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This paper aims to present an updated evolution of vegetable agricultural production in Vrancea county, during the period 2017-2021, with focus on the county's contributions in total at the country level, using the National Institute of Statistics (NIS) as principal data source. In order to meet the objectives, the methodology of research was based on indicators frequently used in papers about vegetable agricultural production, represented as values and/or percentage units. In 2021, Vrancea county detained 108 civil employment population (with 17% less than in 2017), through 22 employers in agriculture (52% less than in 2017). Among the main findings from the analyse are the following: the areas cultivated with corn grains, oat, sunflower, vegetables (all), dried onion, tomatoes, total fruits trees, plum, apples, pears, cherries and burgundy decreased among the county between 2017 and 2021 period and the areas cultivated with wheat, barley and vineyards in bearing increased. About the production, at the county level, the production of wheat, oat, barley, total fruit trees, plum, apple, pears, cherries, burgundy and grapes increased and the productions like: corn grains, sunflowers, vegetables (all), dried onion, tomatoes, decreased in the analysed period (2017-2021). From the conclusions of this paper, we found out that besides the good image in terms of wine fields, is observed that total fruit production increased by 50%, which can mean a new growth area of the county, regarding of vegetable agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to present models of agricultural production optimization as tools for managers to increase yield, crop structure, crop rotation, increased efficiency and profitability. The two optimization models are: Case 1: Optimization of yield depending on wheat price and subsidy for increasing net return and profitability in wheat culture; Case 2: Optimal model for optimizing crop rotation in cereal culture with maximum income, having two solutions: (a) Basic optimal primal solution and (b) Basic optimal dual solution. The methodology included the calculations regarding the specific indicators reflecting the economic efficiency in wheat cropping for Case 1 and determination of the optimal primal and dual solutions assisted by SOLVER application from MS Excel for Case 2. The two examples come from vegetal farming but, other models of optimization could be developed in animal production for improving livestock structure by species and category and also in animal feeding setting up optimized feed ratios to sustain production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the evolution animal sector regarding livestock and production in Romania in the period 2007-2020. Two sub-periods: P1- 2007-2013 and P2 2014-2020 were compared for assessing if the achievements in P2 were superior. The data from the National Institute of statistics regarding livestock and production by species were processed using fixed basis index, structural index, regression equations, coefficient of determination, multi annual mean per decade, absolute and relative differences between P2 and P1, in order to emphasize the trends and changes during the studied period. The results emphasized the following: the number of bovines, pigs and poultry decreased, while the number of sheep and goats and bee families increased both in P2 and P1. The total animal live weight at slaughter diminished due to the lower and lower live weight of bovines and pigs. However, the increased live weight at slaughter of sheep, goats and poultry had a positive impact. Milk and egg production declined and continued in P2, while wool and honey production increased. Despite that agricultural production value in animal sector increased by +20,420 trillion Lei in 2020 versus 2007, it was by 68.61% smaller than the agricultural production value achieved in the vegetal sector. In consequence, the contribution of animal sector to agricultural output was just 31.39% in the year 2020. The gaps in domestic production have to be covered by imports to meet consumers' requirements and this will deepen the deficit in agro-food trade balance. The reduction of CO2 emissions in agriculture, where 50% come from animal sector, obliges farmers to set up strategies destined to promote animal products obtained from more environment friendly technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper addresses a topical issue for the agricultural production sector and it is based on an economic-financial indicators analysis for a series of 17 main agricultural crops. The practical research was carried out with information and data for 10 agricultural holdings in Iaşi County. They operate in the vegetable production sector and have a solid commercial representation on the national market. The main indicators used in the study are: crops and shared areas for each of the 10 analyzed units, considering the relevance of crops for the national economy and economic-financial indicators relevant for the design of the production activity: turnover, profit, employes number. The reference year for which the research was carried out is 2021. The work methodology mainly uses quantitative methods and descriptive analysis, with the processing and interpretation of data that have been organized in a design configured according to the specifics of the paper. In addition, qualitative information collected through interviews is used. The results of the paper indicate the relevance of basic agricultural crops for the performance of large enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to assess the impact of climate changes on agricultural development and food security in Ukraine and Slovakia using statistical data from Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, State Statistics Service of Ukraine, Eurostat, Food and Agriculture Organization and other sources. The comparison method was used to evaluate changes in agricultural development indicators, as well as climate changes in 1998-2021 in Ukraine and Slovakia. The main indicators of agricultural development used in the research were agricultural raw materials exports(%), agricultural raw materials imports (%), agriculture value added (% of GDP), agriculture value added (annual % growth), agriculture value added (current US$), cereal production (metric tons), cereal yield (kg per hectare), crop production index, food production index. Correlation and regression equations were used to establish the relationship between climatic factors and agricultural development indicators. The multiple correlations between air temperature and indicators of agricultural development was r=0.75 for Ukraine, r=0.69 for Slovakia. Using neuromodeling tools, the indicators of cereal production volumes and cereals yields in Ukraine and Slovakia in 2024-2033 were predicted. Tables were used to summarize the results. In conclusion, it should be noted that climatic conditions should be analyzed in each sector of crop production, and measures should be taken to adapt technologies for the gradual expansion of obligations for the production and export of agricultural products to world markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector in Moldova is highly exposed to natural factors and hazards, resulting in uncertain incomes and high production volatility. Crop insurance plans against different risks plays a crucial role in supporting farmers' yield and revenues. The aim of this paper is to assess the development of subsidizing production risk insurance policy as a method to enhance agricultural resilience and alleviate the effects of climate change in Moldova. The analyzed data is based on the analysis of regulatory documents for policies regarding subsidizing productions risks insurance. For data analysis, secondary data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), and Agency of Interventions and Payments in Agriculture (AIPA) was used. The data refer to the amount of subsidies applications for risks insurance, insured areas cultivated with different crops and its harvests, main risks insured by farmers, distribution of subsidies for risks insurance by development regions and the insurance companies. The subsidization of crop production risk insurance in Moldova has played a vital role in bolstering agricultural resilience and minimizing the adverse effects of climate change. By offering assistance to farmers and promoting the implementation of risk management practices, the government's objective is to stabilize income levels and promote sustainable growth in the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, it is crucial to continuously monitor and evaluate these policies to ensure their efficacy and fair distribution of subsidies across various regions and insurance providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining genetically modified (GM) organisms, with superior biological and productive performances, represents the priority objective of modern applied genetics research, oriented towards the development of effective procedures for increasing genetic variability, according to the requirements of breeding programs of economically interesting species. GM crops can contribute essentially to the millennium development goal, that of reducing poverty and increasing food security, by optimizing agricultural productivity. GM plants have improved traits that include herbicide tolerance, disease and pest resistance, drought tolerance, health or nutritional benefits, a longer shelf life, or a more efficient industrial use. Also, the GM crops contribute to sustainable environmental protection by reduction of the pesticides application amount and reduction of CO2 emissions. In this context, the aim of the present paper is the worldwide brief radiography of transgenesis, in terms of surfaces, the main producing countries, but also of the main GM crops and their market. The research method consisted in selecting of several scientific results from the WOS, Clarivate Analytics, Scopus and Springer databases. Also, were accessed several statistical data of the ISAAA, USDA, Research and Market, MADR, etc. The main producing countries of GM crops are USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, India, Paraguay and China. The largest GM areas are occupied by soybean, maize, cotton, canola and alfalfa. The global agricultural biotechnology market for transgenic crops is expected to reach 12.07 billion USD in 2026, growing by 18.2% compared with 2021. Genetic transformation and GM agricultural crops represent an effective strategy and real chance to counteract climate change and food insecurity, and recently developed genetic engineering techniques will play an important role in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of the scientific and intellectual potential of the agri-food complex contributes to the achievement of sustainable socio-economic growth. The article proposes models for the development of the scientific and intellectual potential of the Russian agri-food complex. An analysis of the activities of existing institutes for the development of agricultural scientific research was carried out. The assessment of the state of scientific and intellectual potential was carried out on the basis of cross-country comparisons of indicators of the number of researchers and expenditures on research and development. Empirically, imbalances were identified between the number of researchers and internal R&D costs. The positive experience of forming the scientific and intellectual potential of countries with developed market economies has been systematized, priority directions and stimulation of innovation and investment development have been identified. The practical significance of the research results lies in increasing the efficiency of agricultural production based on the development of scientific and intellectual potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the evolution of the cereal sector in the North-East Region of Romania, in the period 2015- 2019. In order to carry out a more realistic study, a series of quantitative indicators specific to the cereal sector were analyzed. Also, the factors that directly influenced the results obtained in this sector were highlighted. In the North-East Region, the corn crop is on the first place in the ranking of cereal crops. This culture also holds a significant place at the macro-regional level. In 2019, in the North-East Region, 464,008 ha were cultivated with corn out of a total of 966,729 ha, cultivated in Macroregion Two, which represents 48%. A significant role in the economy of the cereal sector in the North-East region is played by the wheat culture. In this region, in 2019, 25.78% of the areas related to this cereal crop registered at the level of the Macroregion Two were cultivated. The largest productions were made at the corn crop. The productions made for this crop in 2019 were differentiated at the level of the counties in this region. The increase of the productivity of all medium and long-term cereal crops will be possible if farmers adopt an agriculture, in which new technologies will occupy a central place. The data used in the paper were collected from the National Institute of Statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims, as the main purpose, at assessing the limiting factors of the soil quality in the perimeter of the Commune of Secaş, Timiş County, Romania. To achieve the aim pursued, we identified the main limitative factors of agricultural productivity and soil degradation processes. These were introduced in the database using modern methods, namely the GIS technique, for each soil unit, with "space" representations thereof. The soil surfaces on which each factor and/or degradation process is manifested and which is of particular practical importance in assessing soil quality were calculated automatically. The method used allows one to highlight the soils identified by various maps and cartographic representations. Most of the results were obtained from field work and calculations in the office and laboratory, supplemented by those from O.S.P.A. Timisoara and from literature. The importance of this study materialized in a complex database comprising all soil units in the studied perimeter, limiting factors specific to this area and degradation processes, as well as the establishment of fertility classes, i.e., the quality of existing soils in the studied area. The study highlights that the soils of the Commune of Secaş falls into grade III and IV fertility (quality). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studied the impact of the level of production intensity on productivity and profitability of crop production in agricultural enterprises of the regions of Ukraine. In order to answer the question of how to increase crop yields and financial returns of lands in the face of climate change, we built graphic-analytical models of dependence of the yield (productivity) of basic agricultural crops from the size of operating (production) expenses per 1 ha of harvested area in agricultural enterprises of the Ukrainian regions. The results of the analysis showed that the real increase in the yield of analyzed crops is directly related to an increase in the level of intensity, expressed by the value of expenses per 1 ha of harvested area. The paper employed the correlation and regression analysis for quantifying tightness and mathematical description of the relationship, in particular, the dependence of the yield of winter wheat grain, corn for grain, sunflower, soy, rape and potatoes from the size of production expenses per 1 ha harvested area. The predicted optimal level of intensity was determined, taking into account the action of the economic law of diminishing returns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural sector of the Republic of Moldova is strongly relying on the crop production sector, which has been holding an average share of about 70% of the total agricultural output, being followed by livestock sector and services. Crop sector's importance is determined through its contribution to ensuring food security, provision of raw material for the food processing sector and also support to the livestock's sector development. Therefore, the paper aims to evaluate the current development trends of the sector, by emphasizing its achievements on the foreign markets through assessment of its competitiveness. The used methodology is based on the scientific research methods like comparative analysis, synthesis, sectoral SWOT analysis and calculation of several competitiveness indices like Revealed Comparative Advantage, Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage, Trade Specialization Index and Grubel-Lloyd Index. The results present a continuous development of the sector with the need for production diversification and a competitive advantage on external markets for mostly raw material products like oil seeds, edible fruits and nuts, cereals, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technical bonitation work was carried out based on soil mapping in the reference area, identifying the typical preluvosoil, the typical luvosoil and the gleic alluviosoil as the main soil units. The soils identified and evaluated in these natural conditions are characterized by morphological, physical, hydro physical and chemical properties, specific to the hilly area. Based on the physical-chemical properties, the evaluation of the main identified soils was carried out, in terms of their favorability for different plants grown in the area, by establishing bonitation marks and favorability classes. It was found that the highest bonitation marks (over 50 points) and the lowest favorability classes (III, IV and V) were obtained by the gleic alluviosoil, followed by the typical preluvosoil, and the lowest bonitation marks and the highest favored classes are recorded for the typical luvosoil. The estimation of the productions that can be obtained by the specific crops in this area, are according to the value of the bonitation marks obtained in natural conditions, with the 3 researched soil types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of land consolidation works carried out in Cihanbeyli district to provide solutions to important structural problems in Turkey's agricultural enterprise structure. The aim of the research is to evaluate in detail the socioeconomic effects of the consolidation process on farmers' land holdings and number of parcels and the legal dimensions of the process. The study was carried out using multi-layered data sources such as land registry and cadastral records, court cases and field observations, as well as surveys conducted with 26 farmers in villages such as Damlakuyu, Karatepe, Sağlık, Ülerziktepe and Taşpınar in Cihanbeyli district. The research was supported by various statistical tests such as regression analyzes and Wilcoxon Sign Test using the SPSS version 25 statistical package program. Analyzes revealed that there is a significant relationship between factors such as education level, agricultural experience and number of tractors and changes in farmers' land holdings and number of parcels after land consolidation. Satisfaction levels were found to be closely related to the success of the land management and consolidation process, and it was also emphasized that cooperative membership and participation in agricultural training programs were effective in the success of this process. Findings highlight challenges and opportunities associated with land consolidation, including concerns about property rights, legal disputes, and infrastructure development. Despite some dissatisfaction among farmers, the research underscores the potential of consolidation in enhancing agricultural productivity and informing policy decisions for rural development strategies. The study provides valuable insights into the development of agricultural policies and rural development strategies and guide policy makers and practitioners for the effective management of consolidation processes. The research provides a scientific basis for future applications by illuminating the factors that will increase farmer satisfaction and the effectiveness of the consolidation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most effective way to enrich the food resources necessary for humanity is to increase agricultural production per hectare, which can be achieved by introducing new cultivars and high-performance hybrids, by improving the cultivation technology, by calculating the need for nutrients in each crop, and by taking into account the crop, the expected productions and the natural fertility of the soil. This paper aims at evaluating the fertilization plans made on a farm in the town of Curtici, Arad County, Romania, in the main agricultural crops: wheat, barley, maize, and rape. During an annual vegetation cycle, there are several pheno-phases that are characterized by a differentiated consumption of nutrients, which determines the application of different types and doses of fertilizers. The farm is equipped with a series of tractors and agricultural machines with which they work the 600 ha of land and provides various mechanization services to different physical and legal people in the area. The main activity of the farm is the cultivation of cereals. The identified soils were chernozem, preluvosol and alluviosol, i.e., soils that have good and very good natural fertility. Following the calculations made, it turned out that the nutrient requirements were 57.08 t/ha of nitrogen, 78.33 t/ha of phosphorus and 29.80 t/ha of potassium. In wheat, the largest quantity in nutrients is in nitrogen, which plays an essential role in the growth phase, after which the requirement of nitrogen decreases. The productions obtained were different depending on the year, the climatic conditions and the doses of fertilizers applied: in wheat, 7.5 t/ha in 2020 and 8.0 t/ha in 2021; in grain maize, 8.0 t/ha in 2020 and 8.2 t/ha in 2021, with an average of 8.1 t/ha; in barley, between 8.1 t/ha in 2020 and 8.1 t/ha in 2021; and in rapeseed, 3.5 t/ha in 2020 and 3.6 t/ha in 2021. It was found that the application of fertilizers in the recommended doses depending on the crop, on plant growth phase, and on the plant, needs increases the production in all four crops in the study. In conclusion, the correct establishment of fertilization plans is the most useful tool in establishing the recommended fertilizers, taking into account both the natural fertility of the soils on the farm, of their plants, of their nutritional needs, of the expected productions and of the expenses necessary to purchase the fertilizers (whether organic or mineral fertilizers). Thus, making early economic decisions related to what we need to cultivate, on what surfaces, to the works involve in each crop, to the quantities of necessary fertilizers and treatments helps purchase the necessary products in due time and at better prices. This is how one saves considerable price differences, resulting in lower production costs and higher profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, global warming are phenomena that have changed the face of the world and that have a direct impact on agricultural production and food security, given that the world's population is growing from one year to the next, without the possibility of growth and natural resources. Another worrying phenomenon is the production of greenhouse gases and their destructive effect on the planet. That's why the technology that is being perfected every day tries to find solutions that simplify both the efforts made to obtain food, but also the possibility of increasing the efficiency of production processes. In this way, in the agricultural field, the idea of developing dual systems appeared, which would protect both agricultural crops, with the aim of increasing productivity, but which would also contribute to obtaining solar energy, necessary not only for own consumption, but also to be included in consumer networks, the proposed concept being that of the AgriVoltaic system. The idea that appeared in 1981 began to be developed, currently reaching the development of a technology that is starting to be adopted in many countries of the world, including Romania. In the current paper, we propose to analyze the opportunity of using AgriVoltaic technology, its advantages and disadvantages, but also the way in which it could contribute to increasing the profitability of agricultural farms. At the same time, increasing the degree of awareness regarding the advantages of introducing agricultural systems and the method of implementing the systems is another objective of the current work. Starting from the analysis of the specialized literature, we outlined the term Agrivoltaic technology and continued the study with an analysis of the possibilities of implementing this technology in Romania, due to the solar energy potential that it benefits from. The research methodology assumed on the one hand the bibliographic analysis, and on the other hand the analysis of the development potential of the system, taking into account the existing agricultural areas and crops suitable for this system. As a result of the research carried out, it turned out that although there are confirmed advantages of using AgriVoltaic technology, it does not yet benefit from sufficient visibility or high accessibility among farmers. Also, the existing legislation at the level of Romania does not yet make possible the development of the dual system. Among the disadvantages of using agrivoltaic systems are the still high costs, but the measures to protect the rural landscape, which occupies an important place in sustainable development, even if the energy produced is renewable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to increase the volume of domestic agricultural production and overcome the import dependence of hightech intermediate products actualizes the task of creating mechanisms to support and stimulate demand for innovative products of the agro-industrial complex. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of scientific and technological policy to stimulate demand for innovative products in the agro-industrial complex. The theoretical foundations of the institutional interaction between the state, universities, academic institutions, agribusiness based on marketing and co-creation of values have been developed. taking into account the needs for innovation in the context of industries and regions. The study analyzes the innovative activity of some European countries, reveals disproportions between the costs of innovation and the volume of shipped products in various countries. The calculation of the index of marketing potential on the basis of a database for 83 regions was carried out and a comparison was made of the index of the country as a whole and a typical region in order to develop targeted strategies for state support. The practical significance of the research results lies in the possibility of their use in the development of mechanisms for state support of demand for innovations and digital technologies in the agro-industrial complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global population growth in recent decades, combined with evolving industrialization, and climate change has an immediate negative impact on the environment. Organic farming is a widespread alternative production practice having serious interrelationship with the society, economy, and ecology state worldwide. The aim of this scientific research is to prove the organic agriculture as an environmental protection approach. The paper is also an appeal to farmers, citizens, scientists, and governments for more understanding, applying, and supporting the organic farming to spare the nature. Organic farming today is close to the agriculture practiced by our ancestors. Namely, the production of agricultural products and animal husbandry in a way that protects human health and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of the agricultural sector is determined by three closely interrelated components: economic, social and environmental. In the paper, we have tried to identify environmental problems in the sustainable development of the agricultural sector, focusing on the environmental component of sustainable development. At the same time, the system of factors determining the sustainable development of agricultural production was substantiated during the study. The purpose of the study to systematize and justify the environmental factors that contributes to the sustainable development of agricultural production. Relevance of the study ensuring food security in the context of Azerbaijan's integration into the world market urgently requires sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The high level of environmental tensions in the development of agriculture requires a radical renewal of the strategy and tactics of agricultural development, strengthening the role of the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean is a crop with major benefits for the environment, under the conditions of using good agricultural practices, by fixing atmospheric nitrogen which reduces fertilization with mineral nitrogen and its leaching. The integration of soybean in the crop rotation is beneficial and can create conditions for its relaunch and long-term viability so that European consumption can be covered and the dependence on imports can be reduced. The case study carried out on two farms in Romania, South - Muntenia Region, highlighted that, under irrigation conditions, this crop had productions of over 4,000 kg/ha. The capitalization price increased during the analysis period, so the farms recorded a positive and ascending result in the period 2019-2021, except the 600 ha farm, which in 2019, recorded a loss because the crop was not irrigated and the production average (1,712 kg/ha) was insufficient for profit obtaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the scientific and intellectual potential of the agricultural sector of the economy is undoubtedly a vector of sustainable development. The purpose of the article is to study the theory and methodology of factor analysis of the development of scientific and intellectual potential at the macro, meso and micro levels. A study of human resources in the agricultural sector was conducted from the perspective of improving human resources and research forces of society. Cross-country comparisons have been made of the area of agricultural land and the value of gross added value of agriculture in different countries, which may indicate an appropriate level of scientific and technological development of the agricultural sector of the economy. The article classifies positive and negative socio-economic, technological, demographic and organizational factors. Measures are proposed for the use of scientific and intellectual potential in agricultural production as a driver of scientific and technological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the existing situation in Romania, Germany, France, Poland, Hungary and the United Kingdom, European countries cultivating cereals, technical plants and oleaginous plants, in the period 2010-2019, regarding the quantities of fertilizers and plant protection substances This analysis has responded to the requests from farmers' associations regarding the effect of the FARM TO FORK strategy, as a essential element of the European Green Pact, has serious implications within the agricultural sector. Agricultural producers question the survival of the agricultural sector as the implementation of the Farm to Fork strategy will lead to a significant decrease in agricultural production in the EU and an increase in food prices. In the present study, a descriptive research was performed on the situation existing in each studied country, using the bibliographic method but also the processing of statistical data, using the correlational method, this aspect directing the study to a predictive research, thus establishing how the quantities of fertilizers and pesticides used in different crops in the EU member states will be allocated, if the Farm to Fork strategy is applied in the current form, the conclusion being that their reduction should be applied to the European average of consumption in the EU member states [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of this paper aims to analyze the main technical indicators of three of the most important crops in the European Union, namely corn, wheat and sunflower. By interpreting the statistical data provided by Eurostat on the cultivated area, the total production and the average production of the three crops mentioned above using the trend, the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation, an analysis of the Member States of the European Union will be carried out in order to determine which of them dominates the crop sector of corn, wheat and sunflower, in the end to figure out that not one of the analised Member States can be called the leader regarding the agricultural sector, because the results are so different beeing influenced by so many external factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Farm to Fork" European Union Strategy sets as key strategic objective to reach “at least 25% of the EU`s agricultural land under organic farming and significant increase in organic aquaculture by 2030”. The purpose of this paper is to assess the main ongoing trends of the organic farming in Romania. Statistical data was collected from the official website of the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture by studying the conversion and ecological attestation certificates published by the local certification bodies. In Romania there are 11 inspection and certification bodies that have certified 7,977 producers in 2021, mainly having as main activity the vegetable sector. The results reveal that in Romania around 3% of the land is under organic certification that is far below the above mentioned EU thresholds. In conclusion, Romanian organic agriculture has many farmers who own small plot of land. Although there has been a growing trend of the organic certification over the past few years, the number and area of organic land is largely dependent on the CAP incentives and to a less extent to market opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the study is to reorganize agricultural business management's owning small, fragmented, and dispersed lands according to modern agricultural business management thus ensures less usage of time, labour force and fund, take advantages of production factors and increase in productivity of agricultural business managements, increase agricultural production, and ameliorate life standards of inhabitants in the rural area. The paper is based on a large literature in the field and information from TVK about land consolidation. The results reflected that Turkey has implemented Land Consolidation activities for 1 million hectares per year to correct the unfavorable situation caused by inheritance traditions and other reasons. In the first years of the program, inheritance regulations were not perfectly organized, so applications encountered issues. In 2014, new regulations were implemented to prevent land division but did not have a beneficial effect on the development of enterprises. To ensure compensation for land value when they move away, Land Banking applications are needed. The Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock developed a GIS based web portal named "TVK" to track and monitor all the activities performed during the management of Land Consolidation Projects. TVK ensures following content to be executed: Contract Management, Project Management and Monitoring, Schedule Planning and Monitoring, Operation Management and Monitoring, Data Management (Textual and Geographical), Estimated Cost Calculation for a LCP by using unit price pool, Progress Payment Management and Monitoring, Final Account Calculation, Interim and Final Acceptance Procedures, Official Letters, Official Reports, Project Statistics, Geographical Data Marking, Correction, Comparison, Redlining, Mobile applications and E-government integration. TVK has instant and online access to governments Land Registry and Cadastre Information System, Central Population Information System, Address Registration System, Agricultural Information System and Agricultural Parcel Information System. TVK is developed with open-source technologies and compatible with OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium) and ISO standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents studies and researches made on machines performance, which is one of the most important component of the economic performance of a farm. We made measurements for determination of work quality and energetic index for tractors, considering that tractors are the main energetic power used in modern agriculture anywhere, that is why the improving of the quality and energetic index of tractors and machines is very important. The aim of the research is to improve power performances and to increase the efficiency of tractors and agricultural machines. The productivity is one of the most significant characteristics of tractors and agricultural machines, especially of harvesting machines, which are the most important machines for harvesting cereals. We wanted to emphasize that designing and making these complex agricultural machines has much evolved in the last years, from the productivity point of view and from the design and interior comfort as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fast and precise method of designing municipal technical network thematic maps for an agricultural company which besides the agricultural production activities, also specializes in the food industry. Because of this, the improvement of the water management is imperative. In order to reach the objectives needed, a field survey was performed at the same time as the one required for "Study on the development of a GIS for improving the management of a drinking water network for an agricultural company". Based on the collected data, a series of thematic maps for the water and sewer systems were designed. They show the surveyed details with great accuracy and are very important for water management. An important characteristic of the GIS developed is that it has the ability of providing all of the departments with data visualisation capacity through a WMS and service for easy map printing, without the need of specialised knowledge. The users only need to choose the paper size and the system will take care of designing and adding the finishing touches to the map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main concerns worldwide is the production of renewable energy based on agricultural waste, in most countries the agricultural sector is the basis of the national economy. The most important amount of biomass residues is generated by agricultural crops. The energy potential of biomass residues from agricultural crops depends to a large extent on the amount of resources available and their characteristics. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the energic and theoretical potential of biomass result. A mathematical calculation model for all indicators was defined in the paper. Maximum total amounts of biomass residues obtained from the studied crops are estimated at 9,985.18 kilotons, 11,105.04 kilotons, 2,542.03 kilotons and 1,564.56 kilotons. Due to the pedoclimatic conditions and the agricultural production, Romania has a high biomass potential, having a great diversity of types of crops that can be found in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the evolution of agriculture in the Giurgiu County, during the period 2014-2018, analyzing in particular one of the two major components, namely the vegetal production. Regarding the active population in Giurgiu County, 41.69% is involved in agriculture. In order to highlight the main tendencies of the vegetal production in the Giurgiu County, the areas cultivated with: main cereals, main oilseeds plants, potatoes, melons, perennial fodder, vegetables, as well as the areas occupied by orchards in bearing, flowers and ornamental plants, vineyards in bearing were studied. Wheat occupies the largest area within this county. In 2018, the largest areas were cultivated with wheat - 85,861 ha, maize - 44,404 ha and sunflower - 27,350 ha. For the analyzed period, there were increases in the surface of oats, rapeseeds, soybeans, perennial fodder, vineyards in bearing, flowers and ornamental plants. Apart from rye, sunflower and potatoes, for the other crops analyzed, production increases are recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to analyse the role of public agricultural spending as a panacea for agricultural subsector production in Cameroon. The data were taken from World Bank development database and processed using growth model, and error correction model. Despite the agricultural sector's significant contributions to the country's economy throughout the years, the country has made little headway in reducing it. Recent interest in the relationship between government spending and economic output has not focused on the central question of whether government spending, particularly agricultural spending increases agricultural subsector output or otherwise. With instantaneous and compound growth rates of 6.7 percent and 6.93 percent, 3.03 percent and 3.08 percent, 13.66 percent and 14.64 percent, respectively, the results demonstrated stagnation in agricultural and livestock subsector production and labor. In contrast, public agriculture spending increased at a faster rate, with instantaneous and compound growth rates of 6.09 percent and 6.27 percent, respectively. In the short run, agricultural land, labor, and public agricultural spending all have a substantial impact on animal productivity. Cutting public agricultural spending by 25% is the most cost-effective way to maintain crop and livestock production in the short term. Incentives such as tax reductions and infrastructure development should be established to attract more private investors, knowledge transfer, and significant capital inflows to ensure the agricultural sub-long-term sector's viability. In the short term, privatization of the government's agricultural development projects will be critical for efficient use of public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is due to the increasing role of organic farming as a driver of sustainable development of rural territories. The purpose of the article is to develop methodological approaches to the identification of factors that restrain the implementation of organic farming projects and the development of methods and instruments of management of organic products. Methodological aspects of sustainability are developed, including environmental, economic and social. The analysis of the regulatory support of the implementation of projects of organic farming was carried out. An assessment of the structure of the organic production market and the demand for organic products is given. Systematization and classification of restraining and accelerating factors in the implementation of organic farming projects. The need to diversify agricultural production as a conditions for reducing risks and the growth of the yield of agricultural producers is justified. The study has developed directions for increasing the effectiveness of the institutional interaction of the main stakeholders of the organic farming process at the federal and regional levels based on the communication, coordination and cooperation system. The practical significance of the results of the study is to develop measures to improve the scientific and technological policy of the agroindustrial complex in the conditions of structural transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the evolution of agriculture in Prahova County, in the period 2014-2018, analyzing in particular the production of cereals, fruits and vegetables without omitting animal husbandry and the production of milk and eggs. In order to highlight the main trends of agricultural production in Prahova County, the areas cultivated with cereals for grains, oil plants, potatoes, vegetables, as well as the areas occupied by orchards, vineyards and livestock were subjected to analysis. Grain cereals occupy an average of 95,502.4 hectares, being the largest area. This is followed by the average of oil plants with 27,156.6 hectares, followed by vegetables with an average of 4,230 hectares and potato cultivation with an average of 2,530.4 hectares. For the other crops analyzed, there were increases in maize, fodder, barley production and decreases in rye production. The analysis of fruit and vegetable production highlighted the fact that it belongs largely to private property, this being an asset for the development of slang tourism in Prahova County. Analyzing the milk production, a decreasing trend was found over the entire analyzed period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security is one of the basic elements of human security that can only be ensured through a sustainable development of society. On the other hand, food security is an important element of global and national security, and is ensured at European level through the common defence and security policies implemented by the Member States. And this food security, which for many countries in the world is already a difficult problem to manage, was affected in 2019 by the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused the whole world to face an unprecedented crisis and which, although it affected the whole world, had an even greater effect on the poor populations that suffered even more, amid an increase in hunger anyway for four consecutive years, that is in the period 2017-2020. In this paper we aimed to analyze the food security situation in European Union countries and how the Covid-19 crisis has affected it. Based on the data provided by international databases, the information was processed, analyzed so that conclusions can be drawn that highlighted the fact that food security is one of the issues of concern to decision makers internationally, but which is ensured for European Union countries this is due to the developed agricultural sector and the productions that manage to ensure the food needs of the European population. The analyzed indicators followed both the agricultural areas and the GDP value, but also the value of the imports and exports of agri-food products at the level of the member countries of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific research reflected in this investigation had the purpose to study the importance of agricultural production and the variation of bacterial microflora on the quality of certain categories of poultry meat in different commercial conditions. In the scientific paper were analysed the indices of the volume of agricultural production in different categories of households during the last period and highlighted the aspects of its increase and decrease. In the same time, by laboratory microbiological methods were evaluated the results of the saprophytic and pathogenic microflora of three categories of poultry meat under various commercialization conditions. The results of the study confirmed that all categories of commercialized poultry meat showed an insignificant number of coccic microorganisms both in the surface layers and in the depth of the meat, which corresponds with the commercialization requirements and is acceptable in human food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil tillage methods have complex effects on the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil with the influence on the crop. In the paper it was proposed to study the effect that agricultural works for the preparation of the germination bed have on the work of sowing wheat or the degree of sunrise. The studies started in the southwestern part of Olt County, on an area of 4.5 hectares divided into plots of 0.5 hectares. Germination bed preparation works were carried out on each plot as follows: conventional works for autumn sowing, land covered with mowed vegetable waste (TAV), reduced work using heavy disc harrows on land covered with plant debris (LDG), work with harrow with vertical rotors. (LGR). After the execution of the works for each plot, the soil moisture, the degree of crushing, the degree of compaction, the uniformity of the incorporation depth of the seeds were determined. The study will be continued by tracking the crop throughout the growing season, including crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at representing a synthesis of studies, researches and experiments of bibliographic and original scientific papers that provide information on the level of current knowledge regarding cuscuta; as well as a starting point for further research. The genus Cuscuta L. (dodder) is one of the most significant groups of holoparasiteanthophytes, mostly economically, because infestation with some of its species can lead to significant production losses in a wide variety of crops, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The dodder has long been considered a curiosity by botanists and evolutionary biologists because it has particularly interesting and even enigmatic features when examined with great care and interest. Cuscuta offers many curiosities and features that explain the plant's adaptation to parasitism: an enormous fertility of up to 10,000 seeds per plant; a long subsistence in the search for host plants; a long-lasting and staggered germinative faculty, due to the phenomenon of skin inhibition; a lack of cotyledon (though still considered to belong to the Dicotiledonatae class); the presence of chlorophyll in all organs of the plant, with the exception of the root (and nonetheless the inability to photosynthesize, unless under conditions of a carbon dioxide-enriched atmosphere); lack of a meristem and root sculpture, which results in a solely ascending migration of assimilates; the resistance of living haustoria in the host plant while the parasite's stem is dead, thus enabling the parasitic plant to regenerate and become perennial; the ability to transmit diseases such as viruses and mycoplasmas; etc. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the current state of knowledge on cuscuta species, in terms of taxonomy, ecology, agriculture, economy and management, by applying concepts that prove significant to biodiversity conservation and the agronomic value of landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed the contribution of the domestic trade to the economic development of Romania in the period 2008-2017 in terms of contribution to GDP, investments, jobs, labor productivity, number of companies in operation and turnover. The data taken from the National Institute of Statistics were processed using fixed basis indices, growth rates, structural changes, comparisons to emphasize the main aspects which characterize the evolution of home trade and of its subsectors. The results proved the important role that home trade has in the economy. In 2016, it contributed by Lei 160 Billion 918.7%) to GDP, by Lei 20.06 Billion (20%) to the investments in the economy, by 1,884 thousand persons (22.5%) to the occupied population, but in a lower measure to the increase of labour productivity. Home trade is attractive for small business investors as proved by the increased number of new companies in 2016. At present, 45.4% of the enterprises operating in the economy are profiled on trade transactions. Also, home trade has contributed by Lei 565.1 Billion to the turnover in the economy. The increased sales are justified by the consumption high growth rate for goods and services. The wholesale and retail trade contributes by about 81% to the national turnover. Therefore, trade is a very important sector of activity which supports Romania's economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents SWOT analysis of beekeeping in Romania using various results in scientific research and author's critical opinion on the past, present and future of this important sector of agriculture. The paper is based on the data from the National Institute of Statistics and on the study of many published articles closely connected with the topic. The results emphasized that Romania has a long tradition in apiculture, favourable conditions for Apis mellifera carpatica, for pickings in a large range of wild and cultivated flora, good pastoral areas, technological solutions for bee growing and breeding, a high number of bee families and apiarists, a high quality honey production and a potential for organic honey. Romania is facing with a small apiary size, a low honey yield, a weak beekeepers organization in associations, a various apiarists' training level, a non sufficient number of honey collecting centres and brands, and with fake honey. The existence of Apimondia, Apiculturits' Association in Romania, Research and Development Institute, the legislative framework, the EU and National programes for beekeeping development are a guarantee that apiculture will continue to develop in the future. The low internal consumption and the increased demand in the EU as well as the numerous rural population could encourage the business in the field of beekeeping for increasing export and trade balance, the income and living standard in the rural areas. But, the increased price of apiary inputs, the low acquisition price of honey, the severe competition in the EU market between producers and exporters, honey imports from China at dumping prices, climate change and bees diseases are threats which could affect beekeeping in Romania. For increasing productivity and competitiveness of beekeeping, apiarists should apply for financial aids offered by the EU and Romanian Government to grow the number of bee families over 150, to intensify pickings in pastoral, to increase honey production and its quality, to extend organic honey production, to diversify production and develop more local brands, to export a higher honey amount at a better price in the EU and assure a high efficiency along the honey chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to present the key vulnerabilities of small-holder farms while adapting prospective climate change conditions. Natural resources' productivity has declined under climate stress. The natural resources that lose their prolificacy negatively affect small-holder farms. Consequently, the agricultural sector will suffer from climate change impacts. The countries which have small-holder farms should be more careful while designing their rural policies. Indeed, small-holder farms lack capacity in management of agricultural risks. This phenomenon has the potential to trigger rural poverty in the medium-term. Many studies carried out on the African Continent indicates that adaptation costs of climate change account for 250-500 billion USD in the years between 2010 and 2050. Climate change adaptation policies are most effective when they are fully integrated within countries' national development strategies. Furthermore, adequate funding and technology transfer to small-holder farms are important in ensuring success of any climate action and initiative. The current paper will give information related with adaptation costs to climate change in various countries of the world. In addition, the paper discusses the possibility of agricultural adaptation policies coming from developed zones of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romania, an European country in which pomiculture is of a main significance, especially from an economic point of view, is well represented by a diversity of species, amongst which the apple (Malus domestica) plays a significant role when it comes to quality production and thus economic profit. This paper aims to look at the main harming agents of the apple at the Rusciori Farm, a plantation where the apple cannot turn its genetic production material to advantage, given the interference of multiple restrictive factors, especially vegetal and animal pests that cause significant damage, thus leading to a qualitative and quantitive decrease in production due to the deterioration of the commercial aspect of the fruit. The main pathogens for apples are those that produce mycoses; and amongst mycoses the most wide-spread ones are mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha Ell. and Ev. Salm), scab disease (Venturia inequalis Cooke Wint.), brown fruit rots (Monilinia fructigena Honey) and twig cankers (Nectria galligena Bres.); all of them causing significant damage under favorable environmental conditions. Although the orchard in the present study is in decline, not all trees show obvious aging signs, therefore a total land clearing does not come into question. This paper attempts to suggest efficient solutions for prelonging the age of those trees that still promise economic productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, in the agro-industrial complex, the problem of import substitution of key technological solutions, innovative resources and digital technologies is becoming increasingly important for increasing agricultural production. The aim of the article is to study the prerequisites for accelerating the introduction of innovative and digital products in the agro-industrial complex based on NBIC convergence in the context of digital transformation and improving methods for stimulating demand for them. The article clarifies aspects of the phenomenon of NBIC convergence and its impact on the technological structure of economies. The analysis of indicators characterizing the dynamics of the volumes of innovative goods and services in the context of industries was carried out. An assessment is given of indicators of the digital economy in 2021. It is substantiated that at present the nature of the implementation of NBIC technologies is of a point nature, mainly in the leading agricultural holdings. According to the results of expert surveys, points in growth in terms of the development of digital transformation conditions have been identified. Directions for the development of strategic priorities are proposed in terms of optimizing the cost of introducing digital technologies, increasing digital literacy and competencies of employees, creating mechanisms to subsidize the development of domestic innovative and digital products, as well as stimulating demand for them. The practical significance of the results of the study lies in the possibility of their use in the development of a strategy for the scientific and technological development of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of rising concerns about sustainability and environmental impact, this article focuses on analyzing two remarkable agricultural systems in the South-West Oltenia Development Region: the conventional and the ecological, and emphasizes one of the foundational crops for the region, wheat. The research was derived from a comprehensive questionnaire applied on 18 farms in the South-West Oltenia region: half of them employing ecological practices and the other half using conventional methods. Our primary focus was to determine the most economically viable agricultural system for the area. Through this analysis, the article not only illustrates the evolution of this crop's production from 2020 to 2022, but also provides insights into production costs and their valorization in the market. Moreover, it underscores the importance and advantages of each agricultural system, highlighting potential long-term benefits from both economic and sustainable perspectives. To provide a solid and well-grounded analysis, statistical methods were employed, combined with data obtained fromthe questionnaire administered directly at the farm level in the region. This methodology offers a clear perspective on the profitability and efficiency of the two agricultural systems in the specific context of South-West Oltenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to form a new model of economic growth that ensures food security and sustainability of the agro-food complex, it is necessary to improve the institutional conditions for the development of digital technologies and hightech products in agricultural production. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological aspects of the institutional interaction of participants in the innovation process, as well as to create mechanisms for systemic innovation mediation that stimulates innovation activity. The article develops conceptual provisions for regulating the development of institutional interaction, assesses the innovative activity of some European countries and assesses the dynamics of indicators of the volume of state support for the agro-industrial complex in 2013-2020. Measures are proposed to increase the efficiency of communication interaction between the participants of the innovation process using the mechanism of innovation system mediation. The practical value of the results lies in the possibility of forming an innovative development strategy in the context of the introduction of digital technologies and science-intensive products as a vector of sustainable socio-economic development of Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of unemployment for rural residents of municipalities in the region has become very relevant in recent years, as well as for all residents of Russia. In the current conditions, there was a massive reduction in jobs and depreciation of the labor force. Extremely low wages at vacant jobs, does not even ensure the simple reproduction of an employee The empirical method of grouping Sturges is used to determine 6 groups of districts depending on the level of unemployment. A methodical approach to planning the unemployment rate based on the interpretation of Okun's law is proposed. The paper estimated the empirical sensitivity coefficient and adjustment of the potential size of agricultural production per capita of the working population for all categories of farms (agricultural enterprises, peasant farms, personal subsidiary plots). Also, it aims to identify the dependence of changes in economic indicators based on the increase of employment level. It shows the possibility of reducing the unemployment rate о from 0.77 to 4.30 points with an increase in production by 7%; (taking into account the estimated sensitivity factor of 1.12). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perhaps one of the most difficult stages in the entire production process is the sale of vegetable production at a price high enough to cover production costs, and especially profitability which is a key factor contributing to the continuation of the activity. In this sense, the present study aims to identify the main ways to capitalize vegetable production of agricultural holdings in Romania. In order to identify the ways of capitalizing the production, a questionnaire was applied to 180 respondents, represented by the managers of some agricultural farms from all over the country. The purpose of the application of this questionnaire was to identify the aspects that hinder the capitalization of vegetable production. According to the study, the majority of farms in Romania are still run or managed by mostly men. At the same time, according to the analyzed sample, young people have the highest share of total respondents, so that the measures pursued through the two Rural Development Programs, namely to rejuvenate generations of farmers, we can say that they have achieved the goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture 4.0 is seen as a new possibility in overcoming the global challenges related to the scarcity of resources, climate change and food security. In this context, the aim of the paper is to outline the main definitions, concepts, technologies and trends in Agriculture 4.0 development and discuss the challenges, as well as opportunities and prospects. Based on the literature overview, it can be concluded that Agriculture 4.0 will play a crucial role in transforming the agri-food sector and shaping future agricultural production models. On the other hand, the new concepts should be linked to the Green Deal and sustainable development goals to ensure a fair and resilient agricultural system. Along with the benefits of Agriculture 4.0, there are challenges associated with farmers' perceptions and ability to change, the development of infrastructure, especially in rural areas and the lack of standards for implementing the new technologies. The government and policymakers' role is essential and should be directed in supporting the implementation of the concept Agriculture, 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studied the issues of the balanced spatial development of agro innovation systems of Russian regions using the main indicators of agricultural innovation for 2015-2019: innovative products in crop and livestock production, agricultural machinery, as well as graduates of agricultural universities and employed in the agricultural sector. The degree of concentration of these indicators was determined using the Herfindahl- Hirschman index for the regions of Russia. The results reveal a high of concentration of costs of technological innovations in the agro production, when from 50% to 90% of the costs of the technological innovation in the crop and livestock sectors are concentrated in only 2-3 Russian regions, as well as the absence of dependence on the production of innovative agricultural products on the degree of concentration of indicators and a balanced ratio in the labor market of agricultural specialists in the regions of Russia. To ensure progressive structural changes and enhance innovative activity in regional AIS and increase the efficiency of agriculture, measures are proposed to enhance the balance of AIS components and spillover effects of innovations, resulting in an increase in the efficiency of agro innovation systems functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct payments granted in agriculture play an extremely important role for the incomes of Romanian farmers. This type of payments are funds from the European Union budget, more precisely from the European Agricultural Guarantee Fund (EAGF), and in Romania these payments are granted through various schemes such as: Single area payment scheme, Redistributive payment, Young farmers payment, payment for agricultural practices beneficial for climate and environment, but also Coupled support. In relation to the amounts granted per hectare, on the one hand, the most targeted by farmers, is coupled support, which is granted to sectors considered economically, socially and environmentally important and which are affected by certain difficulties. The aim of this paper is to identify the progress made in certain cultures that have been encouraged through this form of support. The analyzed data comes from the Agency for Payments and Intervention for Agriculture. The conclusion is that this support plays an important role for agricultural practices related to climate change and the environment protection, having the role of crop diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable rural development consists of three components: economic, ecological, and social. The paper paid to the economic component through selection of the most relevant economic indicators for measuring sustainable rural development at NUTS 3 level. Objectives of the research were: a) to identify the most appropriate economic indicators for measuring sustainable rural development, either used so far or proposed in the literature, b) to select five most relevant indicators according to the experts' estimate. The analysis of previous research has outlined and explained 15 economic indicators. After the first phase of selection, an additional selection of indicators by expert evaluation was carried out. Based on the expert evaluation, five most relevant economic indicators were identified, namely according to the average grade: unemployment rate (4.49), accessibility of agricultural infrastructure (4.47), gross domestic product per capita (4.45), education level as a prerequisite for the use of innovation (4.26) and productivity of agricultural production (4.21). Looking at separate assessments of each of the expert groups, it is evident that their selection of the five most relevant indicators only coincides in two of them: unemployment rate and availability of agricultural infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanian land resources are immense, but certain land-ownership laws have caused a fragmentation of agricultural areas. Romania suffers from fragmentation of agricultural properties. Compared to other Member States of the European Union, Romania has an average farm size similar to that of Malta or Cyprus, island countries with much less agricultural land than Romania. Almost 75% of farms in Romania have less than 20 ha, and the share of farms under 10 ha represents about 98% of the total number and 38% of the total agricultural area used. In this paper, the authors analyse the situation of cultivated areas and productions in the main crops in Romania under the current conditions. Romania is one of the European countries with the most favourable soil and climate conditions for agriculture. Romania's natural conditions indicate that more than 60% of the total area of our country can be used for agriculture. The role of agriculture is an extremely important one for today's society because it can provide the necessary production of food for the population, raw materials for different industries, as well as production for export. Agriculture is one of the sectors where the Member States of the European Union have agreed to share both public funding and responsibilities. Studies carried out for this paper show that Romania is one of the main agricultural producers at European level and that it ranks among the countries of the European Union in terms of the area under cultivation and production of the main agricultural crops. The authors of the paper conclude that Romania is also one of the top ten exporters of wheat and maize in the world. Analyses show that agriculture is one of the few branches of the economy that have ranked Romania in the European top of the first places in the production of cereals and oilseeds obtained each year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]