are highly vulnerable to extreme weather and climate events. This vulnerability is perpetuated and compounded by the lack of efficient early warning services, a consequence of gaps in the meteorological infrastructure and the chronic shortage of trained experts. Climate change is foreseen to increase these challenges as many extreme weather and climate events are predicted to become more frequent and intense during the next decades. This paper analyses the constraints and gaps that the National Meteorological Services (NMSs) are facing in the two Southern African countries of Malawi and Zambia. Funding needed to upgrade the meteorological observing station networks, forecast production systems and human resource capacities to a level where these NMSs would be able to provide basic services is estimated to be less than US$10 million per country. These investments have the potential to bring large benefits to whole society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

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The extensive literature on strategic climate litigation focuses mainly on lawsuits brought against private litigants or the state based on breaches of environmental law, tort law, human rights law or public law. Relatively far less has been written about corporate and securities litigation against companies or their directors, let alone in relation to Asia. This article fills these gaps. It critically examines whether and how the enforcement of corporate law and securities law can be used as a tool to address climate-related risks in three leading common law jurisdictions in Asia – India, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The central argument of this article is that because of the limitations of private and public enforcement of corporate law, public enforcement of securities law and listing rules is a more effective mechanism in addressing climate risks in the three jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms must estimate expected credit losses (EL) to comply with accounting standards and unexpected credit losses (UL) to determine regulatory credit risk capital. Both rely on estimates of obligor probabilities of default (PD). Investors also pay close attention to credit ratings—derived from inter alia default rates. Changes in climate will increase firm default rates. Studies investigating the impact of climate change on PDs are limited because this is a novel field and data are still relatively scarce. Africa will be most severely impacted by climate change: default rates will deteriorate leading to increased PDs, LGDs, provision requirements (through increased expected losses) and regulatory credit risk capital (through increased unexpected losses). Corporate equity prices are simulated using Geometric Brownian motion (GBM) and shocks brought about by climate events of differing frequency and severity are applied to these simulated prices. Post shock prices and return volatilities are differentially affected depending on the nature of the applied shock. These constitute inputs into a well-known model of corporate default form which resultant PDs may be extracted. A possible calibration approach is developed for climate event-based impacts on corporate default rates. A scaling factor matrix (an amount by which the unaffected default rate increases after a specified climate event type occurs) can help market participants forecast default rate changes. Climate related impacts have been quantified, calibrated, and used to assess credit quality degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the association between climate risk and trade credit. We predict that firms exposed to climate risk-driven liquidity shocks prefer to use less trade credit. Using the Global Climate Risk Index of 86 countries, we find that firms located in countries characterized by severe weather events prefer to use less trade credit. In additional analyses, we find that the negative association between trade credit and climate risk is more pronounced for firms with more volatile cash flow and less collateral. Our results are robust to the use of alternative climate risk measure, alternative econometric methods, and exclusion of outliers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ski tourism is a multi-billion dollar international market attracting between 300 and 350 million annual skier visits. With its strong reliance on specific climatic conditions, the ski industry is regarded as the tourism market most directly and immediately affected by climate change. A critical review of the 119 publications that have examined the climate change risk of ski tourism in 27 countries is provided. This growing and increasingly diverse literature has projected decreased reliability of slopes dependent on natural snow, increased snowmaking requirements, shortened and more variable ski seasons, a contraction in the number of operating ski areas, altered competitiveness among and within regional ski markets, and attendant implications for ski tourism employment and values of vacation property real estate values. The extent and timing of these consequences depend on the rate of climate change and the types of adaptive responses by skiers as well as ski tourism destinations and their competitors. The need to understanding differential climate risk grows as investors and financial regulators increasingly require climate risk disclosure at the destination and company scale. Key knowledge gaps to better assist ski tourism destinations to adapt to future climate risk are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges of climate change adaptation in agriculture are examined through the lens of priorities for research, and the use of best management practices (BMPs) to better manage climate risks. The methods and results have two parts. Firstly, a case study from the northern grains region examines the use of BMPs for managing climate risks associated with both climate variability and climate change. A series of industry workshops developed and tested a suite of 24 BMP standards for growing dryland grain crops, including four BMPs on risk management based on the Australian Standards for Risk Management. Secondly, priorities for research on climate change adaptation in the primary industries sector are described and evaluated to assess needs for updating, in response to industry and environmental changes. The analysis reveals strong reasons for increasing the priority given to education and extension on risk management and for developing BMPs for both incremental and transformative adaptation, and especially for deriving methods to achieve widespread adoption of BMPs for managing extreme climatic events. Collaborative development of BMPs involving farmers'/industry/scientists is the process most likely to derive robust BMPs to withstand the complexities of climate risk and build greater resilience of communities and ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governmental and non-governmental organizations have increasingly developed climate services and products to improve safety on Lake Victoria, Africa's largest and the world's second largest freshwater lake. Despite these efforts and other interests in efficient exploitation of natural resources, Lake Victoria is one of the most dangerous waterways in the world. Each year, around 5,000 people lose their lives on the lake due to navigation accidents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the perceptions of the stakeholders about climate change, meteorological services, causes of accidents, and cultural, social, and economic barriers that lead to lack of safety of navigation on Lake Victoria. The study uses anecdotal interviews with a convenience sample of five participants and surveys research with a convenience sample of 316 respondents from Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. The study makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the multilayered ecological, socioeconomic, environmental, technological, and health-related factors that influence the safety of navigation on the lake by harnessing the indigenous knowledge of the stakeholders about their concerns and experiences. The authors assert and reaffirm the importance of integrating indigenous and scientific climate knowledge, offering strategies to enhance climate services and make technological products culturally relevant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]