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Lime mud, a kind of industrial waste that produced in paper mill, was proposed as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process. The carbonation performance of the lime mud was investigated in a dual‐fixed bed reactor (DFR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The carbonation kinetics of the lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage was analyzed by a surface reaction‐controlled kinetic model. The results show that the lime mud presents much poorer carbonation performance during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the limestone, mainly due to the high content of chlorine in the lime mud. A prewash treatment process was used to decrease the chlorine content to mitigate the sintering of the lime mud when calcined at high temperature. After prewash treatment, the prewashed lime mud shows much higher CO2 capture capacity during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the lime mud. A prolonged carbonation process successfully further enhances the microstructure and improves the carbonation performance of the prewashed lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage. The lime mud can be effectively used as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process after prewash treatment and the following prolonged carbonation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A critical parameter of extracorporeal CO 2 removal (ECCO 2 R) applications is the CO 2 removal rate (VCO 2 ). Low-flow venovenous extracorporeal support with large-size membrane lung remains undefined. This study aimed to evaluate the VCO 2 of a low-flow ECCO 2 R with large-size membrane lung using a renal replacement therapy platform in an experimental animal model., Methods: Twelve healthy pigs were placed under mechanical ventilation and connected to an ECCO 2 R-CRRT system (surface area = 1.8 m 2 ; OMNIset®, BBraun, Germany). Respiratory settings were reduced to induce two degrees of hypercapnia. VCO 2 was recorded under different combinations of PaCO 2 (50-69 or 70-89 mm Hg), extracorporeal blood flow (ECBF; 200 or 350 mL/min), and gas flow (4, 6, or 10 L/min)., Results: VCO 2 increased with ECBF at all three gas flow rates. In severe hypercapnia, the increase in sweep gas flow from 4 to 10 L/min increased VCO 2 from 86.38 ± 7.08 to 96.50 ± 8.71 mL/min at an ECBF of 350 mL/min, whereas at ECBF of 200 mL/min, any increase was less effective. But in mild hypercapnia, the increase in sweep gas flow result in significantly increased VCO 2 at two ECBF. VCO 2 increased with PaCO 2 from 50-69 to 70-89 mm Hg at an ECBF of 350 mL/min, but not at ECBF of 200 mL/min. Post-membrane lung PCO 2 levels were similar for different levels of premembrane lung PCO 2 (p = 0.08), highlighting the gas exchange diffusion efficacy of the membrane lung in gas exchange diffusion. In severe hypercapnia, the reduction of PaCO 2 elevated from 11.5% to 19.6% with ECBF increase only at a high gas flow of 10 L/min (p < 0.05) and increase of gas flow significantly reduced PaCO 2 only at a high ECBF of 350 mL/min (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: Low-flow venovenous extracorporeal ECCO 2 R-CRRT with large-size membrane lung is more efficient with the increase of ECBF, sweep gas flow rate, and the degree of hypercapnia. The influence of sweep gas flow on VCO 2 depends on the ECBF and degree of hypercapnia. Higher ECBF and gas flow should be chosen to reverse severe hypercapnia., (© 2024 The Authors. Artificial Organs published by International Center for Artificial Organ and Transplantation (ICAOT) and Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) constitutes a bioelectrochemical process where bacteria uptake electrons extracellularly from a polarized electrode to incorporate them into their anabolic metabolism. However, the efficiency of current MES reactor designs can be lower than expected due to limitations regarding electron transfer and mass transport. One of the most promising bioreactor configurations to overcome these bottlenecks is the Microbial Electrochemical Fluidized Bed Reactor (ME-FBR). In this study, microbial CO 2 fixation is investigated for the first time in a ME-FBR operated as a 3-phase reactor (solid-liquid-gas). An electroconductive carbon bed, acting as a working electrode, was fluidized with gas and polarized at different potentials (-0.6, -0.8 and -1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) so it could act as an electron donor (biocathode). Under these potentials, CO 2 fixation and electron transfer were evaluated. Autotrophic electroactive microorganisms from anaerobic wastewater were enriched in a ME-FBR in the presence of 2-bromoethanosulfonic acid (BES) to inhibit the growth of methanogens. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed interaction between the microorganisms and the cathode. Furthermore, volatile fatty acids like propionate, formate and acetate were detected in the culture supernatant. Acetate production had a maximum rate of ca. 1 g L -1  day -1 . Planktonic cell biomass was produced under continuous culture at values as high as ca. 0.7 g L -1 dry weight. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of employing a fluidized electrode with gaseous substrates and electricity as the energy source for generating biomass and carboxylic acids., (© 2023 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by Applied Microbiology International and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Electric‐driven conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) under mild reaction conditions offers a promising approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis. Surface engineering is believed to be one of the prospective methods for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction. Herein, hydroxyl (OH) groups were successfully introduced to cadmium nanosheets to form cadmium and cadmium hydroxide nanocomposites (i. e. Cd/Cd(OH)2 nanosheets) via a facile two‐step method. The as‐prepared Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP (CP indicates carbon paper) electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction to produce CO. The Faradaic efficiency of CO reaches 98.3 % and the current density achieves 23.8 mA cm−2 at −2.0 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in a CO2‐saturated 30 wt% 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6)‐65 wt% acetonitrile (CH3CN)‐5 wt% water (H2O) electrolyte. And the CO partial current density can reach up to 71.6 mA cm−2 with the CO Faradaic efficiency of more than 85 % at −2.3 V vs. Ag/Ag+, which stands out against Cd/CP, Cd(OH)2/CP, and Cd/CdO/CP electrodes. The excellent electrocatalytic performance of the Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP electrode can be attributed to its unique structural properties, suitable OH groups, perfect interaction with electrolyte, abundant active sites and fast electron transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the core of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) active site two metal ions together with hydrogen bonding scheme from amino acids orchestrate the interconversion between CO2 and CO. We have designed a molecular catalyst implementing a bimetallic iron complex with an embarked second coordination sphere with multi‐point hydrogen‐bonding interactions. We found that, when immobilized on carbon paper electrode, the dinuclear catalyst enhances up to four fold the heterogeneous CO2 reduction to CO in water with an improved selectivity and stability compared to the mononuclear analogue. Interestingly, quasi‐identical catalytic performances are obtained when one of the two iron centers was replaced by a redox inactive Zn metal, questioning the cooperative action of the two metals. Snapshots of X‐ray structures indicate that the two metalloporphyrin units tethered by a urea group is a good compromise between rigidity and flexibility to accommodate CO2 capture, activation, and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O vapor is gaining increased interest because it is a promising “green chemistry” route for the direct conversion of CO2 to value‐added chemicals driven by solar energy. To increase the efficiency of photocatalytic conversion, most efforts are made by exploring various photocatalysts while little effort on advanced light management. For the first time, it is demonstrated that bio‐degradable transparent paper with excellent light diffusivity can effectively enhance the light utilization of photocatalytic reactions when attached on the device surface, and thus greatly increase the conversion efficiency. As a proof‐of‐concept, a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) photocatalyst with transparent paper attached, exhibited 1.5 times higher photocatalytic activity than bare g‐C3N4 in the reduction of CO2 under visible light irradiation. The improved catalytic performance can be ascribed to the (1) refractive index matching and (2) enhanced light absorption via prolonged light traveling path in transparent paper, which decreases the light reflection at surface and traps the absorbed light inside, leading to an increased light absorption at the active layer of the device. The transparent paper with a controllable light management behavior has an unprecedented potential for applications in photocatalysis as a general method for improved light utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemically assisted cycloaddition process is proposed, in which highly efficient coupling of CO2 with styrene oxide (SO) can be achieved to form styrene carbonate (SC) as a high‐value‐added product. A series of Cu catalysts with different morphologies and chemical states were fabricated on carbon paper (CP) by using in‐situ electrodeposition, and the sample with nano‐dendrimer structure was found to exhibit a relatively high activity of 74.8 % SC yield with 92.7 % SO conversion under gentle reaction conditions, thus showing its potential for practical applications. The relatively high electrochemically active surface area and charge transfer ability of dendrimer‐like Cu benefited the electrochemical reaction. In particular, the Cu2+ species that were formed in situ during the reaction played a vital role in enhancing the activity and selectivity of the proposed Cu/CP hybrid catalyst. Cu2+ atoms served as active sites that can not only electrochemically activate CO2 but also facilitate the ring opening of SO. Mechanistic analysis suggested that the reaction followed electrochemical and liquid‐phase heterogeneous paths, which provide a new green and sustainable route for efficient utilization of CO2 resources for fine chemical electrosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas transport concepts in vertebrates have naturally been formulated based on human blood. However, the first vertebrates were aquatic, and fish and tetrapods diverged hundreds of millions years ago. Water-breathing vertebrates live in an environment with low and variable O 2 levels, making environmental O 2 an important evolutionary selection pressure in fishes, and various features of their gas transport differ from humans. Erythrocyte function in fish is of current interest, because current environmental changes affect gas transport, and because especially zebrafish is used as a model in biomedical studies, making it important to understand the differences in gas transport between fish and mammals to be able to carry out meaningful studies. Of the close to thirty thousand fish species, teleosts are the most species-numerous group. However, two additional radiations are discussed: agnathans and elasmobranchs. The gas transport by elasmobranchs may be closest to the ancestors of tetrapods. The major difference in their haemoglobin (Hb) function to humans is their high urea tolerance. Agnathans differ from other vertebrates by having Hbs, where cooperativity is achieved by monomer-oligomer equilibria. Their erythrocytes also lack the anion exchange pathway with profound effects on CO 2 transport. Teleosts are characterized by highly pH sensitive Hbs, which can fail to become fully O 2 -saturated at low pH. An adrenergically stimulated Na + /H + exchanger has evolved in their erythrocyte membrane, and plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase can be differentially distributed among their tissues. Together, and differing from other vertebrates, these features can maximize O 2 unloading in muscle while ensuring O 2 loading in gills., (© 2019 Scandinavian Physiological Society. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Copyright of Applications in Plant Sciences is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exergy analysis is becoming a very powerful strategy to evaluate the real efficiency of a process. Its application in the chemical industry is still at an early stage but many interesting remarks can be obtained from the recent research in the most energy intensive processes of the chemical industry: the production of chemicals, the cement industry, the paper industry and, the iron and steel industry. The present review analyzes the opportunities and challenges in those sectors by considering exergy analyses as the first required step (although not sufficient) to advance towards a more sustainable chemical industry. Social, environmental and economic factors play a role in the critical evaluation of a process and exergy could be considered as the property that joins together those three cores of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural colorimetric indicators have been fabricated using annatto and pomegranate extract powder and compared with chemical colorimetric indicator fabricated using bromophenol blue (BPB) to monitor the freshness of ready‐to‐cook (RTC) idli batter. The fabricated colorimetric indicator labels work on increasing headspace carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and decreasing pH of stored batter, where indicators showed visible color change from lightest to darkest for spoiled samples. The headspace CO2 concentration of RTC idli batter increased from 0.15 ± 0.05 to 18.07 ± 0.21% (v/v) and pH decreased from 6.7 ± 0.06 to 4.5 ± 0.06 at optimum storage condition (35 ± 1°C) up to 24 h. The percent titratable acidity (% TA) increased from 0.44 ± 0.02 to 0.90 ± 0.02% up to 24 h. The viable lactic acid bacteria count (LABC) and total bacterial count (TBC) increased while yeast and mold count (YMC) was decreased with increasing fermentation time up to 24 h for batter stored at optimum condition. The color change of indicators was quantitatively measured with captured red, green, and blue (RGB) images. Pixel intensity for natural and chemical colorimetric indicators were decreased with increasing fermentation time. The leaching of chemical dye was observed on stored batter, and natural colorimetric indicators are nontoxic and successfully used as "on package sticker" for monitoring freshness of RTC idli batter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on plastic is ubiquitous in people's lives, when plastic-containing items have fulfilled their missions, only a small amount is recycled into new products, which are often of lower quality, compared with the original material. Topics include the waste into high-value chemicals requires substantial energy, the researchers have combined a ruthenium-carbon catalyst, and the lower-energy reaction conditions to convert plastics used in bottles and other packaging into fuels.

This review paper explores the diverse applications of polylactide or polylactic acid (PLA) and its contributions to environmental sustainability. It delves into the synthesis, properties, and numerous applications of PLA, accompanied by illustrative examples demonstrating its ability to reduce carbon emissions. The environmentally friendly characteristics of PLA, coupled with its versatility, make it a vital player in the ongoing efforts to combat climate change. PLA generally requires lower extrusion temperatures than other 3D printing materials, such as ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). Lower extrusion temperatures lead to reduced energy consumption during the printing process thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions during production. Plants, such as corn and sugarcane, play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during their growth cycle. When these plants are utilized to produce PLA, the captured CO2 remains sequestered within the plastic material. This contributes to offsetting CO2 emissions from other sources. In conclusion, the usage of PLA has demonstrated positive contributions to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through its renewable sourcing, lower extrusion temperatures, lower dependence on fossil fuels, reduced greenhouse gas emissions during production, biodegradability, and participation in a closed carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time series of radiative cooling of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) by carbon dioxide (CO2) are examined for evidence of trends over 20 years. Radiative cooling rates in K day−1 provided by the SABER instrument are converted to time series of infrared power radiated from three distinct layers between 0.1 hPa and 0.0001 hPa (65–105 km). Linear regression against time and a predictor for solar variability provides estimates of the trend in exiting longwave radiation (ELR) from these layers. Trends in ELR are not significantly different from zero at 95% or 99% confidence in each layer. These results demonstrate energy conservation in the UMLT on decadal time scales and show that the UMLT continues to radiate the same amount of energy it receives despite cooling and contracting over two decades. These results are enabled by the long‐term stability of the SABER instrument calibration. Plain Language Summary: The Earth's upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (UMLT) is the region between approximately 65 and 105 km in altitude. Infrared radiation emitted by CO2 is a fundamental component of the energy budget of the UMLT. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is increasing in this region. The amount of infrared energy emitted by CO2, over time, must balance the amount of energy from sunlight that is absorbed in the UMLT. Observations from orbiting satellites over the past two decades have shown that the temperature in the UMLT is decreasing due to the increasing CO2. A decreasing temperature implies a decrease in infrared energy emitted by an object. Energy conservation, however, requires that the amount of infrared energy radiated from the UMLT balance the amount of energy received, regardless of the temperature. In this paper we show that there is no significant long‐term change with time (i.e., zero trend) in the infrared energy emitted from the UMLT even though the UMLT temperature has been decreasing for the last 20 years (and longer) due to increasing CO2. This result confirms that energy is conserved in a cooling and contracting UMLT. Key Points: Time series of infrared power (W) radiated by CO2 from the upper mesosphere & lower thermosphere (UMLT) are developedTrends in radiated power are not different from zero at 95% or 99% confidence in the three layers examined between 0.1 and 0.0001 hPaIncreasing CO2 reduces the UMLT temperature while radiating the same amount of energy over time, thus conserving energy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy system is in transition. It is attempting to reach net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The systemic changes mean that the role of bioenergy will change. The potential of bioenergy to make a flexible contribution to the energy system is key for the achievement of global emission reduction ambitions and the functioning of the low‐carbon energy system and economy. As the volume of sustainably available biomass resources is limited, defining the contributions from bioenergy to a low‐carbon energy system and finding balances – and ideally synergies – between the different possible energy and climate system services that biomass can provide will be very important. The recognized system services include, among others, the flexible operation of bioenergy plants to integrate variable renewable energy sources and to provide negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Interest in flexible operation of bioenergy value chains, bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization as well as synergies with renewable hydrogen‐based value chains has increased recently. The objective of this paper is to present a holistic definition of flexible bioenergy as a system service based on the work conducted in International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme's Task 44 Flexible Bioenergy and System Integration, and to provide some practical examples. The paper also presents the different bioenergy system services and considers their definitions and interactions, as this is important in energy system design. The definition of flexible bioenergy shows that the flexibility provision from bioenergy goes far beyond the traditional definition of providing short‐term flexibility in the power sector. Indicators to demonstrate the value of services as well as further quantitative assessment of synergies and trade‐offs are needed to valorize the different services from bioenergy and create viable business cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Industrial symbiosis (IS) exchanges have been recognized to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, though methods for quantification of GHG emissions in IS exchanges are varied, and no standardized methods are available. This article proposes a practical approach to quantify total and allocated GHG emissions from IS exchanges by integrating the GHG protocol and life cycle assessment. The proposed method expands the system boundaries to include all IS companies, and the functional flow is set to be the sum of the main products. The total impact of a company is allocated to the main product. Three by‐product impact allocation methods of cutoff, avoidance, and 50/50 are proposed, and the total and distributed impacts of the IS systems in an industrial park are theoretically derived. The proposed method was tested to quantify GHG reduction in a real IS exchange developed between Korea Zinc (a zinc smelter) and Hankook Paper (a paper mill company) in the Ulsan Eco‐Industrial Park initiative. The total reduction of GHG emissions in this IS exchange, 60,522 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, was the same in the GHG protocol, whereas GHG distribution between two companies depended on the allocation method. Given that the reduction of GHG emissions from IS exchanges is the product of the collaboration of giving companies and receiving companies, the 50/50 allocation method is best from an equivalent‐responsibility and benefit‐sharing perspective. However, this study suggests a more practical implementation approach based on a flexible and negotiable method of allocating the total GHG reduction between stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a cost model for implementing a deployment scale effort for conducting ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine‐based carbon dioxide removal (CDR). The model incorporates basic oceanographic parameters critical for estimating the effective export of newly fixed CO2 into biomass that is stimulated by Fe addition to an Fe‐limited region of the Southern Ocean. Estimated costs can vary by nearly 100‐fold between best‐case and worst‐case scenarios, with best‐case values of $7/net tonne C captured versus worst‐case $1,500/net tonne C captured, without accounting for verification costs. Primary oceanographic factors that influence cost are the net primary productivity increases achieved via OIF, the amount of C exported into the deep ocean, and the amount of CO2 ventilated back to the atmosphere. The model compares ship‐based versus aerial delivery of Fe to the ocean, and estimates aerial delivery can be 30%–40% more cost effective; however, the specific requirements for aerial delivery require additional research and development. The model also estimates costs associated with verification and environmental monitoring of OIF. These costs increase $/net tonne C captured by 3–4‐fold. Best, intermediate, and worst cases for aerial delivery and ship delivery are $21, $83, $2,033, and $24, $94, $4,691, respectively, inclusive of verification costs. The primary goal of this model is to demonstrate the variability in cost of OIF as a CDR method, and to better understand where additional research is needed to determine the major factors that may make OIF a tractable, nature‐based CDR method. Plain Language Summary: This paper presents a basic cost model for undertaking ocean iron fertilization (OIF) as a means of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. It presents a simple application scenario that compares two different modes for delivering iron to the ocean, plane‐based and ship‐based, and estimates costs associated with verification of carbon export into the deep ocean, as well as assessing the environmental changes that may occur as result. Key findings are that, in terms of USD/tonnes carbon exported, OIF can be at the lower cost end (

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Integrated assessment models (IAMs) connect trends in future socioeconomic and technological development with impacts on the environment, such as global climate change. They occupy a critical position at the global science‐policy interface. IAMs and associated scenarios have come under intense scrutiny, with critiques addressing both methodological and substantive issues, such as land use, carbon dioxide removal and technology performance. Criticisms have also addressed the transparency of IAM methods and assumptions as well as the transparency of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment of IAMs. This paper, authored by the co‐chairs of IPCC Working Group III and members of the Technical Support Unit, documents activities aiming to enhance the transparency of IAMs and their assessment. It includes a history of IPCC's approach to scenarios covering the formation of the Integrated Assessment Modeling Consortium (IAMC) in 2007 and the emergence of the approach by which IPCC facilitates the development of scenarios, but does not produce them itself. An IPCC Expert Meeting at the start of the current assessment cycle made transparency recommendations targeted at both the research community and IPCC. The community has taken steps to "open the black box" by moving toward open‐source and web‐publishing IAM documentation. IPCC has included an Annex to its next report focusing on scenarios and modeling methodologies. An open call for scenario data linked to the current IPCC report includes an expanded set of input and output variables. This paper ends with suggested criteria for measuring the success of these efforts to improve transparency. This article is categorized under:Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Applications of Integrated Assessment to Climate ChangeIntegrated Assessment of Climate Change > Integrated Assessment Modeling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of satellite instruments to accurately observe long‐term changes in atmospheric temperature depends on many factors including the absolute accuracy of the measurement, the stability of the calibration of the instrument, the stability of the satellite orbit, and the stability of the numerical algorithm that produces the temperature data. We present an example of algorithm instability recently discovered in the temperature data set from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite. The instability resulted in derived temperatures that were substantially colder than anticipated from mid‐December 2019 to mid‐2022. This algorithm‐induced change in temperature over 1 to 2 years corresponded to the expected temperature change over several decades from increasing anthropogenic CO2. This paper highlights the importance of algorithm stability in developing Geospace Data Records (GDRs) for Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A corrected version (Version 2.08) of the temperatures from SABER is described. Plain Language Summary: Instruments on Earth orbiting satellites offer the opportunity to detect long‐term changes in atmospheric temperature. Many factors may affect the ability to identify actual long‐term changes in the temperature and to distinguish these from changes in the instrument or from unintended changes in the algorithm that produces the temperature data from the instrument observations. SABER is an instrument on a NASA satellite that has been observing temperatures from 15 to 110 km (10–68 miles) in altitude for over 20 years. An "instability" in the scientific algorithm used to derive temperature from the instrument observations was recently discovered, beginning in late 2019. An unintended change was made in a parameter central to the derivation of temperature from SABER measurements. The consequence was that the atmospheric temperatures between 85 and 110 km (51–68 miles) from 2020 onward were several degrees colder than they would have been without the unintended change. This has been corrected and an updated version of the SABER temperatures and all other SABER data products, called Version 2.08, is now publicly available. Key Points: The concept of Geospace Data Records (GDRs) and their relevance to accurate detection of long‐term change is introducedAlgorithm instability in a GDR of the 20‐year record of SABER temperatures between 85 and 110 km is described and correctedThe field of Geospace Climate is emerging as a frontier with scientific and economic relevance. Accurate GDRs are essential to both [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of global transport models to go up in resolution becomes discriminating for greenhouse gas atmospheric inversions. This paper describes the porting on Graphics Processing Units of the global transport model currently used in the European operational Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) for CO2 and N2O inversions. It represents an important milestone to achieve sub‐degree resolution. The code includes not only the direct model but also its tangent‐linear and its adjoint versions which are needed in variational inversions. Tests were carried out for CO2 at a resolution of 2.50° in longitude, 1.27° in latitude and 79 layers in the vertical, corresponding to 1,626,768 3D cells, 4.5 times more than the current standard resolution of the model used in the CAMS reanalyzes. A month's worth of computation of the tangent‐linear and of the adjoint versions now takes 2.5 min, including 50 s for reading meteorological data. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric transport models are intensively used to infer global greenhouse gas emissions and removals, from atmospheric measurements: a single global analysis involves repeated and long transport simulations. This intensive use has limited the spatial resolution of such analyses despite an increasing need for national greenhouse gas budgets, despite an increasing number of corresponding space‐based observations at kilometer resolution, and despite an increasing number of high‐quality surface measurements made in sites marked by strong local influences. For the global transport model currently used in the European operational atmosphere monitoring service, our objective within the next 5 years is to make it reach a resolution of about 50 km over the whole globe. This paper describes an important milestone in this direction with the porting of this transport model on hardware components initially developed for video display but now used for high performance computing. Tests were carried out at a resolution of 2.50° in longitude, 1.27° in latitude and 79 layers in the vertical, corresponding to 4.5 times more 3D cells than the current standard resolution of the model. The direct model itself now takes less time than reading the input meteorological data. Key Points: The workload in a Eulerian transport model on a longitude‐latitude grid can be embarrassingly parallel enough to run efficiently on a Graphics Processing UnitThe transport model of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique was run in a new grid of 1,626,768 3D cellsThe calculation time in the direct version of the model is now less than the time to read the input meteorological data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the third important long‐lived greenhouse gas next to carbon dioxide and methane and croplands are considered biogeochemical hotspots of soil N2O emissions. To reduce soil N2O and other greenhouse emissions, climate‐smart agricultural practices including biochar application have been applied. Many studies have been conducted with biochar application but results from these studies are not conclusive. To address this issue, meta‐analysis, a quantitative review that synthesizes results from multiple independent studies, has been widely used. The results from different meta‐analyses also differ but are seldomly evaluated. In this study, we evaluated meta‐analyses on the effects of biochar application on soil N2O emissions. A grand mean response ratio (RR) was further proposed to estimate an overall effect and the impacts of experiment setting, properties of biochar and soil, and agricultural practices. We found 18 meta‐analysis papers were published between 2014 and 2022. Sample size (publications or experiments) varied from less than 30 to more than 1000, with a mean sample size of 275. RR was calculated in all studies except one. While four meta‐analyses did not find a significant effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, all others reported reductions of soil N2O emissions, but the magnitude ranged from −10.5% to −54.8%. Synthesizing all results from these meta‐analyses, we found that biochar application overall significantly reduced the soil N2O emissions by 38.8%. The impacts increased with experimental duration till one and half years and reduced after that. Biochar application rate and C:N ratio had large influence on the effects of biochar application on soil N2O emissions. This study demonstrated that while meta‐analysis provides a more comprehensive and better estimation, the inconsistence among these studies may need to be further evaluated. A grand mean RR based on meta‐analyses could be more accurate and representative than single meta‐analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband (spectrally‐integrated) radiation calculations are dominated by the expense of spectral integration, and many applications require fast parameterizations for computing radiative flux. Here we describe a novel approach using a linear weighted sum of monochromatic calculations at a small set of optimally‐chosen frequencies. The empirically‐optimized quadrature method is used to compute atmospheric boundary fluxes, net flux profiles throughout the atmosphere, heating rate profiles, and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere forcing by CO2, in the longwave for clear skies. We evaluate the method against two modern correlated k‐distribution models and find that we can achieve comparable errors with 32 spectral points. We also examine the effect of minimizing different cost functions, and find that in order to accurately represent heating rates and CO2 forcing, these quantities must be included in the cost function. Plain Language Summary: Quantifying the way radiation flows through the atmosphere is computationally expensive, and most applications require fast approximation. In this paper, we develop an empirically‐optimized quadrature method that can compute quantities of interest in climate science and weather prediction such as radiative flux throughout the atmosphere, heating rates, and forcing by carbon dioxide. The method uses a simple optimization algorithm, combined with a linear model, to achieve accuracy and computational cost of similar order of magnitude to the modern correlated k‐distribution models. Depending on the focus of the application, the algorithm can easily be adapted to prioritize desired quantities. Key Points: Spectrally integrated radiative quantities can be estimated from a small weighted set of monochromatic calculationsTradeoffs between computational cost and accuracy are commensurate with correlated k‐distribution modelsOptimization priorities can be tailored to a specific applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption‐based carbon capture has been recognized as an attractive method for mitigating global warming. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidate adsorbents for this purpose due to their high adsorption uptake and selectivity for carbon dioxide. However, in real‐world applications, such as direct air capture, the presence of moisture in the feed gas may pose a grand challenge for CO2 adsorption in MOFs. This paper aims to address the issue of water–CO2 co‐adsorption in MOFs and present screening criteria for selecting MOFs that preferentially adsorb CO2 under humid conditions. First, we uncover a comprehensive overview of CO2–water co‐adsorption characteristics of various MOFs. Then, the high‐throughput screening methods are summarized. Both computational and experimental efforts have been dedicated to identify the promising MOFs for humid CO2 capture. According to the screening results and adsorption mechanism, the optimal preparation strategies are proposed to modulate the effect of water on CO2 uptake in MOFs. Finally, current MOF‐based CO2 capture prototypes are presented to evaluate their practical feasibility and performance. This work could offer valuable guidance for the development and application of MOFs for CO2 capture in the presence of water and inspire further research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have received increasing attention in the field of electrochemical CO2RR with their efficient atom utilization efficiency and excellent catalytic performance. However, their low metal loading and the presence of linear relationships for single active sites with simple structures possibly restrict their activity and practical applications. Active site tailoring at the atomic level is a visionary approach to break the existing limitations of SACs. This paper first briefly introduces the synthesis strategies of SACs and DACs. Then, combining previous experimental and theoretical studies, this paper introduces four optimization strategies, namely spin‐state tuning engineering, axial functionalization engineering, ligand engineering, and substrate tuning engineering, for improving the catalytic performance of SACs in the electrochemical CO2RR process by combining previous experimental and theoretical studies. Then it is introduced that DACs exhibit significant advantages over SACs in increasing metal atom loading, promoting the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, modulating intermediate adsorption, and promoting C−C coupling. At the end of this paper, we briefly and succinctly summarize the main challenges and application prospects of SACs and DACs in the field of electrochemical CO2RR at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing utilization of fossil fuels and industrial activities has resulted in a surge of CO2 emissions, which have significantly impacted global climate change. Carbon capture and utilization technologies offer a promising solution to decrease atmospheric CO2 concentrations and convert CO2 into valuable products. This study focuses on the capture and storage of CO2 through the mineralization of magnesium‐containing materials. The analysis encompasses the mineralization process of solid and liquid minerals, the various mineralization processes of magnesium‐containing minerals categorized as direct and indirect mineralization, and the latest research advancements in magnesium‐containing minerals. Brine and seawater from salt lakes are considered the most appropriate materials for mineralization due to their abundance and the simplicity of the process compared to solid mineralization. This paper analyzes the impact of temperature, impurity ions, additives, and microorganisms on the process of magnesium carbonate synthesis crystallization. The use of magnesium‐containing materials for carbon dioxide sequestration can effectively reduce carbon emission. The review offers guidance on carbon dioxide mineralization and explores the potential applications of magnesium mineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginal abatement cost (MAC) of CO2 plays a fundamental role in formulating industry environmental policies. In this paper, we measured the MACs of energy‐related CO2 among 40 industrial sectors during 2005–2017 based on parametric directional distance function, and there were significant differences between the results. Then, industrial sectors were classified into four categories, and we found 'low carbon intensity' type (type I, II) has higher MACs of CO2 than 'high carbon intensity' type (type III, IV); under the same level of carbon intensity, industrial sectors with lower CO2 emissions have higher MACs (type I>II, type III>IV). Moreover, capital intensity, technology progress, and ownership structure have positive effects on MACs, while energy intensity and energy consumption structure are negatively correlated with MACs. The research suggests: (1) The 'double control' of carbon intensity and CO2 emissions is necessary, however, reducing carbon intensity is still the primary target, and CO2 emission should also be controlled appropriately at the present stage. (2) Industrial sectors in type IV should be chosen as key industrial sectors to be supervised. (3) China should consider industry characteristics and implement "common but differentiated" emission reduction policies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tells the recent history of CO2 chemistry through the contributions from members of CIRCC to its birth and growth. Starting with the first transition metal complex bearing CO2 as a ligand synthesized in 1975 by the Aresta Group in Bari, the mode of bonding and the reactivity of coordinated CO2 are discussed. The early applications in chemo‐thermal, electrolytic, and biotechnological processes, and the use of SC‐CO2 as solvent and reagent are fields in which CIRCC partners have made pioneering contributions and continue to provide essential inputs. The paper is closed by highlighting key issues and challenges at stake, from capture to large‐scale conversion, investment infrastructure, progressive policies and standardized regulations needed to advocate carbon recycling as a pillar of future innovation in energy and chemical industries. CIRCC has been the nest of modern CO2 chemistry and the place where CO2 has always been considered a "resource" rather than a "waste". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), within the atmosphere poses serious threats to society and the environment. In this paper, we examine the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions on the association between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and stock valuation. Using a sample of listed non‐financial US firms from 2002 through 2018, we find that CO2 emission plays a moderating role in reshaping the CSR‐stock valuation nexus. Further analysis showed that our results are robust for using alternate proxies of CSR, CO2, additional control and methods to alleviate endogeneity concerns. Additionally, we explored how increasing carbon footprints reshape this association only for firms with strong governance structures. Overall, our results indicate that the positive impact of CSR on stock valuation is overlaid by corporate CO2 emission. The practical and theoretical insights of this study were explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electroreduction of CO2 to high‐value products is a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality. Among these products, formic acid stands out as having the most potential for industrialization due to its optimal economic value in terms of consumption and output. In recent years, the Faraday efficiency of formic acid from CO2 electroreduction has reached 90~100 %. However, this high selectivity cannot be maintained for extended periods under high currents to meet industrial requirements. This paper reviews excellent work from the perspective of catalyst stability, summarizing and discussing the performance of typical catalysts. Strategies for preparing stable and highly active catalysts are also briefly described. This review may offer a useful data reference and valuable guidance for the future design of long‐stability catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carbon paper‐based gas diffusion electrode (GDE) is used with a bismuth(III) subcarbonate active catalyst phase for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 in a gas/electrolyte flow‐by configuration electrolyser at high current density. It is demonstrated that in this configuration, the gas and catholyte phases recombine to form K2CO3/KHCO3 precipitates to an extent that after electrolyses, vast amount of K+ ions is found by EDX mapping in the entire GDE structure. The fact that the entirety of the GDE gets wetted during electrolysis should, however, not be interpreted as a sign of flooding of the catalyst layer, since electrolyte perspiring through the GDE can largely be removed with the outflow gas, and the efficiency of electrolysis (toward the selective production of formate) can thus be maintained high for several hours. For a full spatial scale quantitative monitoring of electrolyte penetration into the GDE, (relying on K+ ions as tracer) the method of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) assisted energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) tomography is introduced. This new, cheap and robust tomography of non‐uniform aspect ratio has a large planar span that comprises the entire GDE surface area and a submicrometer depth resolution, hence it can provide quantitative information about the amount and distribution of K+ remnants inside the GDE structure, in three dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 huff and puff is a widely used enhanced oil recovery method in many oil fields, but its implementations in shale fields is scarce. This paper reports trials of CO2 huff and puff in a shale field in China. Laboratory studies revealed that CO2 effectively reduced oil viscosity, increased oil volume, and improved oil recovery under miscible conditions. For the three wells that received CO2 huff and puff treatments, one well showed satisfactory results, while the other two wells demonstrated poor economics. Discussions and recommendations are made based on field experiences. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of a "net‐zero‐emission" system through CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with solar energy is an eco‐friendly way to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Traditional CO2 hydrogenation demands centralized mass production for cost reduction with mass water electrolysis for hydrogen supply. To achieve continuous reaction with intermittent and fluctuating flow of H2 on a small‐scale for distributed application scenarios, modulating the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption capacity to adapt fluctuating reaction conditions is highly desired. This paper describes a distributed clean CO2 utilization system in which the surface structure of catalysts is carefully regulated. The Ni catalyst with unsaturated electrons loaded on In2O3 can reduce the dissociation energy of H2 to overcome the slow response of intermittent H2 supply, exhibiting a faster response (12 min) than bare oxide catalysts (42 min). Moreover, the introduction of Ni enhances the sensitivity of the catalyst to hydrogen, yielding a Ni/In2O3 catalyst with a good performance at lower H2 concentrations with a 15 times adaptability for wider hydrogen fluctuation range than In2O3, greatly reducing the negative impact of unstable H2 supplies derived from renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global finance and business is a trillion‐dollar sector whose final demand drives a significant amount of economic production and services in other sectors through trade systems. As economic production and services have a significant impact on the environment, they play a fundamental role in supporting the global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Despite this, little attention has been paid to environmental impact driven by the final demand of global finance and business sector (i.e., environmental footprint). In this paper, we estimated the carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particular matter 10 (PM10) footprints of finance and business sector of 187 economies from 2000 to 2016 using a global multi‐regional input–output model. Our results show that global environmental footprints peaked 10 years ago, and the latest CO2, SO2 and PM10 footprints are approximately 1371, 8.2 and 6.1 million tons, respectively. We also found that 99% of environmental footprints originate from 20% economy‐sectors, and the critical economy‐sectors are identified. In addition, policy interventions on environmental intensity, production efficiency and trade network for mitigating the environmental footprints are proposed as well. Our findings provide a holistic and dynamic picture of the environmental footprints of the global finance and business sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing renewable energy to hydrogenate carbon dioxide into fuels eliminates massive CO2 emissions from the atmosphere and diminishes our need for using fossil fuels. This review presents the most recent developments for designing heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formate, methanol, and C2+ hydrocarbons. Thermodynamic challenges and mechanistic insights are discussed, providing a strong foundation to propose a suitable catalyst. The main body of this review focuses on nanostructured catalysts for constructing efficient heterogeneous systems. The most important factors affecting catalytic performance are highlighted, including active metals, supports and promoters that can potentially be used. The summary of the results and the outlook are presented in the final section. During the past few decades, heterogeneous CO2 hydrogenation has gained much attention and made tremendous progress. Thus, many highly efficient catalysts have been studied to discover their active sites and provide mechanistic insights. This paper summarizes recent advances in CO2 hydrogenation and its conversion into various hydrocarbons such as formate, methanol, and C2+ products. As for formate production, Au and Ru nanocatalysts show superior activity. However, considering the catalyst cost, Cu‐based catalysts have an excellent prospect for methanol production, among other catalysts. Ultra‐small nanoparticles and nanoclusters appear promising to provide highly active cost‐effective catalysts. A growing number of researchers are investigating the possibility of directly synthesizing C2+ products through CO2 hydrogenation. The major challenge in producing heavy hydrocarbons is breaking the ASF limitations, which have been achieved over bifunctional catalysts using zeolites. Using suitable support and promoter can lead to a superior activity, ascribed to structural, electronic, and chemical promotional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess CO2 can be effectively converted into valuable fuels and chemicals by electrochemical CO2 reduction, which can help establish a low‐carbon emission economy and solve the current energy crisis. In recent years, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), as an emerging multifunctional material with porous structure, high chemical tunability and large specific surface area, has received increasing attention in the field of electrochemical CO2RR. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of various MOFs and their derivatives as CO2RR electrocatalysts and analyze their roles in the catalytic process from physical and chemical aspects. In addition, combining experiments and theory, this article also offers a personal view on the electronic structure modulation strategies to improve electrocatalytic performance. The article concludes with an analysis of the challenges in realizing MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalytic CO2RR applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Massive, kilometer thick deposits of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice have been detected at the south polar cap of Mars by radar investigations. These deposits are divided into several units that are separated by thin water ice bounding layers. Recent studies investigated the accumulation history of CO2 ice and found that the deposits most likely formed during several episodes in the past, when Martian obliquity was much lower than now. Those studies, while able to predict total volumes of CO2 ice consistent with those observed, did not attempt to explain the anomalous three‐dimensional distribution (thickness or extent) of CO2 ice or the ice's offset from the topographic high of the polar cap. In this paper we use a combination of feature analysis and numerical modeling to demonstrate that the CO2 deposits flow as glaciers and that glacial flow distributes the ice into its current position. Further, this distribution allows the ice to survive during high obliquity excursions. Plain Language Summary: Carbon dioxide (CO2) ice is found in a stack of deposits at Mars' south pole. These deposits are situated in basins, where they reach more than 1 km thick. Previous work suggested that the CO2 ice should be deposited when the axial tilt of the planet was lower, making the poles colder than they are now; however, the thickness and distribution of this ice should be much thinner than observed if only atmospheric effects are working on the ice. Therefore, the CO2 ice deposit distribution cannot be explained by atmospheric deposition alone. In this paper, we use glacial modeling and feature analysis to demonstrate that glacial flow better explains the distribution of ice in its present state. In addition, we show that the slopes on the south polar cap act to focus glacial flow into the basins, where it can survive warm periods by sublimating only the uppermost sections when the tilt of the planet is larger than present day. Key Points: Carbon dioxide ice has been mapped and modeled at the south pole of MarsDeposition models cannot explain the volumetric distribution of CO2 ice, thickness, or distributionWe present geomorphic and modeling evidence that the CO2 deposits flow as glaciers into basins to reach their observed volumetric distribution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent literature has explored the ambiguous theoretical links between inequality and environmental impact. However, few studies have investigated those links in developing countries. This paper explores the role of income inequality in the per capita emission of CO2 in Latin America. We estimate the impact of income inequality on carbon dioxide emissions, while simultaneously considering national income levels. The results suggest quadratic relationships between environmental impact and both gross domestic product per capita and inequality. Income inequality influences CO2 emissions, but the direction depends on income level. The complexities of the results are analytically explored in the paper. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of preparing methanol from carbon dioxide is one of the ways to solve the environmental problems caused by greenhouse gases, the problem of fossil energy depletion, and the problem of fuel exhaust emissions. However, after decades of development, the process of preparing methanol from carbon dioxide is still unable to achieve large‐scale industrialization. This critical review sharply points out the problems and obstacles that need to be solved urgently on the industrialization road of carbon dioxide methanol preparation process and summarizes its progress. The problems faced by the methanol production industry from carbon dioxide are first the thermodynamic constraints, second the lower reaction rate and conversion effect, and finally the energy loss. In order to solve these problems, this paper first introduces the active sites, structural effects, and dynamic changes of copper‐based catalysts, as well as the unique reaction mechanism and doping modification of indium‐based catalysts. Zinc and zirconium promoters and some metal oxide supports can form unique interactions with active components to improve the catalytic performance of the catalyst. Next, various kinetic models and applications of methanol production from carbon dioxide are summarized, which is an important bridge linking laboratory and industrialization; the advantages and disadvantages of fixed bed reactor and paddle reactor were compared. Finally, the full text is summarized and prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As carbon monoxide has a broad spectrum of biological activities, its production by plasma is a significant advantage in medicine. This paper presents a comparative study of the CO production of two plasma jets: a MHz‐jet and a kHz‐jet. Both were fed with a helium gas with CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ admixture (0%–1%). CO was produced by CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ dissociation and its maximal concentration was hundreds of parts per million, which is safe for clinical applications. For the same specific energy input, the CO production was more efficient for the kHz‐jet than the MHz‐jet. Both had antibacterial properties on Escherichia coli, and the addition of CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ improved them for the MHz‐jet, while it reduced them for the kHz‐jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, CaxZn10‐xFe20 catalysts were prepared by the co‐precipitation method and applied to CO2 hydrogenation. The experimental results show that the CO2 conversion of the catalyst Ca1Zn9Fe20 at a Ca doping amount of 1 mmol can reach 57.91 %, which is 13.5 % more than the CO2 conversion of the catalyst Zn10Fe20. Moreover, the catalyst Ca1Zn9Fe20 has the lowest selectivity for both CO and CH4, with 7.40 % and 6.99 %, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption‐desorption, CO2‐TPD, H2‐TPR, and XPS. The results demonstrate that the doping of Ca increases the basic sites on the catalyst surface and thus allows the catalyst to adsorb more CO2 to promote the reaction. Besides, the Ca doping amount of 1 mmol can suppress the formation of graphitic carbon on the catalyst surface and prevent the excess graphitic carbon from covering the active site Fe5C2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The duration of apnoeic oxygenation with high‐flow nasal oxygen is limited by hypercapnia and acidosis and monitoring of arterial carbon dioxide level is therefore essential. We have performed a study in patients undergoing prolonged apnoeic oxygenation where we monitored the progressive hypercapnia with transcutaneous carbon dioxide. In this paper, we compared the transcutaneous carbon dioxide level with arterial carbon dioxide tension. Methods: This is a secondary publication based on data from a study exploring the limits of apnoeic oxygenation. We compared transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring with arterial carbon dioxide tension using Bland–Altman analyses in anaesthetised and paralysed patients undergoing prolonged apnoeic oxygenation until a predefined limit of pH 7.15 or PCO2 of 12 kPa was reached. Results: We included 35 patients with a median apnoea duration of 25 min. Mean pH was 7.14 and mean arterial carbon dioxide tension was 11.2 kPa at the termination of apnoeic oxygenation. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring initially slightly underestimated the arterial tension but at carbon dioxide levels above 10 kPa it overestimated the value. Bias ranged from −0.55 to 0.81 kPa with limits of agreement between −1.25 and 2.11 kPa. Conclusion: Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring provided a clinically acceptable substitute for arterial blood gases but as hypercapnia developed to considerable levels, we observed overestimation at high carbon dioxide tensions in patients undergoing apnoeic oxygenation with high‐flow nasal oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Atmospheric inversions provide estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between the surface and atmosphere based on atmospheric CO2 concentration observations. The number of CO2 observations is projected to increase severalfold in the next decades from expanding in situ networks and next‐generation CO2‐observing satellites, providing both an opportunity and a challenge for inversions. This study introduces the TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) system, which employ an ensemble‐based simultaneous state and parameter estimation (ESSPE) approach to enable the assimilation of large volumes of observations for constraining CO2 flux parameters. TRACE uses an online full‐physics mesoscale atmospheric model and assimilates observations serially in a coupled atmosphere–carbon ensemble Kalman filter. The data assimilation system was tested in a series of observing system simulation experiments using in situ observations for a regional domain over North America in summer. Under ideal conditions with known prior flux parameter error covariances, TRACE reduced the error in domain‐integrated monthly CO2 fluxes by about 97% relative to the prior flux errors. In a more realistic scenario with unknown prior flux error statistics, the corresponding relative error reductions ranged from 80.6% to 88.5% depending on the specification of prior flux parameter error correlations. For regionally integrated fluxes on a spatial scale of 106 km2, the sum of absolute errors was reduced by 34.5%–50.9% relative to the prior flux errors. Moreover, TRACE produced posterior uncertainty estimates that were consistent with the true errors. These initial experiments show that the ESSPE approach in TRACE provides a promising method for advancing CO2 inversion techniques. Plain Language Summary: To gain a better understanding of the main drivers behind atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variations and trends, it is essential to accurately quantify CO2 exchanges—also known as fluxes—between the atmosphere and other components of the Earth system. It is generally not possible to directly measure surface CO2 fluxes at regional scales; however, fluxes can be inferred from a network of atmospheric CO2 concentration observations combined with atmospheric modeling and inversion methods, which seek to find the most likely fluxes given prior knowledge and observational evidence. This paper presents a new regional inversion framework called TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) for deriving CO2 fluxes at high resolution in space and time. One of the major innovations in TRACE is the ensemble‐based dual state and parameter estimation approach, which makes it computationally feasible to ingest large volumes of observations into the system. A series of experiments were carried out in a domain over North America to test the new framework in a controlled setting. In the experiments, we used synthetic tower observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations to constrain parameters controlling terrestrial biogenic and oceanic CO2 fluxes. The results show that TRACE is capable of accurately estimating both the magnitude and spatial pattern of regional CO2 fluxes. Key Points: An ensemble‐based simultaneous state and parameter estimation approach is introduced for regional CO2 flux inversionsThe new dual‐state TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) framework provides a flexible platform for conducting coupled atmosphere–carbon data assimilationControlled experiments show that TRACE is effective at constraining regional CO2 fluxes using in situ CO2 concentration observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the nexus between greenhouse gas emissions and poverty alleviation in the Economic Commission of West African States between 1985 and 2020 applying autoregressive distributed lag and Granger causality techniques. The results reveal that carbon dioxide non‐significantly relates to gross domestic product per capita positively while nitrous oxide and foreign direct investment impacts gross domestic product per capita positively. Methane negatively impacts gross domestic product per capita. The governments should use conventions to regulate greenhouse gas emissions' effects on environmental degradation regionally and globally. The study underscores that countries should diversify to cleaner energy sources. This would reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Massive technological investment is required to mitigate the greenhouse gas emissions' negative impacts on the environment which create poverty. This policy implication ensures environmental sustainability and reverses the ugly trend of greenhouse gas emissions on poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to use a random‐effects model of meta‐analysis to merge various heritability estimates of different gas emission traits (methane yield [METY], methane production [METP], carbon dioxide production [CO2], the sum of carbon dioxide and methane production [METP + CO2], METPMETP+CO2 ratio, and oxygen consumption [O2]) and their genetic association with growth and partial efficiency traits in sheep. A total of 53 genetic correlations and 47 heritability estimates from 13 scientific articles were used in the meta‐analysis. The included papers were published between 2010 and 2022. To measure heterogeneity, Chi‐square (Q) test was performed, and the I2 statistic was determined. The average heritability estimates for the studied traits were low to moderate and ranged from 0.137 (for METY) to 0.250 (for METP + CO2). The heterogeneity test of heritability estimates indicated that heritability estimates for METY, O2 consumption, and METPMETP+CO2 had low Q values and non‐significant heterogeneity (p > 0.10). However, the average heritability estimates for other traits experienced significant heterogeneities (p < 0.10). The genetic correlation estimate between METP with O2 was −0.597 (p < 0.05), but its genetic correlations with other gas traits ranged from 0.593 (with METP + CO2) to 0.653 (CO2; p < 0.05). Also, mean estimates of genetic correlation between METP with live weight (LW), feed intake (FI), and residual feed intake (RFI) were 0.719, 0.598, and 0.408, respectively. The genetic correlations of CO2 with performance traits varied from 0.641 (with RFI) to 0.833 (with FI; p < 0.05). This meta‐analysis showed gas emission traits in sheep are under low‐to‐moderate genetic control. The average genetic parameter estimates obtained in this study could be considered in the genetic selection programmes for sheep, especially when there is no access to accurate phenotypic records or genetic parameter estimates for gas emission traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across Europe, countries are reducing CO2 emissions and energy demand by lowering the temperature in public office buildings. These measures affect men and women unequally because the latter prefer and, indeed, perform better under higher temperatures than the standard temperature. Lowering the temperature thus further increases an already existing inequality. We show that the philosophical literature on discrimination provides an interesting theoretical approach to understanding such measures. On prominent understandings of what discrimination is, the policy would be considered direct discrimination against women if it could be shown to reflect a broader inattentiveness to the needs of women in society. Alternatively, and more straightforwardly, the policies can be considered indirect discrimination because of their disparate effects on men and women. The final part of the paper shows that the policies are also wrong for the reasons it is often argued that discrimination is wrong—to wit, that it harms or disrespects those who are discriminated against. The final section suggests a range of measures to offset the discriminatory aspects of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphysics inversion exploits different types of geophysical data that often complement each other and aims to improve overall imaging resolution and reduce uncertainties in geophysical interpretation. Despite the advantages, traditional multiphysics inversion is challenging because it requires a large amount of computational time and intensive human interactions for preprocessing data and finding trade‐off parameters. These issues make it nearly impossible for traditional multiphysics inversion to be applied as a real‐time monitoring tool for geological carbon storage. In this paper, we present a deep learning (DL) multiphysics network for imaging CO2 saturation in real time. The multiphysics network consists of three encoders for analysing seismic, electromagnetic and gravity data and shares one decoder for combining imaging capabilities of the different geophysical data for better predicting CO2 saturation. The network is trained on pairs of CO2 label models and multiphysics data so that it can directly image CO2 saturation. We use the bootstrap aggregating method to enhance the imaging accuracy and estimate uncertainties associated with CO2 saturation images. Using realistic CO2 label models and multiphysics data derived from the Kimberlina CO2 storage model, we evaluate the performance of the deep learning multiphysics network and compare its imaging results to those from the deep learning single‐physics networks. Our modelling experiments show that the deep learning multiphysics network for seismic, electromagnetic, and gravity data not only improves the imaging accuracy but also reduces uncertainties associated with CO2 saturation images. Our results also suggest that the deep learning multiphysics network for the non‐seismic data (i.e., electromagnetic and gravity) can be used as an effective low‐cost monitoring tool in between regular seismic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]