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This paper theorizes historical marker texts (HMT) as succinct, public facing informational reports that reinforce white supremacy and minimize or erase the memory of Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) individuals. In this layered content and discourse analysis, I evaluate the demographics of the commissioners at the local and state level, the instructions for the HMT application, and the text of a selected group of HMTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This postscript to the Special Feature describes the explicit and implicit temporalities of gentrification in gentrification theory. It asks whether the papers in this collection affirm or disrupt the accepted understanding of gentrification as a phenomenon that emerged in the postwar years in the context of urban deindustrialization. It argues that a robust definition of gentrification, which identifies the historicity of the phenomenon and its temporal boundaries, is required in order to avoid the co-optation of gentrification definitions and theories and the 'naturalization' of gentrification. And, lastly, it suggests that critical history writing and historiography can contribute to gentrification studies' project of denaturalizing the process by grounding it in long-term processes with a historical dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imperial hegemony established by the Habsburg Monarchy relied upon proper mapping during its conquests. The need for the development of geodesy and establishing reference frames was important. Until the end of the First World War, Vojvodina belonged to the Austrian-Hungarian Empire, so all of its surveys were carried out as part of many organized land surveys in the Monarchy. Today, more than 100 years after Vojvodina became the Autonomous Province of Serbia, the network developed by the Monarchy and cadastral plans from that period are still in use. In this paper, in addition to a historical overview of military and cadastral surveys in Vojvodina, we will show data that have historical significance and are available on the Internet and in historical archives. We will also emphasize how the maps available in historical archives of the neighbouring countries could have been used to set up Serbian national spatial data infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This historical perspective paper attempts to provide a unique picture of Norman Dott through three vignettes from periods of his life and career. Materials and methods: Archive materials relating to Norman Dott in the Lothian Health Service Archive and the University of Edinburgh's Centre for Research Collections, including letters, notes and speeches, were consulted and provide the principle sources supporting this paper. Additional materials including books and journal articles written by or about Dott were accessed while writing this paper. Results and conclusions: Norman Dott CBE FRCSE FRSE FRCSC (1897–1973) is now considered one of the most influential surgeons of his generation. During a 44-year career he was a pioneer of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, craniopharyngioma surgery, intracranial aneurysm surgery and other neurosurgical topics. The historical vignettes explored in this paper illuminate certain aspects of Dott's life, career and character that had an important impact on his achievements in neurosurgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits some of the writing of E.P. Thompson, a British historian held to have been influential in the development of social history in South Africa. Differently to debates that seek to establish the extent of his direct influence, the paper is concerned with the concepts Thompson used, and seeks to understand his theory and method for approaching historical transformation. The paper suggests that Thompson's reception in South African studies has generally ignored his materialism and used his concepts empirically without reckoning with some of their broad theoretical arguments. The paper then shows how Thompson's Marxian critique resonates with the historical anthropology of Jean and John Comaroff. Yet, the paper shows, this historical anthropology has been the object of attack by social history for its alleged failure to contextualise. The paper argues that what is at stake in this Africanist debate are two understandings of context that turn on the character of the empirical in research and the place of capitalism in contemporary studies of South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychoanalysis has no shortage of theorists who see psychoanalysis as unique and who regard efforts to draw from academic disciplines as fanciful. Contemporary self psychology has been comparatively more receptive to adjacent disciplines. This paper discusses what self psychology can learn from the field of literary criticism about addressing the experience of political and social otherness. Using the debates arising from the 2017 Brisbane Literary Festival, it will explore how social, political, and cultural identities might affect our ability to understand the lives of those whose identities we do not share. It explores the historical reluctance of psychoanalysis to address issues of identity and otherness in theory and clinical practice, as well as the importance of the "relational turn" in overcoming these theoretical limitations. The paper will explore aspects of self psychology, including the empathic listening stance and specificity theory, that help the mental health profession avoid the central literary challenges raised in the Brisbane debates and will suggest that some of Kohut's central ideas about selfobject experience may need to be revised or elaborated more fully to address the clinical and policy implications of engaging with political, social, and cultural otherness especially when it entails devaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper transposes aspects of the histography of Fernand Braudel to the exploration of planning. It explores the extent to which different time scales, dominated by a longue durée perspective, reveal different facets of the history of planning and of how it operates. Lesser time scales focus on specific events while long perspectives bring to light durable aspects of planning, such as those relating to its embeddedness within fundamental relations between the state and the market economy. The paper contends that planning history and theory are largely shaped by a middle-scale histography, focussed on the succession of periods in the evolution of planning and on how they mark its progression. It proposes to counterbalance this historical perspective with a long-term historical lens highlighting persistent dimensions of planning, many referring to the fundamentals of its political economy. The paper argues that a full understanding of planning requires a consideration of different historical scales. The object of study is Downtown Toronto planning and development since 1945. A medium time scale identifies three distinct phases in Downtown Toronto history over this period, while a long-term perspective reveals how this district evolved with remarkable consistency into an expanded and diversified downtown during these years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers detailed reflections of two lecturers on the teaching of Social Sciences Education Honours modules in a multidisciplinary context at one university in South Africa. The reflections portray that, while in Social Sciences Education students from diverse specialisations are enrolled in courses that are multidisciplinary in nature, the teaching pedagogy used continues to be disciplinary-based. Through the qualitative self-reflective narrative study of two lecturers teaching Commerce Education and History Education in the Honours programme in this university, the paper explores how these lecturers teach these Honours modules in a multidisciplinary context. Drawing on the reflections of the two lecturers, the conclusions of the study were that, the Honours programme in Social Sciences Education needs to be an integrated and multidisciplinary study, given the pedagogical weaknesses, and the resultant compromising of the quality of the teaching of the disciplines within this programme. The paper proposes 'border crossing pedagogy' as a solution that can be used in a multidisciplinary classroom because it allows for integration of disciplines in terms of content and teaching approach. This calls for revisiting how the modules within Social Sciences Honours programme are taught in South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the practice of care for patients in Aradale, the asylum established in the rural city of Ararat on the Victorian goldfields in 1867. It describes the institution's descent into madness, from the idealized image of treatment behind its construction to the abject failure of the institution to realize those ideals and the resulting horror of its history. The paper utilizes a multidisciplinary approach, drawing on both historical methodology and Jungian analysis in trying to understand the history of the asylum and the society in which it operated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the history of how special needs technology in the UK was developed for people with special educational needs between 1970 and 1999. Despite the proclaimed potential of technology, this context and period has undergone very little historical examination. This paper will draw on interviews with 52 experienced professionals in order to illuminate this history. Analysis will attempt to extend our understanding of the perceived transformative potential of technologies and the factors that influenced the actual transformative potential of technologies. In particular the analysis will focus on three particular kinds of transformations: a transformation of the micro-technology industry; a transformation of teaching practice and a transformation of experience of special educational needs/disability. These three transformations and the potential tensions between them will be illuminated through two themes: 'Entrepreneurialism versus Creativity' and '"Miracle Cure" versus "Just a Tool"'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William G. ('Bill') Chaloner FRS (1928–2016) was one of the world's leading palaeobotanists and palynologists. He developed a love of natural science at school which led to a penchant for palaeobotany at university. Bill graduated in 1950 from the University of Reading, and remained there for his PhD, supervised by Tom Harris, on the spores of Carboniferous lycopods. After completing his PhD in 1953, Bill undertook a postdoctoral fellowship in the USA. He returned to the UK and, in 1956, began a long and distinguished academic career at four colleges of the University of London. His first position was at University College London, where he continued to work on Paleozoic palaeobotany and palynology. His 1958 paper on the effects of fluctuating sea levels on Carboniferous pollen-spore assemblages proved highly influential. Bill moved to a Chair at Birkbeck College in 1972, began to use the scanning electron microscope and was elected a Fellow of The Royal Society in 1976. He is the only pre-Quaternary palynologist to have been given the latter honour. In 1979, Bill was appointed to the Chair of Botany at Bedford College where he began to apply plant fossil evidence to general scientific problems. He began to work on arthropod–plant interactions, fossil charcoal and growth rings in wood. Bill was awarded the Medal for Scientific Excellence by the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists in 1984. Bedford College and Royal Holloway College merged in 1985, and Bill moved to the amalgamated institution. Bill continued to investigate very diverse topics, and added the analysis of leaf stomata, global environmental change and molecular palaeontology to his portfolio. Following retirement in 1994, Bill continued his research and teaching at Royal Holloway, University of London. His final paper was published in 2016, bringing to an end a research career of 66 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From its inception, the European welfare state was a contract between the state, civic society, and the private sector. And yet, studies on the architecture and urbanism of the European welfare state frequently overlook the role played by the private sector, as the emphasis is commonly placed on governmental action. However, apart from governments also private actors played an important role in shaping the post-war welfare state. New towns in particular were sites of experiment. Here, public–private partnerships forged novel collective spaces, which challenged and redefined what constituted the civic realm. This paper focuses on one such novel type of collective space: the megastructural 'heart' of second-wave British New Towns. Combining mass consumption with administrative and civic functions, thereby blending the concepts of 'shopping centre' and 'city centre', these structures embodied the welfare state's belief that capitalism could neither live with nor without the existence of a pervasive welfare system (and vice versa). Through the analysis of three megastructures, this paper highlights the important role that private actors played in the formation of the post-war British welfare state; it explicates the lofty societal ambitions that these New Town schemes expressed; and it pinpoints the precariousness of public–private partnerships in the development of urban megastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the history of bareback sex (condomless sex between men), 'subjects' have been created, particularly through scientific literature, to characterise the men who engage in the sexual practice. For example, a gay man who does not use a condom may be framed as a pathologised subject. This paper first presents this history. Afterwards, by relying upon ethnographic data such as interviews collected from fieldwork research done in Toronto in 2014 with young gay men who have bareback sex, it shows exactly how these young gay men related themselves to those subjects. Then, it focuses on the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) Truvada as a new HIV prevention technology. Although PrEP can allow condomless sex to occur while diminishing the risk of HIV transmission, at the time of the research, none of the young gay men were interested in using this tool despite being the subjects for whom the drug is tailored. This paper argues that PrEP and subjectivity are coproduced and can have conflicting meanings. This contradiction of meanings is a result of the various representations and symbols of bareback sex and the men who engage in the practice that have been produced throughout the history of bareback sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the issue of historical figures (influential people, mainly leaders who stand out in history) "making history." Accordingly, it proposes and demonstrates a new interpretation of the role of historical figures as "makers of history in a broad sense." To dialectically accommodate the relationship between "times" and "heroes," historical figures' coming to prominence and their activities are thought of as the combined effects of historical necessity and contingency. The roles of historical figures are analyzed specifically according to different circumstances in line with the objective laws of history. The interpretation uses historical examples to illustrate the idea that the decisions of historical figures have the power to decisively influence a country's history in certain periods, and even dominate the nature of a certain social stage through their actions; at the same time, the most effective actions of historical figures somehow essentially reflect the masses' needs. In this sense, this paper argues that the principles of historicity, objectivity and value should be employed comprehensively to make critical judgments on historical figures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examples of alternative creative spaces exist in nearly all cities, arising at different historical periods, with all now weathering the recent corrosive effects of neo-liberal urbanisation and incorporative creative city policies. This paper examines three such spaces, the 'art house' KuLe which formed immediately after the fall of the Berlin Wall; the alternative cultural centre OT301 which came about in Amsterdam in 1999 just around the beginnings of the 'creative city turn'; and MACAO an urban cultural movement/ space which emerged in Milan in 2012, following the effects of the 2008 financial crash on creative work precarity. The key contribution this article makes to the literature on urban resistance and incorporation, is to provide a multi-layered historical analyses of three alternative creative spaces, existing in three different European cities, which emerged in three slightly varying time periods in relation to the development of the neo-liberal creative city. The first section of the paper conceptually outlines and critiques the coming together of neo-liberal and creative city transformations, provides a typology of what is meant by alternative creative spaces, and examines the importance of historical and place factors. The remainder of the article analytically explores the specific 'place histories' of the three alternative spaces mentioned above, as well as unveils their common current dilemmas, as they struggle to exist in the contemporary period. How have such spaces coped with the increasing pressures of property development, gentrification, and cultural incorporation, and what are the main difficulties and barriers today to surviving, and linking up to other urban social movements to create wider political change? It is argued that while the challenges here are considerable, these three spaces provide nuanced lessons and dilemmas common to all types of alternative creative spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explore the historicization and archiving of performance artworks created during the Portuguese dictatorship (1926–74), through diffraction - a conceptual framework grounded in new materialisms. Drawing on feminist frameworks, it proposes that the reconstruction of performance art's historical milieu works on stages of appearance and disappearance in relation to ideas of absence and the performative archive. This is particularly relevant in the case of performance artworks created in Portugal in the 1960s and 1970s. Framed by their disappearance in periods leading to the 1990s, this art genre has been characterized as dormant, lacking inscription, or absent from art history. This paper investigates forms of historicization that question the official art historical narratives and that come to the fore through the gaps of the social fabric where these narratives emerge. In questioning how we can recover the performative potential of those works, the article analyses two artworks – Negative Music (1965), by E. M. de Melo e Castro, and Identificacíon (1975), by Manoel Barbosa. The gaps that emerge through the works' multiple existences after the event are made apparent, reframing the process of their disappearance as a radical gesture of potentiality. Through the discussion of the re-enactment process of Identificacíon, led by the artist and choreographer Vânia Rovisco in the context of her project REACTING TO TIME: The Portuguese in Performance, this paper shows how the existent gaps reclaiming the transformative potential of those absences through participation. The article then proposes that the transformative potential of the gaps in that history comes to fore by diffracting centres of authority to Others. Otherness, in this sense, amplifies the dislocation of authority from the artist and radiates towards a multiplicity of perspectives and bodies, creating an abundancy of material and ethical intra-actions at each encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers gender and social class in relation to teacher education through an episodic study of the development of adult educational institutions in Huddersfield. It briefly discusses nineteenth-century mechanics' institutes in the town before moving to a consideration of school teacher training college students in the twentieth century, highlighting aspects of the gendered and cultural ethos of teacher training. Local efforts to establish teacher training, and the wartime presence in the town of an evacuated women's teacher training college, provide a prism for the examination of transitions in social attitudes towards teaching as a profession, as do the educational aspirations of local working-class grammar school girls and boys during the 1940s/1950s. The paper then focuses on the establishment in 1963 of a 'new kind' of non-residential teacher training college and, in particular, on its introduction in the late 1960s of part-time provision designed specifically for 'married women'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the early history of the Friuli Mosaic School (FMS), an Italian arts and crafts school specialising in mosaic and terrazzo. The history of the FMS opens up a rare window into an often-overlooked field in the history of education: arts and crafts schools in Fascist Italy (1922–1943). Then, the FMS excelled in mosaic education and production and gained the trust of the regime, which notably commissioned the school to produce large mosaic works for the Foro Italico sports complex in Rome. Yet, as this paper contends, the FMS–Fascist Italy relationship was primarily functional rather than political. Similarly, the FMS adopted a pragmatic approach in times of economic hardship by becoming an active agent for its students and alumni who were compelled to emigrate. The migrant trajectory of alumnus Ettore Lorenzini to the United States was paradigmatic of this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how origami has been implemented, practised, and developed in the early childhood education of Japan over the past 140 years. Historically speaking, paper-folding has been part of Japanese symbolic art, craft culture, and religious ceremonial artefacts since paper and paper-folding techniques were first imported from China during the seventh century. By the eighteenth century, paper-folding provided a form of mass entertainment in Japanese society. During the 1870s, paper-folding was dramatically transformed into a pedagogical tool within Japanese kindergartens after Friedrich Froebel's (1782–1852) kindergarten system and its curriculum was transferred to Japan from the West. "Papier-Falten" (paper-folding) comprised an element of Froebel's Occupations – which was a series of handiwork activities – in his kindergarten curriculum, whereby various folding techniques and models were derived from European traditional paper-folding and introduced into a Japanese kindergarten curriculum that was associated with the concept of Froebel's kindergarten. Particularly seen in early childhood education in Japan, what we now call origami developed as a new form of paper-folding. This gradually emerged through the marriage of Western (German) and Eastern (Japanese) paper-folding cultures. The study highlights the benefits and uniqueness of cultural transmission and transformation when developing origami in early childhood education in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intersection between migration, aging and lifelong learning with the aim of expanding our understanding of how lifelong learning enhances older migrants' active aging in a foreign land. Our study also offers insights into the learning activities of older immigrants in general. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a conceptual framework of active aging, which has greatly influenced aging policies and seniors' everyday practices. Yet, there is a paucity of research that explicates and fully integrates lifelong learning into active aging discourse, and focuses on senior immigrants' lifelong learning in an aging society. Based on interviews, textual materials, and participatory observation in five Chinese seniors' immigrant associations in Toronto, we explore how Chinese senior immigrants' learning has been (re)shaped and practised through re-settling in Canadian society. Five categories of learning are explored, including a) learning language and computer skills, b) learning culture and history, c) learning civic engagement, d) learning leisure, and e) learning health. We argue that 'active learning' can be used as a dynamic conceptual framework that interacts with active aging theory, demonstrating how senior immigrants actively participate in the lifelong learning project for participation and integration in Canada. This paper provides insights to the understanding of culturally sensitive policy-making on integration, health, and lifelong learning of older immigrants in Canada and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the existence of distinctively Black names in the antebellum era. Building on recent research that documents the existence of a national naming pattern for African American males in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Cook, Logan, and Parman, Explorations in Economic History 53:64–82, 2014), we analyze three distinct and novel antebellum data sources and uncover three stylized facts. First, the Black names identified by Cook, Logan and Parman using post-Civil War data are common names among Blacks before Emancipation. Second, these same Black names are racially distinctive in the antebellum period. Third, the racial distinctiveness of the names increases from the early 1800s to the time of the Civil War. Taken together, these facts provide support for the claim that Black naming patterns existed in the antebellum era and that racial distinctiveness in naming patterns was an established practice well before Emancipation. These findings further challenge the view that Black names are a product of twentieth century phenomena such as the Civil Rights Movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I reconstruct the views on historical progress of two nineteenth-century English-speaking philosophical women, Harriet Martineau (1802–76) and Frances Power Cobbe (1822–1904). Martineau and Cobbe put forward theories of progress which I classify as versions of teleological progressivism. Their theories are bound up with their accounts of different world civilizations and religions, and their advancement towards either Christianity, for Cobbe, or through and beyond Christianity towards secularization, for Martineau. After explaining the overall nature of teleological progressivism in the Victorian era and locating Cobbe and Martineau within this intellectual context (Section 1), I turn to the details of Martineau's version of teleological progressivism (Section 2), then Cobbe's initial version (Section 3) followed by her second, revised version (Section 4). I then draw out some conclusions about the shared structure of Martineau's and Cobbe's forms of teleological progressivism and its complicated connections with Eurocentrism and colonialism (Section 5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process and findings of a critical evaluation conducted for a custom-made Location based game (LBG) designed to support reflection on social history. We use a mixed-method protocol to answer the following research questions: "Can a LBG be designed to stimulate situated reflection on social history topics? and "What form and type of reflections can occur when participating in a LBG? Using an innovative approach that took inspiration from the field of museum studies and computer science. We chose a Think-aloud protocol to conduct an evaluation in Valletta, Malta and adapted the Remind study protocol to explore participant experience in Luxembourg. We combined transcripts from both sets of experiments wiith user-generated content to complete a systematic analysis using a predefined set of qualitative codes. We were able to identify that LBG can support reflection on social history topics but the depth of and type of reflection depends on the social history content, the individual locations in the city, and personal connections players are able to make to both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Courting Power, a courtroom-based art installation by Johannah Latchem presented in the Guildhall, Newcastle upon Tyne in 2018 explored how the acoustics and architecture of the unique courtroom at the Guildhall silenced or facilitated the voices of those involved in its judicial processes. Artistic and scientific approaches were employed in the investigation of the court's abundant acoustic history and these were linked to a micro-study of the trial and sentence of Margaret Hebbron, a 'woman of the town'. The discussion and analysis of the trial and conviction of Margaret Hebbron were central to the courtroom-based art installation and its development and demonstrate the merits of adopting an integrative approach to encourage resonance, for today's audiences. Both Courting Power, and the discussion in this paper, are cross-disciplinary and draw upon practice-led research in fine art, acoustic science, and legal history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1852 and 1868, the architect and amateur naturalist Pierre Trémaux (1818–1895) produced three groups of plates and accompanying texts on the geography, architecture, and people of African and Anatolian regions. These luxe publications, produced with the support of the French government, exploit an array of graphic techniques; they combine salted paper prints, engravings, tinted and colour lithographs, photolithographs, and texts in ways never previously attempted. Their examination provides insights into the ways these media interacted, and how comfortably photography in fact sat amongst its predecessors within the long-established context of the travel narrative. This paper will probe the implications of photography for Trémaux’s project through an investigation of his first book,Voyages au Soudan oriental et dans l’Afrique septentrionale. To what extent did the new, mechanical medium clarify or confound his effort to “explain” parts of Africa still hardly known to Europeans? What does this reveal about the role of photographic authenticity in familiarizing imperial audiences with distant places, during a transitional moment in visual culture? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the powerful stereotypical media discourse that shapes and reproduces a certain racialised and prejudiced perception of people identified as “Roma” in Germany. Using a close analysis of a single picture – appearing as harmless at first glance – and through the reconstruction of its various interpretational contexts and semantics the paper identifies mechanisms used in stereotypical media coverage of “Roma”. This qualitative analysis draws on media analysis of antigypsyism as well as on research of photographic construction of the “gypsy” in order to analyse the contemporary visual regime of “Roma” in Germany. As it portrays “the Roma” as a fundamentally different and socially deviant group, this visual stereotyping is shown to be an integral element of the persistent antigypsyist ideology, deeply embedded in German society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of graphics has long been associated with entertainment, thus underlying the sense of gravity that graphic narratives attempt to portray. But lately this perception has changed and the scholarship in the field of graphic narratives has emerged tremendously, owing much to the texts by Eisner, Spiegelman, McCloud, and Chute, among many others. Bui's sombre narrative presents the dreadful and horrifying reality of the Vietnam War and brings attention to the alternate representations which are mostly negated by the dominant discourse. Her aim is to locate the marginalised and give a material form to the absent. Loss, absence, trauma, history, and memories are rooted in the framework of the narrative. The choice of the graphic novel as a medium to narrate her story provides a dynamism to the understanding of the above-mentioned ideas. The very structure of the graphic novel is capable of vivifying these ideas. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyse Thi Bui's debut graphic memoir, The Best We Could Do, in order to understand the ideas of intergenerational trauma and counter narration of history as presented in the text and how she uses the medium of graphic novel to elaborate such ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of new states has always been an uncertain process. Yet with the emergence of global war and the destabilization of the political categories of modernity, state founding has become even more indeterminate. This paper examines how the contemporary conditions of endless war and sovereign instability thwart the performative acts of declarations of independence, especially, and paradoxically, when they result from a peaceful referendum. Drawing from Derrida's analysis of the aporetic nature of declarations, I focus on how the globalization of war has actualized this aporetic nature by turning the creation of new states into permanently unsettled events. I illustrate this state of affairs with the 2017 (non-)Declaration of Independence of Catalonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leather was an important commodity for the British empire in terms of industrial production and scientific innovation. From the mid nineteenth century in India, the British sought to convert leatherwork into a scientific industry. Leather, however, also has a life in caste. The profound stench inherent to the process of leather tanning marks leather workers as polluted. Examining archival material and contemporary ethnography from Uttar Pradesh, this paper examines how the scientific colonial intervention in leatherwork was made complicated due to the sensorial politics of caste. The leather chemist, trained to impart scientific knowledge to leather workers, often failed to negotiate the caste-based sensorial nature of leatherwork, thereby allowing caste to limit the reach of modern science in the industry. Understanding this interaction between colonial science and leatherwork has important consequences for our understanding of the politics of caste and scientific knowledge in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Changes and Challenges of the Archives" is based on a still-in-progress master's thesis that I will complete by May 2021 at Sarah Lawrence College. The purpose of this article is not to come to any conclusions about the challenges of researching lesbian history during the COVID-19 pandemic but, rather, to explore how these world circumstances have further complicated the labor required of a lesbian historian. Many elements of this thesis and research are still in flux, including my investigation of the role race played in creating and developing a sexually deviant, criminalized definition of lesbian(ism). My ultimate hope is that this paper provides some valuable knowledge for my queer historian comrades and sparks a dialogue that can benefit historians who are continuing their research through debilitating circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In field-based research, masking practices, as well as the general practice of relegating historical context to abstracted 'site descriptions' in a paper's methodology section, can produce a tacit inattention to historical specificity. By juxtaposing two case studies of schools, this article examines the ways school sites are haunted by histories—that is, how the past is revived and revised in the present, and in turn what this means for field-based qualitative inquiry. Pairing archival and field-based methods, we trace how the haunting of history animated the present-day practices of stakeholders in two schools. In doing so, we show how history itself became an actor in these sites—as something administrators and teachers put to work in their approaches to schooling—and suggest expanding views of unmasking within qualitative inquiry that allow for these ghosts of the past to announce themselves more openly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that history is a large-scale transmedia project that is not understood as such, and this causes friction when history is engaged with through media in which historical research is not usually presented. To do this, I go through Henry Jenkins' ten-step definition of transmedia and argue that history matches the definition very well. This transmedia discussion brings forth the concept of 'world-building', in which narrative is superseded by world-building as the all-encompassing concept and as the beginning point of analysis. In the analysis, history (as a product of historiography) is treated as phenomenon instead of a discipline and compared to other forms of transmedia world-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Doesn't a breath of the air that pervaded earlier days caress us as well?' Walter Benjamin asks in 'On the Concept of History'. 'In the voices we hear, isn't there an echo of now silent ones? ... If so, then there is a secret agreement between past generations and the present one'. What does it mean to be in secret agreement with people that came before? To recognise that coming after involves the taking on of certain obligations – for example, to pay tribute, to make amends. This paper examines the role played by the cinema in Patrick Modiano's Dora Bruder. Part history, part memoir, Modiano's book investigates the events leading to the deportation of a sixteen-year-old Jewish girl during the Nazi Occupation of France. The author's examination of these events commemorates the lives lost during the Occupation and alerts us to what remains still to be said about these lives. The issue that I address concerns cinema's role in the author's evocation of Dora's afterlife, in other words, its facilitation of a type of writing in which the experience of the present is shaped by the unfinished business of people and events that demand something of us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One factor that has united Fijians of Indian descent is the language of Fiji Hindi, or Fiji Baat. Developed on the plantations of the indenture period, it is now the mother tongue of virtually all Indo-Fijians, distinct from the Standard Hindi that is taught in schools. This paper examines the way these two varieties of Hindi have been metalinguistically reconstructed from the early colonial period to the present day, focusing particularly on the labels Hindustani, Hindi, Fiji Hindi and Fiji Baat. We examine the extent to which Fiji Hindi fits into the pan-Fijian identity that is supposed to unite all Fiji citizens without drawing attention to ethnic difference. We argue that the acceptance of Fiji Hindi as part of a hybrid national identity is impeded both by this political erasure of ethnicity, and by the lingering negative attitudes expressed by its own speakers about the intralingual variation within Hindi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul Natorp is better known as a key figure of Neo-Kantian epistemology than as a great educationist. This paper discusses the affinity for Natorp's theory of education in Japan in the first decades of the twentieth century. It presents an overview of Natorp's educational way of thinking and analyses the interest of Japanese educationists in the educational thought encapsulated in the conception of Natorp's educational theory, which he called Sozialpädagogik. Addressing the debate around Natorp's Sozialpädagogik within the Japanese national community of scholars, key points of the inception of the theory in Japan are examined, central scholars involved are identified, and the impact of Natorp's conception on the Japanese philosophy of education and educational practice is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports published within the issue on topics including the history of the development of nuclear reactors in Germany and Sweden in the 1950s and 1960s, the history of the Soviet Union's pulp industry from 1940 to 1960s, and the electric power research program of the Electric Power Research Institute.

Purpose: To review the Journal's coverage of chemical radiosensitizers. Methods: I have reviewed all the possibly-relevant papers that appeared in the Journal prior to 1970 and since 2010, plus the most highly-cited papers from the intervening years. I excluded papers that dealt only with oxygen as a sensitizer, that referred to sensitization of phototoxicity or hyperthermia, or that described interactions with antineoplastic agents unless they clearly distinguish between additive toxicity and radiosensitization. My definition of 'chemical' was very broad, so the coverage includes everything from classical hypoxic cell sensitizers to gold nanoparticles. Results: A literature search identifies ∼600 Journal articles as involving 'radiation sensitizing agents'; these articles are not common in Journals' first years but take off after 1970 with a peak in the late 1980s. Half of the highly-cited radiosensitizer papers were published between 1969 and 1974; the two most-cited radiosensitizer papers were 1969 and 1979 papers on hypoxic cell sensitizers. The third most-cited radiosensitizer paper would not come for two more decades, and it would use a physical rather than a chemical approach to radiosensitization. Conclusion: The development of an agent that would differentially sensitize tumors to irradiation remains a 'holy grail' of clinically-oriented radiobiology. Approaches to this goal have been a major feature of the Journal since its first decade, but we have yet to find such an agent. Perhaps we should be discouraged, but personally, I remain optimistic that we (or our students) will succeed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on nineteenth-century theories according to which intellectual disabilities find expression in physical impairment. Such theories became widespread in Switzerland due to the growing interest in a condition then called 'cretinism' – a specific form of 'idiocy' in the course of which mental and physical disintegration went hand in hand. The first institution for 'cretinic' children initially achieved considerable fame. However, it eventually failed completely, leading to a loss of interest in 'cretinism'. Interestingly, the specific body–mind connection that was associated with 'cretinism' did not vanish; instead, it became important in the context of another intellectual disability that gained attention after the mid-nineteenth century: 'idiocy'. Physical aspects became the main criteria for identifying 'idiotic' children in order to allocate them to special educational measures. The paper argues that the connection of an 'abnormal' mind to an impaired body allowed for the popularisation of knowledge regarding 'idiotic' children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the ramifications of the fact that a majority of (Jewish) Israeli citizens no longer considers the Israeli military occupation of the Palestinian territory of the West Bank to be an 'occupation'. Informed by qualitative research conducted in Israel and the occupied territory of the West Bank, the paper argues the case for understanding of this process of social legitimation as being rooted in complex structures of cultural processes and practices grounded in ideological and religious beliefs. Identifying Zionism as an ethno-national ideology, located within the wider ethno-national impulse of nineteenth century Europe, the paper further investigates a number of cultural processes that have led to the domestic justification and rationalisation of occupation in the Israeli public consciousness and consequently, the legitimisation of continued occupation. These cultural practices are inherently highly political, constituting a long-term strategy aimed at maintaining the occupation. The paper argues that this strategy is articulated not only by cultural practices of ethnonationalism and identity politics, but ultimately by various acts and facets of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Umteteli wa Bantu, launched in 1920, was much more than the moderate, black newspaper most of its contemporaries assumed it to be. Established by the Native Recruitment Corporation as an exercise in "soft power" through propaganda, the split created between its business and editorial functions facilitated editorial autonomy. Umteteli form, a term taken from Kevin Barnhurst and John Nerone's work on newspaper history, included the casual and irregular intermingling of social and personal news with all the other paper content. By sewing people and their activities into the fabric of the paper, Umteteli created a niche and identity for itself as constitutive of black sociality in which the constraints imposed by racial segregation no longer impeded upward social mobility. This playfulness and creativity contradict much of what is written about the paper, usually assessed for whether its political content was supportive or not of African nationalism. Also, through ongoing encouragement and exhortation to its readers, the paper drew readers into a status as co-producers, creating commonality through the relationship of readers to the paper where that commonality might not have existed otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ireland has a temperate climate influenced by the Atlantic Gulf Stream. This, combined with fertile soils and adequate rainfall, provides an environment ideally suited for grass. Grass is an inexpensive, nutritious feed for livestock, giving Ireland a competitive advantage in this sector. Tillage farming is also an important sector for Ireland, and evidence of the Great Irish Famine of the mid-eighteen hundreds is still visible in the landscape. In this paper, we examine aspects of meteorological involvement in Irish agriculture, from the perspective of the Irish Meteorological Service. We examine the rise of agrometeorology in Ireland and take a look at the development of related services, including potato blight warnings. Two influential characters of Irish agrometeorological history, Austin Bourke and Tom Keane, are examined, as well as organisations such as the AGMET Group. The paper concludes with a brief snapshot of current Irish agrometeorological activities along with future ambitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aims to examine the development of personality research within Australia, from the emergence of Australian psychology to the current time. Method: The paper first identifies the central role of personality research in shaping early Australian psychology. The paper then addresses the emerging directions of Australian personality research in the post‐war years up to the end of the 20th Century. The paper then highlights the present contributions of personality research, noting both the world‐leading impact made by Australian researchers and real‐world applications of this field. Results: Australian personality research has a long history of providing important contributions to both Australian and international psychology. Future prospects and challenges related to attracting research funding for Australian research are also identified. Conclusions: Australian personality research was important for the successful emergence of Australian psychology. Present Australian personality researchers are making world‐leading impact and addressing a number of important social issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sketches out the historical emergence and progress of political Islam in modern Turkey by emphasizing its statist and clientelistic aspects emanating from the authoritarian basis of Turkish political modernization. The paper contends that there has always been an authoritarian and autocratic tendency in modern Turkish politics that depends on a peculiar and modernist articulation of both Islamism and secularism, which eventually stand on the same ground. This very ground is formed upon a sacred understanding of the state that can be defined as an all-encompassing and absolute perfection of political power, which manifests itself differently in content for secular nationalists and Islamists, and yet produces the same authoritarian tendency. Both the secular nationalism and Islamism appear to be state oriented movements in the sense that they both have emanated from the state, and envisage to control the state in an absolute sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Federation of Jewish Youth Associations of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SŽOU-KSHS) was founded in 1919, and it encompassed a series of Jewish youth associations in Yugoslavia and abroad. Very Zionist in its outlook from the start, its aim was to recruit the future halutzim (pioneers) from the ranks of the Yugoslav Jews. This paper will examine the history of the Federation, especially through its official journal Gideon, and through other Jewish press articles of the same period. It will focus not only on the promotion of a new 'Jewish mentality', but also on the construction of new gender relations and of a new Jewish identity as a whole. Finally, though this paper will not give an account of all affiliated associations, it will attempt to focus on the most important moments of some of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the organization and activities of the Dai Nippon Heiwa Kyōkai (Japan Peace Society, founded in 1906), a group that was loosely affiliated with peace societies in Britain, the US, and other countries, as well as with the International Peace Bureau in Berne. The paper examines Japanese initiatives in the context of the global campaign to identify and implement strategies for the peaceful resolution of international disputes, in the global 'peace moment' of the early 1900s. The paper describes the activities of the Dai Nippon Heiwa Kyōkai and reviews its successes, but also analyzes some of the complexities and contradictions inherent in the movement. Foremost among these was the propensity of Japanese peace activists to focus on dispute resolution with the European and American powers, while ignoring or condoning Japanese militarist imperialism on the Asian mainland. While some were motivated by pacifist ideals, the senior members of the society - many of whom were members of Japan's political elite - tended to see peace activism as an extension of Japan's cooperative diplomacy, seeking practical solutions (including military aggression) that ensured Japan's continued status as one of the world's great powers. Their vision of cooperative governance within a global imperial system was, however, severely undermined by Euro-American racist discourses. The strength of anti-Japanese sentiment - as reflected in American exclusion laws and global discourses of a 'yellow peril' - ultimately swung many peace activists into the camp of outright imperialist militarism. However, from the threads of Japanese peace activism in the 1910s emerged a vision of global governance that helped establish the framework for Japan's participation in the League of Nations, and in the multilateral peace-keeping institutions of the post-Second World War era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Mission Raquez, a French ethnographic expedition through Laos to collect material for the Marseille Colonial Exposition of 1906. This paper discusses the location of extant material and considers the ethnographic methods used on the mission in conjunction with anthropological study, mass media, and popular celebrity in turn of the century France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several Asian-American groups are more educated than their non-migrant compatriots in Asia and their native-born white competitors in America. Lee and Zhou show that this "educational hyper-selectivity" has significant implications for the socio-economic success of Asian immigrants and their children. But they devote relatively little attention to its causes. This paper develops an answer in the Taiwan case. Using interviews and statistics, it shows that the Taiwanese secured an educational advantage because those arriving before 1965 consisted almost entirely of graduate students. Although they entered on student visas, prevailing political and economic conditions led them to settle in the U.S. After the passage of the Hart-Celler Act, these movers reproduced their advantage by sponsoring the arrival of kin, most of whom were also well-educated. The paper's conclusion assesses the ability of American immigration law to foster the formation of hyper-selected groups.en. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper raises a series of historiographical issues about the nature of lunatic asylum archives. It addresses one central thread, namely the relationship between the phenomenology of mental illness, and the many kinds of records in which it is reflected. It suggests that there is a fundamental paradox involved in the rational, orderly and coherent representation of mental illness generated by lunatic asylum bureaucracy, and the chaotic multiplicity of the lived experience of patients, many suffering from illnesses that involved irrational, disordered and incoherent states of mind. The paper begins by raising as background the relationship between thought, language and experience, and ways in which this defies straightforward representation in clinical case histories. It goes on to examine aspects of lunatic asylum archives, including statistics, correspondence and case records, and ways in which these might either mislead, or fictionalize histories of these institutions. It suggests that archival work, particularly with respect to capturing the complexity and emotional violence of these institutions might require historians to ‘dream the archive’. This is the work of disciplined imagination that might act as a guide in traversing deeply irrational territory. The paper ends by highlighting several issues that historians of lunatic asylums might address. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an intellectual history of the idea that the later Roman empire and, subsequently, the whole of Byzantium were less 'free' in comparison to the Roman Republic. Anxiety over diminished freedom recurred throughout Roman history, but only a few specific expressions of it were enshrined in modern thought as the basis on which to divide history into periods. The theorists of the Enlightenment, moreover, invented an unfree Byzantium for their own political purposes and not by examining the facts about its political culture. The second part of the paper proposes that the Byzantines valorized a model of positive freedom as legal-institutional protection against arbitrary oppressive power, including against both barbarian domination and domestic abuses. In contrast to modern thought, which tends to see the imperial position as the chief threat to liberty, the Byzantines viewed it as its bulwark. Yet they too had remedies for oppressive emperors, suggesting that the otherwise well-attested invocations of freedom were not a mere rhetorical trope for them but an actionable cultural norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a short history of social work education in Scotland. Its aim is to understand the patterns of the present through the lens of the past. A key argument is that social work education and practice exists persistently in the crossroads, that is, in the spaces between competing and often conflicting perspectives regarding that ‘what’, ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘who’ of social work and social change. At the same time, there is a dearth of robust theory and research underpinning social work education and practice, leaving the profession vulnerable in periods of rapid social and political change. Attention is given to the implications of these constants for education and practice, and to how we might address these going forward. The paper concludes that if we wish to realise the potential of social work education, learning and practice, we need to more collectively address long-neglected questions of learning identity, learning philosophy and learning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]