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Climate change is a global threat to the environment and human health. Two of the main greenhouse gases that cause the greenhouse effect and raise global temperatures are carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides. In this review paper, we investigated the effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides on climate change and the effects of climate change on Afghanistan. We found that high concentrations of carbon dioxide, which is now CO2 levels, have increased by 50% than before the Industrial Revolution, contributing to a rise in global temperature and precipitation. At the same time, Nitrous oxide is an important greenhouse gas, with 310-fold higher potential for global warming than CO2 and leads to the depletion of stratospheric Ozone and other Nitrogen oxides, has a significant impact on plant health, including effects on chlorophyll levels, oxidative stress, and antioxidant responses. Afghanistan's climate change is predicted to increase the country's prevalence of illnesses linked to dust storms and poor air quality, especially in Kabul, the nation's capital. In addition, air pollution in Kabul is also likely to increase as a result of climate change. The alarming impacts of air pollution, with more than 3,000 deaths attributed to air pollution annually. Additionally, at least 700,000 individuals in Kabul have experienced various respiratory diseases. Due to climate change, Afghanistan's total glacier area has shrunk by 13.8%. In 2023, Afghanistan experienced early snow melt and below-average precipitation, causing second-season and irrigated crops to have less access to water. Reducing emissions and coping with the changing climate are essential steps towards tackling the complex issues these gases present and their wider effects on the environment and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change crises and environmental imbalances have been a significant concern globally in recent times. The climatic changes give rise to various issues such as global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, deterioration of natural resources, soil erosion, deforestation, and more. Many international and national agreements and policies have been created to protect the environment, from the UNFCCC to the recent Paris Agreement, aiming to control rising environmental issues. However, developed and developing countries must achieve desirable results in combating climate change. Industrial and technological developments are critical reasons for environmental pollution and degradation. Progress is necessary for planned developing countries, but growth and expansions shall also consider ecological sustainability. Technology shall be novel in adapting to the changes, considering the effects it can produce on the environment. Green technology combines technology with the environment, also called environmental technology, clean technology, or sustainable technology. It is a combination of science and technology together to mitigate climatic changes and protect the environment. Green technology is the modern sustainable solution to pressing environmental concerns. India is one of the countries globally showing rapid green technology developments. The authors of this paper have tried to highlight the dire need to modify technological developments vis-a-vis environmental sustainability to protect the environment. The research paper delves into and understands the interface between clean technology’s importance and relevance for ecological sustainability and the role of patent law, particularly in dealing with issues of the environment. The paper shall also establish a harmonious relationship between patent law and its role in ensuring environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between trade and climate change is not a simple linear relationship. In this paper, using the threshold regression model, we estimated the effect of trade on climate change in South Africa. The paper applied the LM test to examine the nonlinear inference approach to test whether nonlinearity existed and if the threshold model was relevant to the study. The results show that when energy use is set as the threshold variable, the relationship between trade and climate change measured as methane is U-shaped. Also, in other models of GHG as climate change indicators, the results show that the effect of trade on climate change is not dynamic. This result supports the idea that high and low trade effects may have different impacts on climate change indicators. It is, therefore, recommended that all exporters in South Africa resort to more innovative environmental mechanisms to reduce the contribution to climate. The suggestion for future studies is to consider exports of different sectors to climate change. This approach will avoid the generalization of exporting firms as the worst emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation endeavors to evaluate the prevalence of stubble burning in India, with a special focus on the state of Punjab. The study emphasizes the enormity of stubble burning by examining farm fire incidents, pollutant emissions, its detrimental impacts. It supports the effective management of crop residue along with proposing alternatives to stubble burning. The article conveys the message that stubble burning can result in deleterious effects on the environment, human health, crop growth, natural ecosystems, visibility, and physical infrastructure. The key solutions lie in education, functional literacy, a heightened awareness of environmental laws, rights and duties, stringent governance, and socially responsible public, promoting adherence to the National Green Tribunal's guidelines for managing crop residue and enlightening farmers about the ill effects of stubble burning on animal, soil, human health, crop biodiversity, and climate change. The available data of districts of Punjab indicates the recent waning trend in stubble burning, thus heralding a positive indication of environmental preservation. Decreased stubble burning is the reward of untiring government initiatives, support and subsidies, awareness programs, advanced research and technology, and enforcement of stringent regulations combined with recognition of the deleterious environmental impacts of stubble burning. This research article indicates that there is still a need for efforts to be made to eliminate stubble burning altogether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a widely debated topic in the 21st century, with various perspectives and opinions on its causes and potential remedies. Climate change risks have perplexed authorities and made protecting human life and health difficult. The elements that cause climate change, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, air pollutants, short-lived climatic pollutants, etc., have affected both the climate and human health. The Paris Agreement established several commitment periods that each nation was obligated to follow in accordance with their own individual capacities. This will assist in achieving greater human health and environmental benefits. To develop a robust climate change framework, WHO and other UN organizations have moved up to resolve these challenges. From the first international conference in 1988 to the current Conference of Parties, it has been concluded that "humanity is conducting an unintended, uncontrolled, globally pervasive experiment, the ultimate consequences of which could be second only to a global nuclear war." The recent Katowice Agreement and the climate change package that was put in place demonstrate the seriousness required to resolve the issues of finance, loss and damage, and differentiation mechanisms, which were thoroughly discussed. The paper will focus on the existing legal solutions for providing climate justice to nations. The study will also look at the effectiveness of COP24 in executing adaptation and mitigation plans and adhering to the Paris Agreement in both text and spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area around Qinghai Lake is one of the most serious desertification areas on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, combined with field investigation and indoor analysis, the classification and grading system of desertification around Qinghai Lake was established. On this basis, through remote sensing data processing and parameter inversion, the desertification monitoring index model was established. Based on the analysis of Landsat-5/ TM remote sensing data from 1990 to 2020, the dynamic change characteristics of desertification land around Qinghai Lake in recent 30 years were obtained. The results show that the desertification area around Qinghai Lake was 1,359.62 km², of which the light desertification land was the main one. The desertification spread in a belt around Qinghai Lake, concentrated in Ketu sandy area in the east, Ganzi River sandy area in the northeast, Bird Island sandy area in the northwest, and Langmashe sandy area in the southeast. From 1990 to 2000, the annual expansion rate of desertification around Qinghai Lake was 2.68%, the desertification spread rapidly, and light desertification land was the main part of desertification expansion. From 2000 to 2010, the annual expansion rate of desertification was only 0.83%, but severe desertification land and moderate desertification land developed more rapidly than in the previous period. From 2010 to 2020, the annual expansion rate of desertification was 2.66%, and the desertification was spreading rapidly, mainly with moderate desertification land and light desertification land. In the process of desertification land transfer around Qinghai Lake, the transfer of desertification land and non-desertification land was the main, accompanied by the mutual transformation of different levels of desertification land. The process of desertification around Qinghai Lake was essentially the result of natural and human factors. The special geographical location, climate changes, rodent damage, and human factors around Qinghai Lake were the main causes of desertification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of climate change and its impact on agriculture, the paper analyses the trend of monsoon rainfall and its correlation with crop yield in Andhra Pradesh. The summer monsoon is the main rainy source of water for the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Kharif crops depend on the southwest monsoon rains to the extent that its adverse variability may lead to water stress and agrarian crisis. It has been observed from the study that in recent years the contribution of monsoon rainfall during September is increasing, and any harvest during the month is correspondingly affected, leading to a decline in the crop yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glaciers are the protector of climate change. As glacier melting is a long-term process, it does not gain the same attention in comparison to other crises. The visible evidence of global warming is the glaciers. The main cause of glaciers melting is the rising temperature of the earth by CO2 emission and ocean warming. Deforestation, burning fossil fuels, transportation, and other human activities raise the atmospheric concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) which warm the planet and ultimately cause the glacier to melt. 90% of the earth’s warmth is absorbed by the ocean and is responsible for the melting of marine glaciers. The main deglaciation consequences are sea-level rise which has contributed to rising sea level by 2.7cm since 1961Glaciers are always been of substantial research as their longterm behavior is like a barometer to check the weather variability, change in flora and fauna, and economic activity. Deglaciation promises grave consequences for wildlife, plant, and the region’s people and a frightening future. This paper showcase how glaciers are melting and hearts are frozen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low carbon has been one of the hottest research topics on global change and sustainable development field, and land use carbon emission is a leading research subject. Taking Hefei City as an example, this paper uses the Decoupling Theory to analyse the relationship of carbon emission and construction land expansion between 1997 and 2012. Based on the decoupling analysis, the Trend Index is established to judge the development direction of the relationship. This study focuses on solving two questions: on the one hand, the strict classification provides an accurate approach for calculating the carbon emission carried by construction land; on the other hand, the paper re-analyses the decoupling states of the two research objects that have same expected development direction, which is falling at the same time. The results show that the ideal decoupling relationship between carbon emission and construction land expansion is in the order of strong decoupling< weak decoupling< expansive negative decoupling< strong negative decoupling< recessive decoupling< weak negative decoupling. At present, the relationship of carbon emission and construction land expansion in Hefei City is in the state of weak decoupling. And according to the Trend Index, it is heading towards a good trend of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm production contributes tremendously to the economies of tropical countries, a location where cultivation takes place. The cultivation of oil palm is usually dominated by smallholders and produces about 40% of global palm oil demand. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the role of smallholder oil palm growers in ensuring palm oil production in a changing climate. This study was based on a conventional literature review. Relevant articles were retrieved using search terms such as “climate change” or “oil palm” or “climate change and oil palm” OR “oil palm smallholders” OR “oil palm growers”. The documents were selected by (i) examining the title of the document, (ii) the abstract (iii) and the content of the document sequentially. Only documents that meet the inclusion criteria were selected for the review. The results of this study demonstrated that global climatic changes have a greater negative effect on oil palm production in the tropics. Rising temperatures result in water stress to the palms, as does variability in rainfall, which reduces productivity, declining floral abortion, increase in pests and diseases infestation, and yield loss. Oil palm smallholder growers contribute immensely to global food security. Smallholders are estimated to manage approximately 40% of the global oil palm planted area, producing 40% of the global palm oil demand. In Africa, smallholders produced more than 60% of palm oil demand, 33% in Papua New Guinea, and 40% in Malaysia. In Latin America, where 87% of oil palm growers are smallholders, they produce over 60% of the demand for palm oil. Oil palm production creates jobs and poverty alleviation, provides the most efficient oil, provides vitamins for bodybuilding, and provides nutritious and healthy food. This study recommends long-term and short-term policies on climate change and oil palm, improved regional academic leadership, with a focus on collaboration with scientists in consumer countries, improved institutional research, and collaboration in research between producer and major consumer countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in the six municipalities of Apayao Province, namely, Luna, Pudtol, Flora, Conner, Kabugao, and Calanasan. This aimed to survey and characterize the edible fruit and ethnomedicinal trees in the forest landscape of Apayao province. It determined the geographical location, morphological characteristics, ecological status, DNA sequencing, phytochemical contents, uses, and threats of the edible and ethnomedicinal trees in the forests of Apayao. The methods used were qualitative and quantitative research. Fifteen (15) edible and 10 ethnomedicinal trees were surveyed with sixteen (16) families were identified. Out of 25 edible and ethnomedicinal trees, the conservation status is endangered, threatened, rare, vulnerable, and least concerned. Out of 25 edible and ethnomedicinal fruit trees, most are with identity results that range from 93 to 100% identity. Flavonoids, tannins, and sapotin compounds are mostly present in edible and ethnomedicinal trees. The community members are using 15 different ethnomedicinal trees to address 32 health-related conditions. The results of the phytochemical analyses provide support evidence to support the traditional uses of ethnomedicinal trees. All surveyed trees are susceptible to pests, diseases, and destruction brought by natural phenomena such as the effect of climate change. A policy recommendation for the conservation and protection of edible and ethnomedicinal trees is then proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the AquaCrop model was employed to analyze the impact of projected future climate changes on the water usage and biomass production of potato crops in Babylon, Iraq, under varying irrigation methods. The irrigation techniques evaluated included sprinkler irrigation, surface drip irrigation, and subsurface drip irrigation at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm. The study involved simulating and forecasting conditions for the year 2050, comparing them to current conditions. The model measured and predicted the evapotranspiration (ETa) and actual biomass of potato crops for 2050 using the RCP 8.5 scenarios, which outline different trajectories for greenhouse gas emissions. The AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using statistical measures such as the R2, RMSE, CV, EF, and D, achieving a 99% accuracy level in its performance. The findings suggest that using drip irrigation systems and applying the AquaCrop model significantly mitigates the adverse effects of environmental stress on desert soils and enhances sustainable agricultural practices in arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector is seriously impacted by climate change, leading to potential risks to food security. In terms of global food production, maize ranks third. As a result, crop production and food security depend critically on assessing the effects of climate change and developing measures to adapt maize. Regarding adaptability, changing planting dates and using different agrochemicals are more effective than other management. Crop models are part of a global decision support system to help farmers maximize yields despite unpredictable weather patterns. To mitigate yield loss and protect the ecosystem, it is essential to use efficient maize-sowing practices in the field. This experiment was carried out to identify the most favorable sowing dates that maximize yield while ensuring the crop's productivity and the integrity of the surrounding ecosystem remain intact. The main aim of this experiment was to mitigate the different climatic conditions by exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on pigments and sugar content in maize under different sowing dates. A field experiment was carried out in the School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India, during the spring season of 2022. The experiment dealt with various maize crops, PMH-10, sourced from the Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Punjab. The experiment was conducted in an open-air environment. The experimental setup was laid out in a split-plot design. The results stated that foliar application of salicylic acid and sodium nitroprusside successfully influenced high-temperature tolerance and low temperature at the reproductive phase and initial vegetative stages with other growing climatic conditions of maize in early and late sowings when controlled by increasing the chlorophyll index, carotenoids content, and sugar content of maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the major challenges related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the electricity sector and their impact on global climate change. The electricity sector is responsible for about a quarter of total global GHG emissions. To address these challenges, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used to measure the environmental impact of different energy sources and electricity generation and distribution processes. The circular economy is presented as a promising approach to reducing the carbon footprint of the electricity sector. By optimizing the use and value of materials throughout their life cycle, this approach contributes to waste minimization and resource efficiency. Morocco is committed to reducing its GHG emissions and has adopted policies and regulatory frameworks to combat climate change. This study aims to calculate the climate change impacts of electricity distribution phases by applying a life-cycle approach to the case of an electricity distribution company in Morocco. This assessment makes it possible to identify significant contributors from each area. In the context of this company, it is a question of demonstrating how the application of the principles of the circular economy concepts contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, that of scope 3. This study may be useful for other similar companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere has triggered the need to look for a mitigating strategy to address climate change. Wetlands have been noted to have the potential in improving water quality, mitigating flood (act as a floodplain) as well as protecting wildlife habitat and coastal area. Wetlands are also capable to sequestrate carbon. Due to rapid developments, natural wetlands are being destroyed day by day. Hence, constructed wetlands have been proposed to emulate the functions of natural wetlands. However, the use of constructed wetlands in sequestrating carbon is yet to be explored. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and compare the carbon sequestration potential between natural and constructed wetlands. A particular emphasis will be given to the use of constructed wetlands in sequestrating carbon. It is found that constructed wetlands are capable to sequestrate carbon as good as natural wetlands. Sustainable utilization of constructed wetlands as a carbon sink could be one of the effective initiatives to mitigate climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission is identified to be energy usage, which the demand is gradually increasing. Currently, many people are exposed to increasing temperatures, which affects to health, environment, and quality of life. Moreover, there are many worries about its continuously increasing trend. This work is interested in studying the association between the annual CO2 emission and the annual mean temperature in Thailand. At a confidence interval of 90%, a statistically significant association between the annual CO2 emission and the annual mean temperature was observed. The appropriate predictive equation represented that the CO2 emission at 0.481 M ton increased the annual mean temperature by about 1°C. The results are useful for planning the reduction of CO2 emissions in Thailand. Fascinatingly, the largest source comes from electricity production, and the most significant energy type is finished oil. Therefore, they should be controlled as the priority. Integrated methods are considered as more efficient strategies for the CO2 crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippines has been listed as the topmost affected country by climate change. One of the sectors affected by this climatic change is the agricultural sector. This study aimed to document the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAPs) on climate change among rice farmers as a baseline study in disseminating the practices on disaster risk reduction management to rice farmers in Central Luzon to reduce risks and improve the rice yield and income of rice farmers. A total of 969 respondents were randomly sampled from the seven provinces of Central Luzon. A survey questionnaire and an unstructured questionnaire were used as instruments in gathering the needed data. Descriptive and thematic analysis were used in analyzing the data. Results revealed that rice farmers are knowledgeable and have favorable attitudes toward the impact of climate change on farming. They sometimes practice climate-smart agricultural practices. Generally, the farmers are affected by weather and climatic conditions as well as the hazards that cause a reduction in rice yield. Climate change has affected farmers in their social well-being, economic aspect, and rice production. In terms of climate change disaster adaptation measures, the farmers sometimes adopt measures in terms of flood and drought and seldom adopt measures in typhoons, erosion, and volcanic eruptions. The study recommends the conduct of capability training on disaster risk reduction in rice production (such as early planting and planting of high-yielding varieties) based on the specific needs of each province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy security and stable supply are the most important aspects for any nation. The rising need for energy, caused by both population growth and economic activity, is a problem for many nations throughout the world. Consequently, they have to find a way to meet energy demand while also making sure it is inexpensive and sustainable. The use of renewable energy has gradually become one that is being given a lot of attention since it does not cause any harm to the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy is gaining popularity for a variety of different reasons. A paradigm shift toward renewable resources is relevant, as they have the ability to lessen reliance on fossil fuels and decrease environmental consequences; this article will provide several reasons why renewable energy is attracting attention on a global scale. Indeed, renewable energy is plentiful, clean, and might one day provide all of our energy needs. A country's carbon footprint and reliance on fossil fuels may be reduced by investing in renewable energy sources. In addition, there are several health and environmental problems associated with air and water pollution; nevertheless, renewable energy may assist decrease these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study attempted to observe the perception and adaptation strategies of farmers in the context of climate change. It observes that the majority of the farmers are aware of climate change and understand that they are facing problems due to it. The major problems faced by the farmers are the long duration of dryness due to lack of rainfall, weed pressure, very high temperatures, and crop disease. However, farmers are not very aware of technological adaptation and have changed the cropping time due to changes in the time of monsoon. The study recommends that there is a need for intensive micro and macro policy initiatives in terms of modern green sustainable technology along with awareness and skill development of the farmers. The government should also focus more on policy initiatives for sustainable agricultural practices in line with sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation industry accounts for the majority of air pollutant emission, which is one of the leading factors of climate change. Many vehicle emission models have been proposed focusing on emission factors to study the pollutant emission issue. However, little research has been done in China on emission models, though China is a major air pollutant-emitting country. This paper first introduces two emission models- MOBILE model and MOVES model, then proposes model selection methods including AIC (Akaike information criterion) and BIC (Bayesian information criterion) to compare and select the better model which could be applied in China. Experimental results show that the value of AIC and BIC for MOVES model is significantly lower than MOBILE model, which implies that MOVES model has better performance on real data fitness and prediction. Our experimental findings may be useful for future research on air pollutant emission modelling in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of global warming is climate change which affects elements of society. This condition causes a decrease in the level of community welfare and increases the level of community vulnerability. Some climate change impacts are floods, droughts, landslides, and shoreline changes. In this study, we will focus on landslides. Landslides are among the most dangerous natural disasters that often occur in mountainous areas, especially during the rainy season. Various factors influence events involving landslides. This study aims to utilize GIS to identify landslide-prone areas in Padang. The method used in this study is the Zuidam and Concelado criteria overlay method for the level of landslide hazard and the broken method (jenks). The natural break (jenks) classification method reduces within-class variation and maximizes between-class variation. This study shows that the level of landslide vulnerability in Padang City is low, with a total area of 288854.38173 ha with a percentage of 42.21%. We need to consider more factors and experiment with training and validating data in more detail to gain insight into the physical contributions of the factors to landslide occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As climate change continues to cause more frequent weather shocks such as droughts and floods and increasingly erratic rainfall, people in developing regions are threatened by crop failures and hunger. In this study, the researchers describe how climate change influences food security in Central Java, seen from the frequency of floods, rainfall, and rainy days. This study also added another variable, i.e., economic growth, reviewed through GRDP and the amount of rice production. Using the Common effect model, the study results revealed that rainy days and population were the variables significantly influencing food security in cities/regencies in Central Java Province. Meanwhile, two other variables, i.e., rainfall and GRDP, had no significant effect on food security in cities/regencies in Central Java Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper aims to review the climate change scenario of Arunachal Pradesh and its impact on the agricultural productivity and the farming system of the state. Arunachal Pradesh is witnessing climate change with rise in average temperature, particularly the minimum temperature. Though the amount of rainfall remains more or less constant, but the intensity increases with lowering of number of rainy days by 11 per cent in the recent decades. Also, there are profound variations in the spatial and temporal distribution in rainfall patterns with persistent mid season dry spell during July and August. Climate change is threatening food production system and therefore the livelihood and food security of people across the State, particularly that of the hill regions. Fragile and poorly accessible landscapes with sparsely scattered settlements, primitive agricultural practices and poor infrastructure make agriculture of Arunachal Pradesh extremely vulnerable to climate change. The observed and likely future effects are diverse and geographically differentiated, creating uncertainty, which makes the task of preparing for climate change impacts very difficult. To increase the resilience of sector in the state needs pro-environment and pro-development research and policies tailored to the local needs and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses a WRF model to simulate the climate for 2000-2008 and the future climate change for 2051-2059 over the North China Plain under A2, A1B, and B1 emission scenarios. To validate the accuracy of a WRF simulation, the global land data assimilation system (GLDAS) data are introduced in this paper. Considering the effectiveness of GLDAS data first is necessary because these data are the products generated by employing satellite and ground-based observational data. The observations of 49 weather stations (MET) over the North China Plain are selected. The spatial-temporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation of GLDAS are highly consistent with those of the MET. A comparison of temperature and precipitation between that of WRF and GLDAS shows that the temperature generated by WRF is overestimated, but the precipitation rate it obtains is consistent with that of GLDAS (R = 0.94). The temperature obtained by WRF that is corrected by a bias correction technique, which is based on the cumulative distribution function, has a high correlation with that of GLDAS. The results of this study can be used to learn the influence of climate change on agriculture and water resources by deriving a crop model and a hydrological model on a regional scale. Results show that the mean temperature will increase by 0.21°C, 1.20°C and 1.55°C; the daily maximum temperature by 0.74°C, 1.76°C and 2.20°C; and the daily minimum temperature by -0.41°C, 0.52°C and 0.79°C under B1, A1B and A2, respectively. On the other hand, to a certain extent, precipitation will decrease by 6.1%, 13.7% and 7.8% under B1, A1B and A2 in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evapotranspiration (ET) plays a significant role in climatic studies, directly influencing the hydrological cycle, energy balance equation, and surface vegetation. ET comprises three components: bare soil or ground evaporation, evaporation, and transpiration, in which vegetation removes water influenced by food grain production. In turn, soil moisture availability depends on precipitation characteristics over land, surface net radiation, and wind speed are the major climatic factors that together determine the magnitude of ET. This controls moisture availability in the lower troposphere, hence atmospheric stability, chances of cloud formation, and precipitation. Though the study of evapotranspiration is important for determining agricultural water consumption and analyzing drought situations, there is a lot of uncertainty in its accurate estimation. Land use/Land cover changes (LULCC) occurring throughout the Indian subcontinent have been found to affect the characteristics of low to moderate rainfall events and surface temperature extremes (Halder et al. 2016). A global warming scenario will change the hydrological cycle, and the impact of anthropogenic factors has also necessitated the need to understand the mechanisms that control changes in ET over India. In this study, we want to analyze the relationship between transpiration and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and investigate the relationship between canopy interception with respect to NDVI all over the Indian region. Attempts have been made to assess the impact of changes in climate and LULC on ET and its three components over the Indian region from 1981 till the present time. The monsoon season increases precipitation, and soil evaporation is found to increase at first, along with an increase in NDVI followed by canopy evaporation and transpiration. It is noted that changes in precipitation and LULCC across the Indian subcontinent have contributed significantly to changes in ET in different seasons. As variability in surface net radiation also plays an important role in controlling changes in total ET, it is being investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is expected to exacerbate the hydrological cycle globally and have a significant impact on water resources. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that observed and projected increases in both temperature and precipitation variability are the main reasons for projected climate change impacts on natural water resources. The examination of meteorological variables of the region, especially when agriculture is rainfall dependent, is very essential to formulate feasible adaptation strategies. As a result, using CORDEX-SA (Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment-South Asia) rainfall data (2021 to 2050), trend analysis was used to examine variations in rainfall data in the Kokkarne catchment of the Seetha river basin. Regression analysis was used to identify the season-wise rainfall trend. Annual, Summer, Monsoon, and Winter rainfall have depicted increasing trends with a rate of 2.46, 1.21, 2.77, and 0.009 mm per year respectively. The post-monsoon rainfall has projected a declining trend with a rate of -1.54 mm per year. Hence it is recommended that the designed strategies in the agricultural sector have to take the increasing, decreasing, and erratic nature of the trend of rainfall into consideration. Further considering the use of a Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) is reducing the SD and CV of rainfall data by 862 mm and 48.5% respectively. 87% of annual rainfall is contributed by monsoon season only with a Standard deviation of 424.4 mm and CV of 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is an effort and commitment of the world community in tackling the symptoms of global warming and damage to the ozone layer that will affect global climate change. Using field research methods, research data is collected through in-depth interviews with stakeholders in environmental services return programs in this research area. Research data is analyzed and described qualitatively for further conclusions. The concept developed upstream and downstream watershed relationships through the PES mechanism is based on the principle of voluntary agreement and awareness of maintaining the watershed ecosystem. The experience of implementing the PES Program in the Cidanau Watershed of Banten Province of Indonesia, managed by an independent institution. The PES program, in addition to its role as an environmental conservation program in the Cidanau watershed, also has socio-economical benefits for the community, environmental service (ES) users, and providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a universal challenge that threatens the very existence of life on planet Earth. One of the most sensitive areas to climate change is agriculture. Climate change affects precipitation, cyclones, clouds, temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. All these factors affect plant productivity which poses another grave concern in feeding the everincreasing population. The productivity in terms of crop yield is reduced due to a direct correlation between phenology and climate change. The reproductive organs of a plant and other parameters that define good fertility of a species are all affected by the increasing temperatures during their vegetative and reproductive phases of growth and development. Thus, this review is an attempt to understand the effect of climate change on the reproductive structures of plants and discuss the short-term and long-term adaptations in plants and agriculture as mitigation measures to combat the significant yield loss in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional settlements in the mountains are most vulnerable to climate change impacts. The threat of water sustainability to support the life of a traditional residential area is one of the climate change challenges that must be faced. This research aims to explore the local wisdom of the Hindu Javanese community in regulating the landscape of its settlements to maintain water sustainability now. This research methodology used a qualitative approach. This study took place in a traditional settlement of the Hindu Javanese community in the Cetho Temple area. The Cetho Temple area is one of the traces of the remnants of the Majapahit kingdom civilization on Mount Lawu, which was built in the 15th century. Data collection techniques are conducted by direct observation and interviews of several purposively selected informants in the study area. Data analysis is done by analyzing data into physical data and sociocultural data spatial analysis. The two groups of data were analyzed to obtain a complete picture of the strategy of the Javanese Hindu community to regulate water sustainability in residential areas. The research result shows that The Hindu Javanese community built its settlements concerning local topographic and hydrological conditions in maintaining water sustainability. The Mountain – Springs – Settlement - Farm field relationship forms an environmental ecosystem that is always balanced. In addition to maintaining physical water continuity, the Javanese Hindu community has a spiritual tradition to maintain the spirit of its people to maintain water continuity. The Hindu Javanese community in the Cetho Temple area can align settlements and nature through this local wisdom. This research in the future is expected to be useful as a reference for water management in traditional settlements in the mountains and planning for structuring settlement areas in the mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to provide an overview of soil N2O emissions in coffee cropping systems; summarizing available field data on soil emissions and identifying controlling factors (fertilizer type, precipitation, temperature, altitude). A systematic search of Scopus, Science Direct, Springer, and Scielo for experimental-type studies was conducted from January 2000 to October 2021. Of the seventy manuscripts determined through the search strategy, eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Analysis of the included studies revealed that they were conducted in Ecuador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua; the rainfall of the fields ranged from 910 mm to 2740 mm per year and the average temperature was 20.3°C. Coffee is planted under agroforestry systems and monocultures; in addition, the most abundant forest species in coffee agroforestry systems are leguminous plants of the Inga and Erytrina genus and 60% of the studies have been developed with the Catuai coffee variety. The pH and humidity of the soil where coffee plantations are developed range from 4.67 to 6.34 and 53.3 to 67.05% respectively. Finally, the fertilizers used are of chemical, organic, and chemical + polymer origin, at fertilization rates ranging from 66 to 400 kg.N.ha-1yr-1 and N2O emissions ranging from 0.2 to 12.8 kg.N.ha-1yr-1. Overall, the present systematic review provides a scientific basis for evaluating N2O emissions generated in coffee crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the farmers' perceptions regarding climate change, types of adaptation strategies, factors influencing adaptation choices and barriers to adaptation, in the low-hill zone of Himachal Pradesh in India. In low-hill zone, 202 farm households were randomly considered for the study. In the region, 62.4 % of the farm households were of the opinion that temperature has increased during the last 10 years, whereas, 57.9% of the respondents have perceived that there is a decrease in rainfall in low-hills of the state. In this part of the state, people have switched over to off farm jobs to meet their livelihood as perceived by 89.1 percent of the respondents. At farm level, farmers have adopted irrigation, crop diversification, change of sowing/planting dates and crop variety as the strategies to cope up with the changing situation. About 50% of the people have perceived that high cost of adaptation, limited knowledge of adaptation measures, lack of access to technology, labour availability and early weather warnings were the main barriers to climate change adaptation. In the region, adaptation to climate change was influenced by education level, household and farm size, access to irrigation and credit, and number of salaried persons in the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues related to global climate change have attracted widespread attention around the world, and China is no exception. With the introduction of a huge number of foreign direct investment (FDI), carbon dioxide emission pollution, such as ocean acidification, has become a serious threat in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. This study constructs models to analyse the effects of FDI on carbon dioxide emissions in the PRD region, as well as to analyse the scale, technique and composition effects in the area. Results indicate that the introduction of FDI can effectively reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the region because the foreign capital could bring environmental-friendly and energy-saving technologies, reduce carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP, and lessen damage to the environment. In addition, foreign capital flowing into the secondary sector has caused more serious damage to the environment than those flowing into the tertiary sector. Therefore, the area should actively guide foreign investment into industries with lower pollution and lower emissions. At the same time, strict standards should be developed to slow down the inflow of foreign capital in sectors which are energy-intensive, environmentally damaging, and have low levels of value-added production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socio-economic and institutional systems of a developing country like India have a big role in the effects of perception on the choice of adapting capability. The study uses exploratory factor analysis to better understand these implications in a regional context (EFA). Therefore, survey research is carried out in Sindhudurg district of coastal Maharashtra, with 410 respondents, assessing perception. EFA leads to the unpacking of latent constructs evaluating the perception of climate change, which in turn affects adaptive capacity and livelihood resilience. These constructs are biophysical impact cognition, motivation to change, economic diversification, and adaptive skills, which together account for 50% of coastal fishermen's perception of climate change. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed differences in the interpretation of these factors among coastal fishermen from various backgrounds (MANOVA). Overall, the research emphasizes the importance of perception in determining adaptive choices and resilience. According to the findings, developing adaptation-friendly infrastructural areas is recommended for society's resilient functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessment of soil fertility is essential to help identify strategies for sustainable agricultural production systems that decrease the negative environmental impact. The objective of this research study is to carry out a preliminary assessment of soil fertility status to adopt climate-smart agriculture to address the climate change challenges that adversely affect crop productivity and livelihoods of the farming community. The research was carried out in Mambattu village, Maduranthakam block of Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu. A systematic set of twenty geo-referenced soil samples were collected from the study village using GPS (Global Positioning System) and analysed for pH, EC, available macro, secondary and micronutrients to develop a credible soil fertility index (SFI). The preliminary fertility data of Mambattu village revealed that the pH of soil samples varied from acidic to alkaline with about 40% as neutral while the electrical conductivity showed non-saline and medium status of Organic Carbon (OC). The soil samples were predominantly sufficient in N and some micro nutrients (Fe, Mn), while medium in S and B and deficient in P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu. Results from initial studies indicate that practices like site specific nutrient management, green manuring, use of organic inputs, use of integrated pest management, seed treatment etc., have a high potential for implementing climate-smart agricultural technologies. Soil fertility evaluation can be an efficient tool to improve soil health which can positively impact crop productivity and be one of the important climate-smart technologies practices adopted by the farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is located at the crossing point between ecosystems and society, where changes in the global environmental conditions affect agricultural activities. The total agricultural area in Abu Dhabi Emirate in 2017 was 749,868 donums. This study had two main objectives; first, to understand how agricultural and livestock production has changed and how these changes are relevant to socioeconomic statuses; second, to assess climate change’s impact on agricultural and livestock production through groundwater characteristics. We distributed and collected 301 surveys throughout the three main regions in the Abu Dhabi Emirate (Abu Dhabi City, Al-Ain City, and Al Dhafrah). The results indicated that approximately 68% of the respondents in Al-Ain agreed that it is currently much easier and more profitable to manage a farm than it was 20 years ago. Further, 39% of the farmers agreed that both product quality and quantity have improved over the past 20 years. About 51% of Emirati nationals agreed that production has changed over time. The farmers aged between 51-60 years also agreed that there has been a change in production over time. Half of the farm owners agreed that production has changed, while a majority of the workers provided neutral responses on this topic. While a number of both owners and workers agreed that both production and income levels changed, more respondents disagreed than agreed that these changes had occurred. Finally, the farmers aged between 51-60 years agreed more that the groundwater levels and quality had changed over the past 20 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declining soil quality and climate change may affect species diversity and forest biomass productivity in many temperate regions in the future. Our research objective is to reveal the characteristics of soil nutrients and biomass of forests in Northeast China with climate change. The purpose of this study was to determine the soil physical and chemical properties of mature broad-leaved forest in the cold temperate zone of Mt. Changbai, Jilin Province, by measuring pH, NH4 +, organic matter (%), C/N, available phosphorus, alkali-hydrolysable N, rapidly available K, and Cr etc., analysing species diversity characteristics, and estimating aboveground biomass (AGB) of tree species with machine learning models. The results showed that with the increase of soil depth, the soil physical and chemical parameters have a decreasing trend; with the increase of soil depth, the soil nutrient content decreased; the main tree species were the Acer barbinerve (6937), Carpinus cordata Bl. (6682) and Acer mandshuricum Maxim. (5447) etc. The total difference (SOR) showed a similar trend in the four directions and central point; the reference sample size at central point, north, west, south and east direction was 903, 954, 971, 1005 and 1016, respectively; GRNN model was the relatively best model among these models for modelling the aboveground biomass of the trees. Therefore, the diversity of tree species in north-eastern forests was affected by soil nutrients, climate change also has a significant impact on the aboveground biomass of northeast forests, which provides a theoretical basis for the management of northeast forests about soil physical and chemical properties and species diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change ordinarily indicates a change in behaviour of the weather elements over an area during a time span. The change is attributable directly or indirectly to human activities or the natural causes that have the effect of altering the atmospheric composition. One aspect of this complexity is that climate change will impact unevenly across the ecosystems that prove vulnerable to climate changes. Biodiversity means variation of life forms within a given ecosystem. The present work attempts to trace down the nature of interrelationship between the climate change and faunal biodiversity especially with regard to rainfall variations in Nallamala forest (Kurnool district) of Andhra Pradesh. Rainfall is also one of the limiting factors of the species expansion that determines its distribution in boundaries of the area. The trend of rainfall time-series data indicates a decreasing trend in the rainfall pattern over forest and agricultural and grassland areas from 2014 along with northern, central and southern Western Ghats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of an environmental event that brings out a significant but so far ignored contributions to global warming and climate change, viz. that of flatulence by faunal living beings and livestock in particular. A conservative estimate is arrived at on the fraction of contribution by flatulence to the total Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Factors contributing to the increasing influence of flatulence on GHG emissions are discussed, which is observed to affect sustainable development in a significant way. Humans living in big cities breath-in air that might contain up to 20 % flatulence by weight . A query is raised as to why global organizations like the WRI and EPA have ignored this fact in the past. A significant role played by The United Nations on this topic from 2006, is highlighted. The status of flatulent contributions to climate change and environmental impact in emerging economies like India, Brazil, Argentina and China are discussed with emphasis on demography and population growth over the years. Life cycle analyses of the faunal emissions are provided taking dissociation into account and by products generated, which are the major points for concern. Due comparisons are made to GHG emissions through other sources. Generation and use of methane fuel and sequestration of carbon di oxide from flatulence through novel methods is illustrated as an alternative to the existing biogas technologies, thereby contributing to a more stable sustainable development. The measures being taken by the authorities in the western economies are highlighted and legislations discussed. Some basic diet based remedies to reduce flatulence, planting saplings, population control and harnessing flatulence are deliberated that would raise the bar on sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corals in the genus Porites are among the most dominant scleractinian corals in the coral reef ecosystems yet highly vulnerable to climate change impacts and diseases. In the Kondang Merak and Sempu Strait waters of Indian Ocean, it has been reported that more than 45% of the corals were infected with Pink Line Syndrome (PLS). The objectives of this study are to isolate, morphologically and molecularly characterize, and identify the PLS associated bacteria that infected Porites lutea coral. The sampling was performed at the Kondang Merak waters in June 2018 by snorkeling during low tide. In order to isolate and purify the dominant bacterial colony, quadrants streak-plating technique was performed using ZoBell marine agar culture media. 16S rRNA sequencing and BLAST homology were performed for the molecular identification of the bacterial colony. Results showed that the bacterial colony associated with PLS was of Bacillus cereus, which was closely related to Bacillus pseudomycoides, Bacillus toyonensis and Bacillus thuringensis with 97% similarity. The occurrence of B. cereus bacterium in the PLS infected P. lutea demonstrated that this opportunistic pathogen might be responsible for the PLS in the P. lutea coral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is an inevitable challenge for the whole world these days. United Arab Emirates (UAE) is classified among the countries with highest rate of vulnerability to the potential impacts of climate change in the world. The purpose of this qualitative research is to study the patterns of climate change in the UAE and to predict the future patterns. The methods used in the study were reviews and interviews as the data collection method. The results obtained summarized that UAE is facing many challenges related to the climate change impacts such as, water resources, coastal areas and food security. UAE’s efforts and future plans in dealing with climate change have been discussed. Climate change is hard to control because the emissions of green house gases (GHG) do not respect the boards, so countries should co-operate and take actions on global level to ensure save earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, is the typical environmentally fragile region of Chinese eco-environment. As the important water source supplying area of Yellow River, the source region is known as “plateau’s water tower”. There inhabit large quantities of rare wild animals. In this study, based on land ecological classification and field investigation, we used landsat images obtained in 2000 and 2015 to establish databases. From spatial distribution pattern variations and type transformation trend, the spatial changes and dynamic transfers of landscape ecotypes in the source region were analysed by using the analytical methods of landscape ecological spatial patterns. Results show that the unique natural conditions of the source region are more harsh and fragile. There have been phenomena of grasslands deterioration, desertification and wetlands shrinking, and water yield in the upper reaches of the Yellow River has been decreasing in recent years. In the source region, the serious eco-environmental problems have been caused by climate changes, rodent damages and human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that there is a consensus that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases will result in climate change, which will cause the sea level to rise, increase frequency of extreme climatic events such as intense storms, heavy rainfall events and droughts. This will increase the frequency of climate-related hazards, causing loss of life, social disruption and economic hardships. There is less consensus on the magnitude of change of climatic variables, nonetheless several studies have shown that climate change will have an impact on the availability and demand for water resources. Southern Africa lies in one of the regions of the world that is most susceptible to climate variability and change. In southern Africa, climate change is likely to affect nearly every aspect of human well-being, from agricultural productivity and energy use to flood control, municipal and industrial water supply as well as wildlife management, since the region is characterized by highly spatial and temporally variable rainfall, and in some cases, scarce water resources. This study presents the future change projection in precipitation under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios of the CanESM2 outputs using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) for 50 stations in Zambeze River basin during the two future periods: near future (2031-2060) and far future (2071-2100). For assessment of climate change, the baseline period (1979-2013) was partitioned into two periods for SDSM calibration (1979-1996) and validation (1997-2013). The results show that SDSM was not a very robust method for the simulation of precipitation for this study area, the model could not replicate observed precipitation very well. This is due to its conditional nature and high variability in space. The results also showed that there is a decrease in monthly precipitation during wet period (October-March) and an increase during the dry period (April-September). The upward monthly increase in projected precipitation expected is in August (300%, 325%) with RCP4.5 and maximum decrease in March (38%) with RCP4.5 for all scenarios for NF and FF respectively, and the projected annual precipitation is expected to decrease with time for all scenarios. It was observed that the maximum decrease will range from 7-21.8% for near future (NF) and 2-21% for far future (FF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a semi-distributed conceptual hydrological model "HBV-Light" is applied to one of the snow fed basins "Narayani River Basin" in Nepal to estimate runoff at several gauging stations and to analyse the changes in catchment hydrology and future flood magnitude due to climate change. The model was calibrated for the period 1995-2005 and validated for the period 2006-2008 with satisfactory results producing values of Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient between 75.2% and 82.6% during calibration and 56.3% and 87.2% during validation for all the four sub-basins. The value of coefficient of determination (R2) during calibration is between 0.789 and 0.844 and during validation is between 0.629 and 0.893. Due to the structural complexity, the model underestimates the low flows, whereas the peaks were correctly estimated except for some sharp peaks due to isolated precipitation events. Further, the volumetric error during the calibration period is acceptable. Contribution of snowmelt to annual, summer (March-July, MAMJJ) and winter (November-February, NDJF) runoff at the final outlet gauging station (Narayani River at Narayanghat) is 15.72% (avg.), 26.22% (maximum in year 2002) and 0.42% (minimum in year 1996) respectively. Sensitivity analysis (increased temperature) indicates that global warming leading to increase in average basin temperature will significantly lead to higher contributions to runoff from snowmelt. The model simulates an overall increase in monthly stream flow from January to June (34% to 51%) and November-December (10% to 15%) with the output of HADCM3 GCM, A1B scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is not only a contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), it is also particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change on health, livelihoods, water and food, with a disproportionate impact on the poor, especially women and children. One of the mandates of the national government is to reduce GHG emissions by 34% by 2020 and 43% by 2025. Global anthropogenic emissions of CH4 are estimated at 323 Mt in 2005 and expected to increase by 28% to 414 Mt in 2030, when assuming no further implementation of control. Globally, efforts are being made to control GHG emission from various sources. The methane that is exhaled by the ruminant animals is impossible to capture, but a large proportion of methane produced by the manure of these animals can be captured through anaerobic digestion technology. The use of traditional fuels, like wood, animal waste and crop residues has local environmental impacts due to significant emission of pollutants. To overcome the above, biogas program has been established through research study which covers the whole province of Limpopo. This study focuses on knowledge dissemination of methane recovery projects in the province with the intention of reducing inefficient sources for energy use. The study also considers pollutants that are contributing to global warming resulted from GHG emitted from activities that generate waste. It also shows some contribution made by various organization and departments in mitigating GHG emissions in South Africa in general, and in particular Limpopo province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial variability in Volta basin's climate coupled with climate change increases unpredictability and unreliability of rain-fed agriculture, putting livelihoods of the inhabitants under severe risk. Though there have been numerous studies on the hydrological response of the basin to climate change, only a few have dealt into its spatial variation. To fill up the existing gap, the spatial variation of hydrology of Volta basin under projected impacts of climate change is investigated using high resolution (0.3°~3 km) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data as observational data, Global Climate Model HadCM3, IPCC A1B emissions scenario and Soil, and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Calibration results from flow stations Dapola (R² =0.74, NSE=0.72), Nawuni (R² =0.86, NSE=0.88), and Bamboi (R² =0.82, NSE=0.80) show reasonable simulation of the basin's hydrology, in general. Overall the simulation indicates higher spatial variability, with variability much higher at the end of the century (2071-2100). There is a greater average increase in rainfall and surface runoff in northern catchments compared to the south with average potential evapotranspiration and evapotranspiration much higher in southern catchments compared to the north. Contrary to projected increase in rainfall in the basin, some sub-basins in north and south show a decrease. Decrease ranges from 2% to 10%, whilst increase in surface runoff is in the range of 16% to 76% in some sub-basins is far greater than the basin-wide range of increase i.e., 9% to 14%. This might impact negatively on the rain-fed agriculture and also intensify flood events, respectively, in these sub-basins. There is, therefore, a call for a decentralized approach in the basin's water resources management that incorporates the spatial variability of the hydrologic cycle into local climate change adaptation mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization, coupled with the tremendous growth in population and built-up areas in cities, leads to problems associated with global climate change impacts, such as urban heat island effect, which influences regional climate, urban environmental pollution, and socio-economic development. This study aims to detect the spatial variation of land surface temperature (LST) and determine its quantitative relationship with land cover types using the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system. Taking the city of Zhengzhou as the study area, we utilized four Landsat TM images from 1988 to 2017 to classify land cover types by maximum likelihood classification and retrieve the LST by using a mono-window algorithm. Results show that the urban heat island areas have an expanding trend from 1988 to 2017 in general. Moreover, the spatial distribution pattern and extension of the urban heat islands are consistent with urban sprawl. Changes in land cover type altered the spatial distribution characteristics of LST from 1988 to 2017. In various land cover types, the construction land and bare land showed the highest temperature, and they significantly contributed to the heat island effect. Green land and water can effectively relieve the heat island effect. Finally, constructive strategies and measures to alleviate the urban heat island effect are proposed from different aspects. Therefore, this work provides a scientific reference for decision making to improve the thermal environment and achieve sustainable development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming and climate change and its impact on crop water requirement are a major concern of this century. It has been established that the regional and global temperature is rising due to increased concentration of green house gases in the atmosphere. Rising temperature is expected to affect the crop water requirement. This study was undertaken to evaluate the trend and predict the changes in climate parameters, and assess the impact of climate change on crop water requirement using local weather data. Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used for forecasting the future climate trend. Assessment of impact of climate change on crop water requirement was done for different climate change scenarios. Scenarios considered for assessment were based on ARIMA, Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) and Inter-Governmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) predictions. Crop water requirement of various crops would decrease by 7.5 to 14.2 mm by 2030s if it is determined using all important climatic parameters. Increase in water requirement varied from 13 to 77.5 mm for rice and 7.2 to 43.5 mm for pearl millet depending on the scenarios. Results indicate that crop water requirement did not increase if it was estimated using all important climatic parameters even though the average temperature increased during this period. However, if only rise in temperature is considered, crop water requirement would increase under all scenarios considered in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is considered as a global phenomenon, but investigations at the regional level are essential to understand the changes induced, and to suggest suitable adaptation strategies. This study is mainly concerned with the variation of temperature and rainfall in a river basin which lies in the tropical climate of India. Observed temperature and rainfall data were compared with the gridded data prepared by the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and was found comparable. The trend analysis of mean, maximum and minimum temperatures during 1951-2013 showed a significant warming trend with Mann-Kendall test statistic values of 4.63, 5.52 and 3.63 respectively. The increase in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures during the period were at the rate of 0.07°C/decade, 0.14°C/ decade and 0.04°C/decade respectively. Trend analysis of the gridded rainfall data for the period 1971-2005 showed statistically significant decreasing trend, at the rate of 15 mm/year. Mann-Kendall and t-test gave a statistical significance at a level of a=0.1 and a=0.05 respectively. Trend analysis of seasonal rainfall indicated that there was no significant trend in rainfall except during the south-west monsoon period. Appropriate mitigation measures need to be undertaken for controlling the future scarcity of water considering the increasing temperature trends and decreasing rainfall pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the contribution of different land use types to the carbon cycle of terrestrial ecosystems is of considerable importance in studying global climate change. The objective of this study is to determine the temporal variation of soil respiration rates in different land uses (maize, wheat stubble, and bare land) and their responses to environmental factors for the Loess Tableland, using an improved multi-channel automatic flux chamber system. Results showed that the soil respiration rate indicates a clear diurnal and seasonal variations. The mean soil carbon emission rates were 0.94, 1.94 and 2.38 gC·m-2·d-1 in bare land, wheat stubble field, and maize field, respectively. The determination coefficient of soil surface temperature on the diurnal soil respiration rate was more significant than that of deeper layers. The Q10 value was used to represent the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in three different land uses, soil respiration in the maize field showed the largest temperature sensitivity. The soil respiration was found to increase exponentially with the increase in air temperature, whereas the relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture was quadratic. The trend of rainfall-affected soil respiration after the sudden rain and continuous light rain showed large differences, meanwhile, a clear difference in the sensitivity of soil respiration to rainfall exists for the different land uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there is limited research on the effect of climate change on the growth of trees in the Qinling Mountains, and the effect of altitude has rarely been considered. In order to accurately grasp the impact of climatic factors on the natural forest in this region, the effect of water and temperature conditions on the radial growth of Pinus armandii was studied according to dendroclimatology principles. Response function and multivariate regression methods were applied to study the response of the tree-rings, including earlywood width and latewood width, of P. armandii at three elevations (1600-1800, 1800-2000, 2000-2200 m) to climate change in this region. The results showed that the radial growth of P. armandii at the three elevations contained rich climatic information. The tree-ring widths at the three elevations were significantly negatively correlated with September temperature of the previous year and May temperature of the current year (P < 0.05) and were also negatively correlated with August precipitation of the previous year and May precipitation of the current year. The late-wood width of P. armandii at 1600-1800 m and 1800-2000 m was less sensitive to temperature and precipitation than that of the earlywood. The latewood width of P. armandii at 2000-2200 m was significantly negatively correlated with December temperature of the previous year and May temperature of the current year (P < 0.01), and was significantly and positively correlated with August precipitation of the previous year (P < 0.05). Characteristic analysis of the special years showed that large quantities of precipitation in September and October of the previous year were more likely to result in the formation of a very wide tree-ring. High spring and summer temperatures and less precipitation from April to June more likely resulted in the formation of extremely narrow tree-rings. Therefore, high precipitation in autumn of the previous year was conducive to the growth of P. armandii, whereas high temperature and drought in spring and summer inhibited the growth of P. armandii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]