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This article canvases some of the issues involved in the idea of form as a practice in Kant, Blumenberg and Foucault, and it also outlines the different contexts and approaches the individual papers collected in this Special Issue use to explore this idea. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines the colonial discourse of the global population problem in Korea under Japanese rule (1910-1945). I consider the recent call of Alison Bashford to draw attention to the geopolitical and spatial dimensions of the colonial population discourse in the non-Western Japanese Empire and to interrogate global population from the perspective of East Asian imperialism in the twentieth century. By opening up the colonial archives on population through an examination of colonial state and pro-state magazines in Korea, such as Chōsen (Korea) and Chōsen oyobi Manchu (Korea and Manchuria), I demonstrate how metropolitan and colonial elites, including imperial and colonial state officials, politicians, intellectuals, physicians and so on, at pains to build Japan's empire, engaged in the debates on jinkō mondai (population problem) in 1920s and 1930s Korea. The details of the debate bring to light the ways in which the management of the population problem undergirded the complex issues of the peninsula and the empire at large, including emigration, Japanese settlement, the cultivation of Manchuria, the development of mining and heavy chemical industries, the Sino-Japanese War, Western imperial rule and the emancipation of the coloured populations/races. Further, I delineate how these details were deeply imbedded in the racialized struggle between the Japanese race/coloured races vs. the white race in the global governance of the population and territory in the final phase of Japanese imperial aggression. By going beyond the Western, Anglo-Saxon debates on population, this paper seeks to showcase how East Asian imperial power responded to the white, Western discourse of 'race suicide vs. the yellow peril'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Internationally, nurses have been in the forefront of delivering health care services in the school environment and whilst health care delivery in secondary and high schools is evaluated, this is not the case for services delivered in primary/elementary schools. In countries such as New Zealand there is no significant inter-service collaboration between health and education; therefore, the delivery of health services remains fragmented and underdeveloped. Objectives: This discussion paper reviews the history and development of nurse-led schoolbased health services internationally and provides an insight into the current provision of primary school-based health services in New Zealand. Design: The initial approach to this paper was to gain an understanding of the history of schoolbased health services internationally and to explore the relationship between health and education in relation to this. This assisted in providing some context and comparison with the current provision of school-based health services in New Zealand. Discussion outcome: Internationally, it is acknowledged that schools provide not only a location to deliver health services to children but also the opportunity to reach entire families and communities yet surprisingly, the development of school-based health services within the primary/elementary school sector has received minimal attention in New Zealand and worldwide. Conclusions:This paper supports the need for further research concerning the feasibility, provision and effectiveness of school-based health services in primary/elementary schools. In order to be effective, this should incorporate the shared needs and values of all stakeholders. The authors argue the need to develop an inter-service, collaborative, national framework for the delivery of school nursing services within the primary school sector in New Zealand. Impact statement: A collaborative framework for health service delivery into primary schools can enable early establishment of supportive health relationships with families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines prime minister Robert Menzies decision to support science education in Australian schools in 1963. This was a landmark shift in policy for the federal government, but in many ways mirrors the decision of Eisenhower who brought down the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958. The paper uses a transnational approach to offer a new way of looking at the 1963 decision by focusing on the need for science education and the environment which supported science advocacy rather than the traditional interpretation of political expediency to court the Catholic vote. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

China’s rise as a (re)emerging donor has attracted attention over the last decade, with a focus on Chinese development assistance as a challenge to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) aid norms. Knowledge of China’s domestic aid structure is needed to understand Chinese aid abroad. This paper addresses gaps in the literature and challenges the accepted nostrum that China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) dominates China’s aid programme. Building on the authors’ experience as Chinese aid practitioners and scholars over more than a decade and drawing on over 300 interviews, the paper explores China’s aid decision-making processes by examining the main agencies, identities and informal interactions. We argue that the Chinese aid system is characterised by fierce and ongoing competition for influence among actors, especially MOFCOM, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and the Ministry of Finance (MoF), as well as the companies responsible for implementing Chinese aid projects. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This special issue of Contemporary South Asia seeks to capture the diversity and situatedness of the caste experience and deepen our understanding of caste dynamics and lives in the twenty-first century. In this Introduction, we highlight the continuing salience of caste, offer an overview of theoretical understandings of caste and foreground the importance of analysing caste in the present as a dynamic form of human relations, rather than a remnant of tradition. Following on from this, we highlight the increasingly global spread of caste and reflect on what happens to caste-based social relations when they traverse continents. In conclusion, we introduce the papers that make up this special issue. Taken together, they speak to changes in attitudes towards caste, but also the persistence of caste-based identities and dynamics in India and Britain. Even though the papers presented in this special issue work with the assumption of caste being a reality in and among the Indians, caste-like status hierarchies have existed in most, if not all, societies, and they continue to persist and intersect with other forms of differences/inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early fourteenth century, perhaps thousands of migrants arrived atop the windswept landscape of Perry Mesa, in central Arizona. They built large massive room blocks strategically overlooking the access routes onto the mesa rim. A key to understanding the migration process is documenting the number of antecedent residents on the mesa and their settlement distribution. Different migration processes are implied if the mesa top was virtually vacant, moderately settled, or densely clustered immediately prior to the migrants’ arrival. Unfortunately, documenting the antecedent settlement pattern has been largely stymied by poor temporal control, which has left the antecedent remains largely invisible archaeologically. To fill the chronometric gap, Scott Wood (2014 Antecedents II: A Progress Report on the Origins of the Perry Mesa Settlement and Conflict Management System. Paper prepared for Fall 2012 Arizona Archaeological Council Conference; publication of proceedings pending) has recently described ceramic signatures for different time periods. In this paper, we test the validity and utility of Wood's Early Classic and Late Classic signatures. We then apply the dating refinements to better reconstruct the Perry Mesa migration process. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines United States-Indonesian cooperation in the training of Indonesian teachers during the early decades of the Cold War. Indonesia badly needed teachers but the government's efforts to train new teachers were hampered by the tremendous lack of teachers who could train new teachers. The aid provided by the United States enabled the Indonesian government to send its prospective teachers to study in the United States and to have American educationists help develop teachers' colleges in Indonesia. How far did the decolonisation of teacher training and the making of a new education standard in postcolonial Indonesia reflect the conflicting ideological undertones and the US strategy of the Cold War? This paper argues that the US-Indonesian cooperation in teacher training marked a significant stage in the decolonisation of Indonesia. Yet, it also fostered the US cultural strategy of the Cold War in Southeast Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tired old civilisational categories of ‘East’ and ‘West’, loosely identified with ‘Islam’ and ‘modernity’, are alive and well, nowhere more so than in contemporary Turkey. The Justice Development Party (AKP) currently in government employs them assiduously to political advantage but they have a long history, having defined the parameters of societal identity and political discourse throughout the history of the Turkish Republic. The paper takes the strength of the categories as its starting point but moves beyond them by asking if discourses, narratives and identities, individual and collective, exist in Turkey which question, overcome and ultimately undermine the categories of ‘East’ and ‘West’. The paper starts by investigating the evolution of ideas about East and West since the late Ottoman period and accepts that they are still dominant. However, since the 1980s in particular, they are being undermined in a de facto way by cultural developments in literature and music, new trends in historiography and novel ways of relating to the past. In some ways in contemporary Turkey, the paper concludes, culture trumps the inherently essentialist idea of ‘civilisation’ and Turkish society is ahead of its political and intellectual elites. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Since 9/11, the American policy towards Africa has been strongly influenced by national security interests and in particular by the fight against international terrorism and Islamic radicalisation. Traditionally, the American Africa policy has been the result of bureaucratic policymaking with the Pentagon and the State Department playing prominent roles. The paper argues that in the current century, evangelical Christian lobby groups have gained increasing influence on policymaking on Africa. Because policymaking has been influenced by a number of different actors, the American Africa policy may appear incoherent and ambiguous if judged narrowly on the expectation that it only aims to take care of US national security concerns and economic self-interests. The paper concludes that Africa was important to the United States during the presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama because of the combination of strong security interests and strong domestic lobby groups that have pressured to place Africa on the US foreign policy agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The focus of this paper is the digital transition in major Japanese newspapers that sell millions of copies per day. By digital transition we refer to the shift to publishing content on digital platforms—in this case the shift from print to online and mobile media. Japan is globally one of the most important newspaper markets with the world's largest daily newspapers measured by circulation. The research focusing on the digital transition in Japanese newspapers and the implications of this shift has been hitherto almost non-existent. In this paper, the digital transition is examined by means of qualitative in-depth interviews with representatives from leading Japanese newspapers. The conclusion deriving from the empirical analysis is that for Japanese newspapers the most essential approach in coping with the transition to digital is protecting the printed paper and treating the digital platforms as supplementary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a critical application of Ted Gurr’s theory of political rebellion to understanding the dynamics of the long history of socio-economic and political crises in the Central African Republic (CAR). Gurr locates his explanation for political rebellion in people’s ‘shared grievances’, ‘discontentment’, and ‘group mobilisation’ within the context of repressive state actions. Gurr, however, gives no real explanation as to what kind of people engage in collective rebellion, and whether or not popular grievances touch on all the people. In light of this, this paper explores what group identity issues, and what kinds of beliefs or appeals within CAR led to collective violence in the country, particularly the Séléka rebellion (2012–2013) and the anti-Balaka counter-response. The paper further discusses why and how groups like the Séléka remain a small but cohesive organisation, willing to kill and or die for their motives. Additionally, it engages with the ‘spill-over’ effects of CAR’s crises by discussing how the official borders in the Central African Region, as with the rest of Africa, remain insignificant in the everyday life of Central Africans. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper locates its genesis in a small town called Vitebsk in Belorussia which experienced a flowering of creativity and artistic energy that led to significant modernist experimentation in the years 1917–1921. Marc Chagall, returning from the October Revolution took up the position of art commissioner and developed an academy of art that became the laboratory for Russian modernism. Chagall’s Academy, Bakhtin’s Circle (and associated animations with other intellectuals of tis era), and Malevich’s experiments, artistic group UNOVIS—all in fierce dialogue with one another—made the town of Vitebsk into an artistic crucible in the early twentieth century. We argue that this creative collective transformed creative energies of Russian drama, music, theatre, art, and philosophy in a distinctive contribution to modernism, structuralism and formalism that contributed richly to the social understanding of creativity itself that is so evident across Mikhail Bakhtin’s subsequent body of work, and elsewhere across the world. This paper argues that a consideration of such interplay has much potential for twenty-first century educational philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The settlement of justice has been seen in recent decades as a powerful tool of governance in the Early Middle Ages. This paper aims to study justice in the county of Castile between the tenth and eleventh centuries in order to observe different strategies of authority and consensus. These strategies acted in different political contexts and on different scales, and this paper focuses on the role played by counts, ecclesiastical aristocracies and rural societies in the construction of a political system at a time of continuous negotiation. Abbreviations:Albelda refers to Antonio Ubieto Arteta,Cartulario de Albelda (siglos X–XII)(Valencia: Anúbar, 1960); Andreva = Fernando García Andreva,El Becerro Galicano de San Millán de la Cogolla. Edición y estudio(Logroño: Instituto Orígenes del Español, 2010); Arlanza = Luis Serrano,Cartulario de San Pedro de Arlanza(Madrid: Ibañez de Aldecoa, 1925); Cardeña = Gonzalo Martínez Díez,Colección documental del monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña(Burgos: Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad del Círculo católico de obreros de Burgos, 1998); CC = Manuel Zabalza Duque,Colección diplomática de los condes de Castilla: edición y comentario de los documentos de los condes Fernán González, García Fernández, Sancho García y García Sánchez(Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1998); Covarrubias = Luciano Serrano,Cartulario del Infantado de Covarrubias(Silos: Real Monasterio, 1907); Oña = Juan del Álamo,Colección Diplomática de San Salvador de Oña (822-1284)(Madrid: CSIC, 1950); Puerto = Manuel Serrano y Sanz, “El cartulario de la iglesia de Santa María del Puerto (Santoña)”,Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia73 (1918); SJP = Antonio Ubieto Arteta,Cartulario de San Juan de la Peña(Valencia: Anúbar 1962-1963); SMC = Antonio Ubieto Arteta,Cartulario de San Millán de la Cogolla (759-1076)(Valencia: Anúbar, 1976); Valpuesta = José María Ruiz Asencio, Irene Ruiz Albi and Mauricio Herrero Jiménez,Los becerros gótico y galicano de Valpuesta(Madrid: Real Academia Española – Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua, 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 captured the imagination of reading publics around the world and in Britain spawned a breadth of products aimed at a domestic audience, including cigarette cards, illustrated magazines and newspaper cartoons. This essay investigates the commentary on and interpretation of the war offered by cartoons appearing in the British Sunday paper the News of the World and the Welsh daily paper the Western Mail. Editorial cartoonist J. M. Staniforth drew over 70 cartoons documenting the war for both papers, and the degree to which these visual images complemented or diverged from the editorial line expressed in leader columns is considered. The importance of distinguishing between cartoons and editorials and of taking into account the identity and career of the cartoonist is stressed. The visual codes for communicating conflict are also investigated, revealing in the process something of the intellectual horizons of both cartoonist and audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century has witnessed the unfortunate plight of demolition or irreparable damage for thousands of historic streets across China as a result of urbanization and redevelopment. A core of committed practitioners, academics and enlightened local governments have begun to recognize the important historical legacy of these streets and are undertaking conservation and revitalization projects. In Suzhou, approximately 100 km west of Shanghai, Pingjiang Street/district is an historical urban area that has recently undergone sensitive conservation and become one of the 'must-see' places in the city. This paper presents a historical account of the development, demise and resurrection of the houses, streets and waterways of Pingjiang district. The area's long history can be broadly structured into two critical and dialectical phases: the period of growth and incremental change during the Imperial period, and the pressures for change and development during the twentieth century. The paper will compare the socio-cultural factors that have shaped the layout of houses, streets and waterways and thus the whole street/district during these contrasting periods. These periods of transition will be followed by a critical review and assessment of urban conservation and revitalization of the area under the banner of 'heritage'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sankofa is an Akan principle which philosophizes that in order to move forward and build a future, one must reach into the past to retrieve that which is at risk of being left behind or forgotten. Marvel Cinema's Black Panther which is usually perceived as a speculative, Afrofuturist representation of Black identities has a strong concern with the historical African past. In its construction of the futuristic, high-tech African nation Wakanda, the film brings into play some aspects of erstwhile ancient African cultural practices which faded out, or were disregarded during and after colonialism. In this paper I argue that in its treatment of the futurist African space, Black Panther shows many analogies consistent with the Sankofa theory and also shows a de-colonial agenda. I first elaborate on the Sankofa theory by outlining its history and relevance. Secondly, I examine the treatment of three indigenous practices in the film: Wakandan architecture, Wakandan writing systems and the representation of Wakandan women, as elements Black Panther retrieves from the ancient African past in order to build its futuristic African space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that two words can be instances of the same word is a central intuition in our conception of language. This fact underlies many of the claims that we make about how we communicate, and how we understand each other. Given this, irrespective of what we think words are, it is common to think that any putative ontology of words, must be able to explain this feature of language. That is, we need to provide criteria of identity for word-types which allow us to individuate words such that it can be the case that two particular word-instances are instances of the same word-type (on the assumption that there are such types). One solution, recently further developed by Irmak (2018. "An Ontology of Words." Erkenntnis. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10670-018-0001-0), holds that words are individuated by their history. In this paper, I argue that this view either fails to account for our intuitions about word identity, or is too vague to be a plausible answer to the problem of word individuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just after the First World War the English Association published The Teaching of English in Schools. It argues that developing children's 'creative spirit' is fundamental to maintaining peace in Europe. Seventy years later, the first National Curriculum promotes a creative, unitary English appropriate for 'a European context'. In contrast, today's national curriculum contains no reference to the role of English in international relations; simultaneously, all references to creativity have disappeared. As Britain struggles to cope with the fallout from Brexit, this paper – written from a hermeneutic perspective – discusses the correlation between how each of the three documents positions English in an international context and how they value creativity. Without wishing to over–simplify complex issues, it questions how to what extent a curriculum might echo or shape national politics. It calls for a new curriculum that embraces a creative, internationalist view of English to inspire communities of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of geographical information systems (GISs) for making sense of geospatial data has a long history at Stellenbosch University's Department of Geography and Environmental Studies and has become an anchor identity of the department. As part of the department's centennial celebrations, this article reflects on the circumstances and events that contributed to the evolution of GIS at Stellenbosch University (SU) by highlighting some milestones and achievements. Within this historical context, the paper provides a review of the current state of geographical information science (GISc) training and research at SU and attempts to forecast the role of geographers and GISc practitioners in the fourth industrial revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between ideology, the state and the transnational as it bears on European integration. Though typically studied in national contexts, ideologies and their clash have been Europe-wide since their emergence. As I argue, the European Union (EU) can be understood both as the continuation of these long-standing cross-border dynamics, and as the attempt to supersede them. Contemporary developments renew this dialectic. By exploring how ideology and European integration entwine, the paper underlines the value of a research agenda of heightened importance as the ideological hegemony of recent decades breaks down. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslexia is a difficulty in learning to decode (read aloud) and to spell. DSM5 classifies dyslexia as one form of neurodevelopmental disorder. Neurodevelopmental disorders are heritable, life-long conditions with early onset. For many years, research on dyslexia proceeded on the basis that it was a specific learning difficulty – specific meaning that the difficulty could not be explained in terms of obvious causes such as sensory problems or general learning difficulties (low IQ). However, the failure to find qualitative differences in reading, and phonological skills, between children with dyslexia and children with more general learning problems led this kind of 'discrepancy' definition to fall from favour. The Rose Review stated that dyslexia can occur across the IQ range and that poor decoding skills require the same kinds of intervention irrespective of IQ. In this paper, we argue that loosening the criteria for dyslexia has influenced common understanding of the condition and led to diagnostic confusion. In the longer term, the use of the term may need to change. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transfer of disability history research to new generation audiences is crucial to allow lessons from the past to impact the future inclusion and equality agenda. As today’s children are the policy makers and the legislators of tomorrow, it is important for them to have opportunities to engage with disability life story narratives to understand personal experiences of disability and the social systems that influenced their construction through time and space. Through the embodiment and manipulation of these powerful narratives, children have the opportunity to challenge traditional perspectives of disability that may be disabling and oppressive. Such materials contribute to the making of an inclusive society by enabling children to craft mechanisms of intervention that can used to build resilience and resistance to barriers, and thereby generate social change. This paper examines how performance techniques can be used as a pedagogical tool to transpose new understandings of disability history and culture to school-based audiences. It builds on two previous projects: one focusing on life history narratives of three generations of disabled people, and the other exploring the potential for text-based disability narratives to move beyond text in interesting and creative ways. In so doing, this paper reports on a cross-disciplinary project which brought together academics (from performance and social science backgrounds), three performing arts secondary schools and disabled theatre performers. It presents qualitative evidence of how performance workshops delivered in three schools, by disabled performers, and stimulated by disability life history research, has the potential to increase disability awareness in the mainstream classroom and challenge negative disability stereotypes that influence how disabled people are made known in society. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the early twentieth century, American newspapers enjoyed high circulations while presenting readers with diverse and plentiful content. After 1920, radio broadcasting made even more information available for public consumption, giving audience members an abundant range of media choices. During a time of plenty for readers and listeners, companies in the business of media struggled with the opposite problem: scarcity. As the amount of media content proliferated, the practical ability to disseminate it was determined by the access to scarce resources, and this was true for both radio broadcasting and newspaper publishing. In many respects, the history of the American mass media in the early twentieth century might best be told as a tale of two scarcities, one—the electromagnetic spectrum—defined by absolute limits and the other—the newsprint—defined by access to markets for a particular material, the supply of which often fluctuated in availability and price. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This special issue is the result of an open call launched two years ago in connection with the activities of the Robert Schuman Initiative, led at the University of Luxembourg by Prof. David Howarth. Our call for papers invited scholars to historically analyse the relationship between the EU single market and the internet from a critical perspective. This interdisciplinary issue mainly analyses how the development of the Internet has created major regulatory challenges at the EU level. It looks at the various stakeholders and their changing roles, the regulatory framework and its turning points, underlining policy changes but also strong legacies and continuities within EU policies and debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing for teamwork in healthcare requires a thorough understanding of the working context and routines of the different user groups involved. This paper presents a design project in the context of child oncology in which we demonstrate the use of a newly developed ethnographic method for design research called the learning history method. The results of this design research project demonstrate that the method provides the designer with a clear path to gather in-depth insights into the needs and wishes of different users and their interactions, while maintaining flexibility in execution. Moreover, the results also show that the proposed tangible outcomes of each design research step focuses high-quality feedback loops between the designer and the different users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the responses of pre-service teachers (PSTs) to the young adult novel All American Boys in light of their viewing the 2016 documentary 13th. In this paper, I use anti-racist English education scholarship to discuss how these two texts helped PSTs 'refuse to start with secondly.' I examine how Adichie's concept of 'refusing secondly' within readings of literature both affords and constrains the anti-racist possibilities of literature teacher preparation courses. Using qualitative methodologies, I analysed student reflections, recorded class discussions, and co-constructed class documents. Students connected the historical and the contemporary in considerations of race and racism. They also implicated societal institutions before situating themselves within the continuing legacies of race and racism. These findings demonstrate the ways that 'refusing secondly' may offer space for PSTs and teacher educators to use literature to navigate the continuous and indeterminate process of becoming more anti-racist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Route 66 was built using existing trail and road segments along the 35th Parallel Route including the Beale Wagon Road, Santa Fe Trail, and National Old Trails Road. The resulting features and structural remains along this transportation corridor create many evaluation challenges to archaeologists and preservationists alike. This paper presents three case studies and gives examples of the types of buildings, structures, and features commonly found along the route today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1980 and 1995, while John Sweeney was president, the membership of the Service Employees International Union rose from around 600,000 to over 1.1 million. It continued to increase after 1995, making the SEIU the largest and fastest-growing union in the country. This growth was remarkable because it occurred at a terrible time for unions, one where the overwhelming emphasis – in both the media and academic scholarship – was on labor's decline. While scholars have noted the SEIU's growth, there has been little sustained analysis of how it was achieved. Existing accounts also posit growth largely as a reflection of the union's organizing prowess. Drawing on the SEIU's papers and interviews, this article argues that the union's growth under Sweeney did reflect its commitment to organizing. At the same time, the article makes a fresh contribution by showing that the SEIU also grew because of lesser-known factors, including the affiliation of independent unions and legislative advances in public sector rights. The SEIU also benefited from operating in a growing sector of the economy, where low-paid workers needed unions. These conclusions are developed through analysis of "flagship" drives at Beverly Nursing homes, Blue Cross/Blue Shield, and the high-profile "Justice for Janitors" campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytic moral philosophers have generally failed to engage in any substantial way with the cultural history of morality. This is a shame, because a genealogy of morals can help us accomplish two important tasks. First, a genealogy can form the basis of an epistemological project, one that seeks to establish the epistemic status of our beliefs or values. Second, a genealogy can provide us with functional understanding, since a history of our beliefs, values or institutions can reveal some inherent dynamic or pattern which may be problematically obscured from our view. In this paper, I try to make good on these claims by offering a sketchy genealogy of emancipatory values, or values which call for the liberation of persons from systems of dominance and oppression. The real history of these values, I argue, is both epistemologically vindicatory and functionally enlightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the method behind Nietzsche’s genealogical critique. I do not offer a comprehensive characterization and defense of his execution of this critique, but I sometimes allude to elements of it in order to illustrate its method. I review versions of genealogical critique that consist in challenging the epistemic standing of moral judgments (their justification or their truth) by exposing their historical contingency. I argue that they misconstrue Nietzschean genealogy, which is best conceived as a pragmatic enterprise, which aims at uncovering their function and asking whether they are useful or harmful. I argue that such a pragmatic conception of genealogy accounts for its peculiar combination of history and fiction. I then show how this pragmatic view of moral judgments fulfills Nietzsche’s ambition to develop a compelling naturalistic conception of them and explain the importance he ascribes to a functional critique of them. I conclude by considering two questions this pragmatic conception of genealogy poses for its critical bearing: How can moral judgments best explained in terms of their functional usefulness turn out to be harmful? Since Nietzsche believes that any practice, including morality, has multiple functions, how is a functional critique of morality even possible? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museums today are confronted by the demands of finding a path towards the future that will engage visitors of all ages and origins without sidestepping current debate or glossing over aspects of 'hard history' implicit in their local or national settings. This is especially true of rural life museums that often deal with village life and agriculture while now catering mainly to city-dwellers. With its 'Theatre of Agriculture' set in the programme of 'Living in the 21st Century', the Ecomuseum of Alsace is working out new ways to link its collections, its buildings and land, its many skills-holders, and its interpretation practices, to an over-arching strategy bridging Alsatian tradition and present-day diversity. This paper explores the strategies adopted by the museum in navigating these tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immediately after the 1666 Great Fire, Christopher Wren sought to persuade King Charles II to rebuild London according to the best principles of baroque urbanism, with wide straight streets, axial symmetry, monumental endpoints, and a waterfront with open quays. The plan was quickly rejected as impracticable and Wren's creative energy went into the design of St Paul's Cathedral and more than fifty parish churches. But his scheme was memorialized by his son and grandson as a scandal of lost opportunity, a noble vision 'unhappily defeated by faction'. Widely reproduced by print-makers, it gained iconic status, influencing street improvement in eighteenth-century London, nineteenth-century public health reform, late-Victorian advocacy of municipal autonomy, and twentieth-century planning controversies including the Paternoster Square redevelopments of 1955 and 2000. The paper shows how archival research disproving the received narrative of Wren's plan opened the way for different understandings both of the planning legacy of reconstruction after the Great Fire, and of his own accomplishments as a Renaissance architect working within a mediaeval street plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1979 Revolution, the Iranian state has adopted a sophisticated set of policies to assimilate the Eastern Kurds. The Kurds are often the main target of the Iranian state's military operations, its assimilatory strategies, and its regime of surveillance. After the 'conquest' (fath) of Eastern Kurdistan (Rojhelat) in 1979, the state tried to retain control over the region through systemic militarisation, the establishment of 'revolutionary institutions', and new religious and cultural centres, to transform the demographic, religious and cultural profile of Kurdistan. This paper is an attempt to illuminate the state's religious nationalism and various forms of assimilatory strategies that the Islamic Republic of Iran has employed to transform Kurdish regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how notions of intertextuality and reception history unfold in a Sikh literary context by examining interactions between Bhai Vir Singh's Srī Kalgīdhar Camatkār and gurbilās literature. These texts' portrayals of an important battle of Sikh history, the battle of Bhangani, illustrate how the various historical circumstances of the seventeenth to twentieth centuries shaped the modes and content of historical representation of the Sikh past at different points in time. It also sheds light on the life and reception of gurbilās texts beyond the nineteenth century and allows us to further interrogate the relationship between the literary premodernity of gurbilās texts and the literary modernity of Bhai Vir Singh's historical writing in colonial Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage buildings are representative of culture, aesthetics, building techniques and lifestyle of a certain period. But with the change of time, it is difficult for heritage buildings to meet the demands of modern-day society, and as a result, they lose their original functionality. The colonial architecture of Lahore during the British era was its most distinguishing feature and Burt Hall, built in 1913, is a key example. It is an architecturally significant building which is not only reminiscent of the British colonial past but also reflects the lifestyle of the British Raj. Presently, owing to sheer negligence and callous disregard, it is losing its importance and deteriorating rapidly. The challenge today is to find the most appropriate function that modifies and offers new uses for the building, while keeping the historic essence of the area in which it is situated and allows it to play an important role in community revitalisation. This paper focuses on a historical study of the Burt Institute, devising strategies for its conservation and a methodology to achieve a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the lace design pedagogy that developed in Nottingham during the first half of the 20th century. It draws on teaching material and student work collected in the Nottingham Trent University Lace Archive and examines three sets of material in particular: portfolios of student drawing; a collection of lace draughts composed for teaching purposes; and student-designed lace samples. These materials are records of a learning process influenced by both a national education system and the local lace industry. While the former was concerned to reproduce a canon of ornamentation obeying certain design principles, the latter needed designers possessing specific technical skills and the ability to copy and adapt existing designs suitable for mass production and consumption. Lace design pedagogy encompassed the "principles' of design, the "technique" of design, and the "business" of design. In each of these fields, students learnt by copying, so that copying was, to some extent, both the method and the outcome of Nottingham lace design education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yali College, a four-year institution operating under the aegis of Yale University, offered a US-style undergraduate education in China's Hunan province from 1914 to 1927. It developed a robust curriculum and an impressive physical plant but collapsed after a little more than a decade. This paper, drawing on new archival research, focuses on the circumstances leading to that collapse. It argues that a deep divide emerged over Yali's form and function, pitting modernisers at the institution's helm against its tradition-minded faculty and trustees, eventually crippling the college. The case of Yali helps us understand the perils of ideological misalignment in education, especially when it occurs in challenging sociopolitical contexts like 1920s China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of an assertive judiciary in Pakistan is an apparently anomalous development given the broader trajectory of the collapse of institutional autonomy in the civilian sphere of governance. This paper examines the changes since 2005 by placing them in a broader historical context and argues that a Pakistani variant of a rule of justice tradition that employs the metaphor of the colonial rule of law tradition is emerging. Under this hybrid, the formal apparatus of colonial constitutionalism is employed using expansive, almost despotic, discretion by the superior judiciary, in order to hold the executive to the account. The judiciary draws popular support from such exercises as the spectacle created resonates with the public, and thus support is the fuel upon which judicial independence rests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the forested countryside of Gwalior lie the vestiges of a little-known amphitheatre (akhārā) attributed to Raja Mansingh Tomar (r. 1488–1518). A bastioned rampart encloses the once-vibrant dance arena: a circular stage in the centre, surrounded by orchestral platforms and an elevated viewing gallery. This purpose-built performance space is a unique monumentalized instance of widely-prevalent courtly gatherings, featuring interpretive dance accompanied by music. What makes it most intriguing is the architectural play between inside|outside, between the performance stage and the wilderness landscape. Why then did it make sense to situate a 'fortified' amphitheatre amidst forested hills, away from the city? And where does this cultural arena stand in relation to the pressing political concerns of the day, anchored in the very same landscape? This paper examines the performative structure of Mansingh's akhārā and argues that performance – as evening entertainment, hunting sport and military campaign – occupied a crucial place in Gwalior's resilience throughout the fifteenth century and its changing perceptions from an infidel's jungle refuge (mawās) to the axis of a culturally-refined region (sudeśa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the implications of recent developments in U.S. intercountry adoption (ICA) policy for vulnerable children. We review policy and practices from 2004-2018, including (1) the 2008 implementation of the Hague Convention and (2) the 2017 changes in Hague accrediting entities for adoption agencies. By analyzing the ICA contexts of the top five States of origin, we argue the decline in ICA is from factors within States of origin rather than U.S. policy. Though ICA benefits individual children's development, it can cause harm at a systems level, so the decline in ICA has mixed implications for vulnerable children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In postwar England, the 'inner city' has loomed large in urban discourse and policy, serving as an important site through which 'race' has been rendered socially and spatially meaningful. Drawing on insights from history, geography and sociology, this paper traces the material and symbolic processes through which the 'inner city' has been the subject and object of socio-political knowledge and action. The article examines what shifting understandings of the 'inner city' and related policy responses reveal about the racialisation of space and bodies, and the role of the state in rationalising and enacting specific urban imaginings and interventions. In historicising dominant conceptions of the 'inner city', we identify three periods revealing key transformations within this formation: firstly, we consider how the idea operated as a spectre, in which the American 'ghetto' was seen as a predictor of 'race relations'; secondly, we contend that during the 1970s and 1980s, the 'inner city' came to be 'territorialised' as a pathological, racialised space subject to particular modes of institutional regulation; finally, we examine the relative fragmentation of the 'inner city' in recent decades, through urban regeneration and changes in the spatialisation of 'race' and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'unification' of the United States Army and Navy under the 1947 National Security Act, combined with efforts to cut expenditures after the Second World War, spawned vicious inter-service competition that undermined civilian control of the military. The nastiest feuds were between the Air Force and Navy, and then the Navy and civilian leaders of the fledgling Department of Defence. What appears as an esoteric dispute over the utility of bombers versus aircraft carriers was merely the tip of a larger struggle over the future of American military strategy. Civilian efforts to end this destructive inter-service rivalry and force the military to live within its budgetary constraints provoked open defiance during the so-called 'Revolt of the Admirals' in 1949. National Security Council Paper 68 offered a way out of this predicament by outlining a quasi-Keynesian fiscal policy based on rearmament that would stimulate the economy enough to offset the additional defence spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a short history of Italian marine biology, starting from the mid 16th century. During the Renaissance, a profound curiosity for marine sciences animated the scientific thought and several Italian naturalists started to collect rare and unusual marine items, sometimes acting with little critical sense towards medieval unbelievable legends. The 17th and 18th centuries saw a development of botany and zoology as modern disciplines and Italian scholars started to study the Mediterranean fauna and flora. They became active mainly at the Universities of Trieste, Venice, Palermo, Naples, Rome and Genoa and in other scientific institutions that arose under the different political regimes in which Italy was divided at that time. The Kingdom of Italy, born in 1861 with enormous financial difficulties, was interested in reaching an international scientific limelight: hence, some oceanographic expeditions were organized all around the world with a significant collection of data and specimens. The scientific interest for sea life increased and became at international level at the end of the 19th century, with the foundations of the first shore-based Zoological Stations in Trieste and Naples. At the beginning of the 20th century, intensive studies of inshore benthic communities by dredging and, afterwards by diving, started concurrently with those on structure and dynamics of plankton and fish populations which yielded a significant knowledge of the marine life from the Mediterranean continental platform. After the Second World War, the fundamental studies conducted at the Zoological Station of Naples on genetics, embryology and developmental biology using marine organisms as study models, were spread to different universities, going to constitute an Italian school of experimental embryology of international value. Today, the modern Italian marine biology is increasingly multi-disciplinary, requiring the participation of biochemists, geneticists and mathematicians and it opens up to new frontiers often linked to the global changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emerges out of ethnographic scholarship on marginalization in present-day engineering education. I pursue a scholarship of integration to contextualize my own and others' engineering education research with critical, cultural, and historical accounts of engineering. I structure the narrative around the ethnographic themes of masculinity, competition, and competition-as-masculinity. Within each theme I situate present-day ethnographic observations of engineering educational culture, elaborate on those observations with historical context, and return to consider how historical context extends the original ethnographic observations. The implications for the study are threefold: (1) generating a new functional lens on engineering educational culture as masculine and competitive, (2) communicating useful historical context to stakeholders in engineering education, and (3) demonstrating the value of integrative scholarship to promote further interdisciplinary collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the history of southern teacher association mergers during the Civil Rights Movement. Desegregated teacher associations promised opportunity for black educators during the transformation of public schools in the 1960s and 1970s. Southern black educators at the moment of desegregation controlled the mergers of their own associations and carried forth a civil rights agenda that protected the gains of the movement and the integrity of their professional labor. Threatened with widespread unemployment and the perils of working under white school officials committed to segregation, black educators defended their right to teach in a newly desegregated and volatile work environment. White teacher associations responded by pursuing a 'right to work' in desegregated schools that built upon the rhetoric of conservative and antiunion ideology. The perennial yet evolving tensions that underpinned the merger highlights the limitations of the Civil Rights Movement, which promised opportunity yet ironically put forth new forms of resistance that deprived black teachers of the equity they sought through desegregation. The conflict inherent to the merger of education associations provides a nuanced perspective by which to understand desegregation as it precipitated fractures and tensions still evident in the teaching profession today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on over 70 years of demotic humanitarianism from a grassroots perspective. Using the archives of Hudfam and Elizabeth Wilson as well as more recent oral history of local nongovernmental organisations in the West Yorkshire region of the United Kingdom, this paper seeks to cast a new light on the complex network of humanitarianism enabled by local groups. The concept of demotic humanitarians will be used here to denote the modest scale of this work, but also the humanitarians' self-perception as local agents of internationalism acting within localised networks. From the creation of Hudfam in 1942 (before Oxfam but in Huddersfield) to the birth of the Christian African Relief Trust or local partnerships with Ghana, this article shows how entangled in other social and political initiatives demotic humanitarians were. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sewn‐plank vessels have been a pervasive form of ship construction since antiquity. This paper provides an introductory overview of the current state of the field of sewn‐plank studies, with a particular focus on the Indian Ocean. It describes the basic function of sewn‐plank techniques, and then discusses textual references and historical approaches to the topic. The relevant archaeological evidence is reviewed, and prior ethnographic work relating to the topic is outlined. It summarizes numerous experimental sewn‐plank reconstructions that have been undertaken and concludes with a discussion of the current directions of the field and suggestions for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the literature on second-generation migrants by examining the construction of ethnicity (Italianitá) over time. We compare two cohorts of second-generation Italian-Australians: the post-World War II cohort and the post-1980s cohort. Ethnographic data for this research were collected with second-generation Italian-Australians in Perth over a thirty-year period. Our findings highlight important differences between these two groups based on socio-historical context and transnational experiences. Informants draw on these differences to distinguish between "wog" vs. "cosmopolitan" forms of Italianitá. While these contrasting identities highlight cultural discontinuities between cohorts, both groups construct their ethnicity through the trope of the Italian migrant family. Employing the theoretical notions of "intimate culture" and "familial habitus" we theorize family as integral to conceptualizations of ethnic field and show how it has been overlooked and devalued in analyses of diaspora politics and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore how Hip-Hop enthusiasts in the Adelaide and Melbourne scenes related their practices to a romanticised 'American' or 'South Bronx' origin point. I draw on ethnographic research conducted from 2006 to 2008 to show that while some Hip-Hop fans and artists worked to connect their beliefs and behaviours to an idealised past, others sought to separate themselves from these historical narratives and to establish Australian Hip-Hop as a distinct cultural form. These differences created tensions as people debated how authenticity should be assessed in the Australian context and what it meant to be a Hip-Hop practitioner in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]