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This paper shows the comparison between several well‐known classification algorithms in Machine Learning with the purpose of finding the most suitable algorithm to predict the dwelling time, that is, how long a certain tourist should stay in a particular tourist spot. This dwelling time prediction can be adopted by tour and travel agents to provide optimal scheduling for their package tours. The algorithm in question is strictly for classification because in this case, the dwelling time does not require a very specific number of minutes; thus, the time can be classified and restricted into several time frames. The origin and features of the dataset are described in this paper as well as the comparison methodology to show the procedure of how the comparison was made. Lastly, the performance results will be used to determine which algorithm to use for this specific case and it will be shown in a form of a graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper studies the effect of craft breweries on residential property values. Using a hedonic Difference‐in‐Differences (DID) approach and about 250 thousand housing transactions in Denver, Colorado from 1990 to 2016, we investigate the impact of proximity to a craft brewery on residential property values. We consider three types of residence (single‐family home, row house, and condominiums), three types of brewery (all craft breweries, microbreweries, and brewpubs/taprooms), and two measurements of distance (Euclidian and walk‐time). Our most robust results are found for single‐family homes, whose values enjoy a premium of up to 20.4% for being in proximity to a brewpub/taproom several years after, with the average annual maximum premium around 3%. As expected, premiums decline as distance from breweries increase. Beyond a distance of 0.5 km or a 10‐min walk‐time, the premium for a regional/microbrewery is greater than that for a brewpub/taproom. For single family homes within 4 km or 40‐min walk‐time, the annualized premium ranges between 0.41% and 3.01%. These findings support the narrative that craft breweries are a neighborhood asset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the attention grew toward sustainability issues. This led to the popularity of residential buildings made of cold formed steel profiles. In these systems the lateral bracing is provided by the shear walls. Their complex response calls for the design by testing approach. At the University of Trento an experimental study is in progress of the shear wall response under monotonic and cyclic loading. Five shear wall configurations differing in the steel skeleton and sheathings type are comprised in the programme. The paper presents the main features of the testing set‐up and the preliminary results related to two shear wall configurations. The key role of sheathing‐to‐steel framing connections is pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The built heritage is a collection of properties of heritage value that should be protected and preserved. Designed in Belgium and built in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) at the beginning of colonisation, the steel‐framed houses in the province of Kongo‐Central are in an advanced state of damages due not only to the climatic conditions of the area, but also to those of exploitation. An architectural and technical study of these steel houses is nowadays required to develop solutions for their conservation as part of the DRC's built heritage. In this context, the National Fund for Scientific Research of Belgium (FNRS) is financing the research project entitled "Tropicalisation of engineering and architecture". This project is carried out jointly by the Université libre de Bruxelles (in charge of the architectural part) and the Université de Liège (in charge of the engineering part). For this project, the courthouse of Mbanza‐Ngungu (former ABC Hotel in Thysville) is studied in detail as a case study to identify the techniques used during construction, the pathologies affecting the structures and the solution which could be contemplated for their refurbishment. The present paper will introduce first investigation conducted in the framework of this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission technology has incomparable advantages in long‐distance and large‐capacity transmission. With the development of HVDC transmission technology, transmission lines inevitably pass through some densely populated and economically developed areas. Due to environmental considerations, the space electric field around the buildings that are adjacent to HVDC transmission lines has aroused increasing attention. However, it is hard to be predicted by simulation because of the calculation complexity. This paper proposed a new calculated method to obtain the composite electric field around HVDC transmission lines with adjacent residential buildings, and the validity and correctness of the method are verified by the experimental results. Then, the distortion of the electric field around the building and its impact on the design of the safe corridor width of the HVDC transmission line is analyzed. The proposed method, unlike existing methods, can be used to predict the space composite electric field distribution around HVDC transmission lines and their adjacent residences, which are of arbitrary material, shape, and size. It can provide guide for the optimal design of transmission line corridors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paris Agreement goals require net‐zero CO2 emissions by mid‐century. The European Commission in its recent proposal for climate and energy strategy for 2050 indicated the need for more intensified actions to substantially improve the energy performances of buildings. With the rate of new construction in Europe, the challenge is to increase both the pace and depth of building energy renovations. Several barriers inhibit the wide uptake of comprehensive energy renovations, including the inability or inertia to finance upfront costs of energy renovations. Despite various policies implemented to address some of these barriers, current investments in buildings remain at suboptimal levels. The paper reviews current financing practices for energy renovations and investigates some innovative instruments with a special focus on their applicability to residential buildings. In addition to "traditional" financial schemes such as subsidies, tax incentives, and loans, the paper assesses innovative financing schemes: On property tax and on‐bill financing, energy efficiency mortgages, and energy efficiency feed‐in tariffs. The paper also investigates the concept of one‐stop shops for building renovations and crowdfunding. The paper offers an assessment of the characteristics, benefits, and challenges of each analyzed financing instrument and provides policy recommendations for their successful implementation. In general, as financing instruments involve different stakeholders and due to complex nature of the sector, there is no single solution to accelerate energy renovation investment in buildings. The emerging financial models offer the potential to address the long‐standing barriers to investment in energy efficiency. This article is categorized under:Energy Efficiency > Economics and PolicyEnergy Efficiency > Climate and EnvironmentEnergy and Climate > Economics and Policy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Archaeological research of dismantled homes at the Albany Bulb in the San Francisco Bay, California, prompted me to rethink the category of "homelessness" and the temporal boundaries of archaeological research. This paper treats the history of people who called this landfill‐turned‐park home as part of broad processes of redevelopment and displacement in the Bay Area and beyond. Archaeological and artistic research provide a critical methodology through which I reflect on contemporary struggles for homeless rights and conflicts over who needs to be "cleaned up." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Earth to air heat exchanger (EAHE) is an effective passive cooling and heating system for buildings. This paper studied numerically the potential for reduction in energy consumption for cooling and heating loads for a residence equipped with an EAHE system in the climate of Nasiriya city, which is located in southern Iraq and at 31.7°N and 45.8°E, latitude and longitude, respectively. Also, this paper presents a study about the thermal performance of three types of EAHE systems, system 1, consisting of one layer of EAHE and buried at an available area of house garden with 3‐m depth, system 2, at the same site of system 1, but with two layers of EAHE at two depths, 3 and 4 m, and finally, system 3, buried along the area of the house at a depth of 3 m. First, the built numerical model was validated against experimental results, and the results of the comparison showed good agreement. The electricity consumption for cooling and heating of the house is calculated with and without the EAHE system. The results showed that with using EAHE, there is a considerable saving in energy and saving in the cost of electricity consumption, which reached 376 329 IQD ($301.11) over 1 year for system 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LiDAR has become fairly integrated into archaeological practice at a global scale. This has gradually evolved to include UAV LiDAR. Nevertheless, considerable biases remain, including with regard to geographical regions, chronological periods, feature types and environments. At present, few studies of coastal environments exist, despite the fact that LiDAR—and UAV LiDAR in particular—has the obvious advantages of flexibility and time efficiency in such archaeologically rich but logistically challenging environments. In this paper, we compare the results of UAV LiDAR surveys with records from previous ground surveys in two case studies from coastal environments on opposite sides of the globe. Case Study I of shell middens located within approximately 3 km2 around Cambaceres Bay involved the first collection of LiDAR data from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Case Study II covered approximately 3 km2 of the island of Vega, Northern Norway, and is among the pioneering LiDAR studies of Mesolithic house pits. The detection success rate was fairly good for Cambaceres—69% of 1240 recorded structures were identified on LiDAR—and above expected for Vega, with 81% of 51 recorded house pits identified on LiDAR. In Cambaceres, the main challenges were dense and low vegetation and identifying small middens. Possible new identifications of archaeological features were made in both areas: subtle depressions interpreted as dwelling foundations in Cambaceres and house pits on Vega. We conclude that UAV LiDAR can contribute to coastal archaeology and that it has added values besides making new identifications, being both flexible and time efficient. An example pertains to the possible identification of a practice that has not previously been proved archaeologically in Tierra del Fuego—more thorough site preparation prior to the construction of the dwellings—which in turn raises new questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing consciousness to address future concerns is a challenging subject, noticed considerably by policymakers and investors. Investigation of energy use in residential buildings in terms of quantity and sources of energy was the main focus of this study. Indeed, the paper was aimed to study the role of contextual factors on two points: the energy demand and the spreading of renewable technologies in the residential sector. It was theory‐driven research to highlight some future concerns. The first theory was to reveal how the growth of single‐family houses versus multi‐family houses could affect the growth of energy consumption and the application of renewable technologies. The second theory was built to highlight that spreading energy measures to increase efficiency or introducing a new energy carrier should be embedded in the context of new construction activities or in a template of renovation projects. The third theory was to emphasize the priority of thinking about managing the changes in residential buildings because of the lasting impact of the decision about the type of building. Finally, the purpose of the ongoing transition was argued to highlight that the growth of renewable technologies has not been necessarily aligned with getting away from fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Um das Klimaziel der Bundesregierung zu erreichen, gilt die energetische Optimierung im Gebäudesektor als eine übergeordnete Aufgabe, die nicht nur die Erstellung neuer Gebäude, sondern auch die Ertüchtigung des Gebäudebestands betrifft. Gegenstand der Forschungs‐ und Lehrtätigkeiten des Lehrgebiets bilden Entwurfsentwicklungen, die durch innovative Gebäudehüllen und Fassadentechnologien einen nachhaltigen und ressourcenschonenden Beitrag auch für den hohen Anteil von Bestandsgebäuden leisten. Sanierungs‐ und Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen werden vor dem Hintergrund energetischer Optimierungsstrategien, nachhaltiger Gebäudekonzeption und ressourcenschonendem Materialeinsatz entwickelt und fokussieren dabei aktive und passive Maßnahmen. Dabei soll insbesondere der Anteil von bestehenden Büro‐ und Verwaltungsbauten betrachtet werden, der neben dem Wohngebäudebestand ein erhebliches Potential zur Reduzierung von CO2‐Emissionen aufzeigt. Retrofitted Building Skins – energetic optimization of the building envelope of existing buildings. In order to adapt to the Federal Government's Climate Action Programme, energy optimization in the building sector is considered an important task that not only affects the construction of new buildings, but also the renovation of existing building stock. The research and teaching activities of the junior professorship focus on architectural design developments that follow sustainable and resource‐saving parameters by implementing innovative building skins and facade technologies to improve the energetic building performance. Renovation and maintenance methods are developed against the background of energy optimization strategies, sustainable building design and resource‐efficient use of materials, focusing on the implementation of active and passive measures. This paper emphasizes the proportion of existing office and administrative buildings, which, in addition to the residential building stock, have considerable potential to reduce CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bauphysik is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary While probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is an explicit methodology for complying with the performance requirements of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) or similar codes, it traditionally focuses only on technical risks of fire safety systems in a building. There are growing concerns that performance‐based fire engineering designs underestimate safety risk levels in high‐rise residential buildings. Existing fire risk models account for failures of technical systems but ignore human and organizational errors (HOEs) and the complex interactions among these variables. Probabilistic models in other applications, such as offshore platforms and nuclear plants, demonstrate the importance of HOE inclusion in risk models and the resulting impacts on overall risk. This paper proposes a comprehensive technical‐human‐organizational risk (T‐H‐O‐Risk) methodology to enhance the PRA approach by quantifying human and organizational risks in a probabilistic model using Bayesian Network (BN) analysis of HOEs and System Dynamics (SD) modelling for dynamic characterization of risk variations over time. While risk modelling itself is not novel, the current research develops unique and specific enhancements to existing risk approaches by integrating HOE risks with technical risks in a comprehensive dynamic and probabilistic model for high‐rise residential buildings. Three case studies are conducted to demonstrate the application of this comprehensive approach to the designs of various high‐rise residential buildings ranging from 18 to 24 storeys. Societal risks are represented in F‐N curves. Results show that in general, fire safety designs that do not consider HOEs underestimate overall risks generally by~20%—and can reach up to 42% in an extreme case. Furthermore, risks over time due to HOEs vary by as much as 30% over a 10‐year period. A sensitivity analysis indicates that deficient training, poor safety culture and ineffective emergency plans have significant impact on overall risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the latest finds from the early Islamic site of Al‐Qurainiyah on Failaka Island, Kuwait. Trenches opened to the west of the main late Islamic village led to the identification of residential buildings and a workshop located along the shoreline, while the pottery assemblage suggests a permanent occupation from at least the seventh century CE to the early ninth century CE. The last two years of excavations allowed us to uncover archaeological contexts that seem to indicate a previous occupation, dating to the late Hellenistic period (second century BC). The long‐term occupation, strategic position of the settlement facing a wide and well‐sheltered lagoon, as well as the installation of a stable settlement in the same period of Al‐Qusur—the main early Islamic site of the island—seem to suggest the interpretation of Al‐Qurainiyah as a landing place used both in the early Islamic period and beforehand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to consider how Gyoji Banshoya's planning idea was formed through analysis of the panels presented by CIAM‐Alger in Aix‐en‐Province in 1953 on a shantytown called Mahieddine, which is defined as a primary source related to Banshoya's activities on the French side. At first, the points of his article "Apartments in Algeria" are summarized as the four criteria for analyzing of CIAM‐Alger's presentation panel. Then, CIAM‐Alger's presentation panel on Mahieddine is analyzed from the abovementioned four criteria where I discuss that they should be defined as dwelling practices of residents. Based on that, the realization of the Mahieddine project comprising of a "Cité de Recasement" and "HLM (Habitation à loyer modéré)" apartments, is examined. In conclusion, I indicate that Banshoya adopted the "courtyard," "WCs and showers," and "sight line planning." Therefore, it is certain that he understood the importance of the Muslim tradition of privacy as well as improvement in sanitary conditions. Finally, I show some issues related to the further research framework centering around the "evolution" and modern urban planning, to reconsider the work of Gyoji Banshoya in Middle Eastern cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buildings are responsible for approximately 36% of carbon emissions in the European Union. Besides, gradual aging and a lack of adaptability and flexibility of buildings often lead to destructive interventions, resulting not only in higher costs but also in a large amount of construction and demolition waste (CDW). Recently, an innovative system (Ref. VEEP project) has been developed to recycle CDW for the manufacturing of energy‐efficient prefabricated concrete elements (PCE) for new building construction. By applying life cycle costing (LCC) and life cycle assessment (LCA), this study aimed to determine whether the use of VEEP PCE leads to lower carbon emission and lower associated costs over the life cycle of an exemplary four‐story residential building in the Netherlands than a business‐as‐usual (BAU) PCE scenario. This paper provides a case study on the alignment and/or integration of LCA and LCC in an independent and a combined manner (via monetization). This study examines how the internalization of carbon emission and discount rate will affect the final life cycle costs over a 40‐year life span. The simulation results show that the key to economic viability and environmental soundness of VEEP PCE is to reduce production cost and to optimize the thermal performance of the novel isolation material Aerogel; internalization of external cost monetarizes the environmental advantage thus slightly expands the cost advantage of low carbon options, but leads to larger uncertainty about the LCC result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing from the perspective of lone parents in Ireland. The Irish case echoes historical experiences elsewhere and is offered not as an exceptional or extreme case but as an in‐depth single case study and a lens for comparison. Although contemporary forms and combinations of conditionalities are new to Ireland, the experience of multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing is not new. Hence, a historical perspective is used to examine contemporary multiple conditionalities in benefits and housing. In the past, conditional regimes for lone parents were justified in terms of moral reformation for first time mothers and avoiding moral contagion of mothers with subsequent pregnancies. In contemporary times, in the case of employment, lone parents are problematised as working part‐time and "nesting" on in‐work‐benefits, and in the case of homelessness, lone parents who prioritise the security of tenure embedded in social housing are accused of "gaming" the system. While acknowledging ambiguities, the paper finds the overlap of welfare and housing discourses contribute, intentionally or unintentionally, to epistemological foundations or understandings of lone parents, shifting public perceptions, and framing them as "problems" to be solved. They simultaneously temper lone parents' expectations. Increased precarity and disempowerment is associated with dual conditionality, and ontological uncertainty is multiplied when experienced cumulatively across employment, social protection, and housing regimes in a context of generally poor public services and labour market precarity and in the historical context of stigmatisation. Nonetheless, lone parents demonstrate considerable agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the type and transformation of spatial composition in Craig Ellwood's residential buildings and focuses on the material and modular systems. Herein, 28 works and structures, primary exterior finishing materials, primary interior finishing materials, and modular systems on both plan and section are analyzed. This analysis derived the following points: when standardization of construction paved the way for uniform spaces in the 1950s, Ellwood countered this trend by spatially arranging the materials with texture in one modular system and controlling them with the exposed beams. Through this approach, he created an architecture that gave rhythm to the space. In the 1960s, Ellwood used various column spans, defining the appearance of buildings by exposing beams and columns on the outside and creating compositions that gave rhythm to the outside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the type and transformation of the spatial composition of Craig Ellwood's residential works were investigated, focusing on structural systems. The analysis addressed 28 works, evaluating the structure construction, structure of the main facade, and inner space structure. As a result, the following points were derived: In the 1950s, the order in space was created by setting directions and showing beams in inner and outer spaces. In the 1960s, the order in space was achieved by forming an architectural framework with columns and beams clearly exposed in the exterior space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past major earthquakes have demonstrated that a significant proportion of existing residential buildings are vulnerable to seismic hazards, resulting in economic and social losses. The assessment of earthquake‐induced losses is crucial for devising strategies aimed at enhancing seismic resilience through mitigation plans and emergency response measures. This study intends to provide an analytical methodology for evaluating economic losses for existing residential concrete shear wall buildings in Eastern Canada seismic zones based on Canadian‐compatible seismic capacity parameters. A sampled data set related to residential buildings in Montreal was analyzed and statistical distributions were developed that represent the proportion of buildings in different seismic design code levels and number of stories. Vulnerability analyses were performed, which involved estimating buildings' response under seismic hazard inputs according to the 2020 National Building Code of Canada and conducting loss assessment for structural components, nonstructural displacement‐sensitive components, nonstructural acceleration‐sensitive components, and contents. The results of vulnerability analyses in terms of loss ratio curves showed that the seismic performance varies between mid‐rise and high‐rise concrete shear wall buildings with different seismic design code levels, and nonstructural displacement‐sensitive components exerted the most significant influence on overall economic losses among building components. In addition, a comparison was conducted between Canadian‐compatible economic loss ratio curves and those developed based on the standard seismic capacity parameters in the Hazus technical manual and differences in predicted loss ratios were discussed. The developed loss ratio curves can be integrated into regional scale loss assessment tools for rapid estimation of earthquake‐induced economic losses for concrete shear wall buildings as a function of seismic intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Window opening behavior and thermal comfort were monitored in relation to the thermal environment over a 4 year period in the living rooms and the bedrooms of dwellings in the Kanto region of Japan. 36 144 sets of physical and subjective data were collected from 243 residents of 120 dwellings. This paper explores relationships between the different variables in the data. The likelihood of windows being open depended on the three modes of operation of the dwelling, free running (FR), heating (HT) or cooling (CL). In the FR mode, the likelihood was much higher than in either the CL or the HT modes. The likelihood that a window is open correlated well with both indoor temperature and outdoor air temperature in the FR Mode. The indoor comfort temperature correlated well with the running mean of the outdoor temperature. Window opening behavior as predicted by logistic regression analysis is in agreement with the measured data. The deadband of window opening was narrower, and the constraint on window opening was smaller than had previously been found in studies in office buildings. Equations are given to quantify these relations and to enable window opening and comfort temperature to be predicted from outdoor temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel housing solutions made of thin‐walled cold‐formed profiles (CFS) appear to be very competitive in seismic areas due to their lightweight and the associated reduced mass. This non‐negligible advantage associated with the competitive costs and the ease of erection made popular this type of building solution. Aimed at investigating the potential of these structural systems, in recent years, several extensive studies of the lateral response of shear walls were carried out. On the contrary, little attention was paid to the behavior of the floor diaphragms and on their contribution to the overall building response. The University of Trento, in the framework of a wider research project aimed at the development of a residential building system made of CFS profiles, investigated the response of CFS floor systems subjected to in plane shear loading. Four types of floors characterized by two different beams systems and two different types of deck were tested in both monotonic and cyclic regime. Experimental results enabled the calibration of FE models simulating both the floor components and the whole floors. In this paper, the main features and outcomes of the tests and of the numerical analyses are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the use of steel light housing structural solutions made of cold‐formed thin‐walled profiles (CFS) is becoming increasingly popular. Lightness, high structural efficiency, durability, rapidity and simplicity of erection of the building and its finishes are some of the main advantages of these systems, which make them attractive and competitive with respect to more traditional constructional solutions. In these buildings, which do have a skeleton made of cold‐formed steel profiles completed by sheathings made of various materials, the key role of transmission of both vertical and horizontal loads from the floors to the foundation, is played by the shear walls. Recently, the University of Trento carried out a project aimed to develop an industrialized housing system made of CFS members. In this framework, experimental and numerical studies of the in‐plane lateral response of shear walls were performed. In particular, this paper summarizes first the experimental program and then it focuses on the main features of numerical models and on their validation in both monotonic and cyclic regime. The critical parameters governing the response of these complex systems are finally identified and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mauerwerk is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As an important part of the construction industry, rural residential buildings are characterized by low energy utilization, unreasonable structure, and low consumption level, so it is particularly important to study the low carbon transformation and evaluation system. In this study, the coefficient of variation method was used to identify the important factors affecting the low‐carbon transformation of rural residential buildings, and the evaluation system of low‐carbonization of rural residential buildings was determined by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the system was used in a rural residential building low‐carbonization evaluation study. The results show that "Energy utilization," "Envelope structure," and "Economic factors" have obvious influence on the low carbonization of buildings, with the weights of 36.4%, 24.5%, and 19.5%, respectively. Among the secondary indicators, the top four weightings are "clean energy utilization rate" (0.152), "external wall insulation system" (0.090), "window performance" (0.088), and "electricity consumption" (0.084), which are the most critical factors influencing the low carbonization level of clean energy utilization in rural residential buildings. Finally, based on the constructed low‐carbonization evaluation system, we propose targeted solution strategies to provide a theoretical basis for establishing an effective assessment system for the low‐carbonization of clean energy in rural residential buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood damage arises from complex interactions between flooding processes and socio‐economic elements. Damage assessments for elements such as residential buildings rely on a modelled representation of local damage factors. Multivariable model approaches are well suited for damage prediction using detailed information on flood hazard and building characteristics. While broad explanatory variable ranges can improve model prediction performance, model transfer across geographical contexts often causes performance loss. This study aims to determine if increasing explanatory damage variables in a multivariable model improves residential building damage prediction and whether models based on local variables transfer between locations. We used empirical damage observations from six flood events to train and evaluate random forest regression model prediction performance. Spatial transfer is tested by splitting event datasets with trained models applied to original and external events. Variable analysis demonstrates model performance improvement with up to seven flood hazard and building characteristics, decreasing thereafter. Event models showed highest prediction precision for the original event, while models trained on all events transfer with comparable predictions for urban stormwater flooding. Prediction precision reduces when models transfer between locations affected by different flood types. This indicates flood damage models must replicate variability in local damage factors for reliable spatial transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the wider ongoing debate of Participatory Action Research, this paper interrogates the capacity of participatory mapping not just as a means to tap into plural knowledges over and emanating from specific geographies but rather to disrupt exclusionary constructions of space and place and the reproduction of the governing relationships that cause inequality. Focusing on a participatory mapping experience undertaken by the authors in collaboration with local residents in the steep slopes of Bogotá's eastern hills - an area threatened by forced evictions in the name of ecological preservation and risk protection arguments - we explore why and under what conditions participatory mapping might have the potential to disrupt conflicting interpretations of place and space held both by local residents and state agencies, which in turn can open the room to rework what types of interventions are actually needed and why. We hypothesise that this depends on the extent to which mapping can abridge the different scales at which the state and marginalised communities make sense of a site historically underpinned by different forms of spatial myopia and territorial stigma. This is in our view not just a consequence of the application of participatory mapping techniques per se, but depends on the way in which mapping is used to expand the political space in which different conceptions of a territory can effectively talk to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aims: Comprehensively investigate prescribing in usual care of hospitalized older people with respect to polypharmacy; potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) according to Beers criteria; and cumulative anticholinergic and sedative medication exposure calculated with Drug Burden Index (DBI). Specifically, to quantify exposure to these measures on admission, changes between admission and discharge, associations with adverse outcomes and medication costs. Methods: Established new retrospective inpatient cohort of 2000 adults aged ≥75 years, consecutively admitted to 6 hospitals in Sydney, Australia, with detailed information on medications, clinical characteristics and outcomes. Conducted cross‐sectional analyses of index admission data from cohort. Results: Cohort had mean (standard deviation) age 86.0 (5.8) years, 59% female, 21% from residential aged care. On admission, prevalence of polypharmacy was 77%, PIMs 34% and DBI > 0 in 53%. From admission to discharge, mean difference (95% confidence interval) in total number of medications increased 1.05 (0.92, 1.18); while prevalence of exposure to PIMs (−3.8% [−5.4, −2.1]) and mean DBI score (−0.02 [−0.04, −0.01]) decreased. PIMs and DBI score were associated with increased risks (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) of falls (PIMs 1.63 [1.28, 2.08]; DBI score 1.21[1.00, 1.46]) and delirium (PIMs 1.76 [1.38, 1.46]; DBI score 1.42 [1.19, 1.71]). Each measure was associated with increased risk of adverse drug reactions (polypharmacy 1.42 [1.19, 1.71]; PIMs 1.87 [1.40, 2.49]; DBI score 1.90 [1.55, 2.15]). Cost (AU$/patient/hospital day) of medications contributing to PIMs and DBI was low ($0.29 and $0.88). Conclusion: In this large cohort of older inpatients, usual hospital care results in an increase in number of medications and small reductions in PIMs and DBI, with variable associations with adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water residence time (WRT) is an important lake attribute that influences almost all in‐lake nutrient processes. However, information on WRT is often missing or outdated, especially in regions lacking lake inflow or outflow observations. Recent advances in global precipitation and evapotranspiration (ET) products and calibration‐free ET models provide the possibility of estimating lake WRT at large scales using estimated runoff from the water balance over the lake catchment. Here, we tested four global ET products and two calibration‐free ET models for estimating the mean annual lake outflow and WRT of 67 globally distributed lakes using precipitation inputs from four global precipitation products. The results show that the WRT estimated using the water balance method and global ET estimates generally correlates well with reference WRT (R = 0.90 ∼ 0.99) when using reliable precipitation inputs and is slightly more accurate than the estimates from the existing global WRT dataset and methods (R = 0.79 ∼ 0.94). Despite the large relative error (RE) in the estimates of the WRT, the RE of the phosphorus retention derived from the estimated WRT is acceptable (RE < ±30%). The simplicity and versatility of this approach underline its potential applications to large‐scale studies that require a fair estimation of WRT. Key Points: Lake residence time estimated by the water balance method using global evapotranspiration (ET) estimates is more accurate than existing methodsThe relative error (RE) of phosphorus retention derived from the estimated residence time is within an acceptable rangeUncertainties in precipitation input are more crucial to lake residence time estimation than uncertainties in ET estimates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication describes the design, the structural analysis and the execution of two similar, high‐rise residential buildings in Frankfurt on the Main. The high‐rise buildings have 15 respectively 17 floors above ground. The socle of the high‐rise buildings contain the entrance (ground floor) and the building technology (1st and 2nd floor). The other 12 respectively 14 floors serve only residential purposes. The residential floors of the buildings protrude over the three‐storey high socle. The façade columns of the high‐rise buildings are existing only in the residential floors. Their load must be transferred to the socle. This load transfer is made possible by the all‐around cantilevered, prestressed composite construction above the socle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A novel approach for geographic profiling was developed which assesses and integrates available information and evidence relevant to the case for the development of a geographic profile (Part I). The approach is flexible when lesser information is available, in the form of a centrographic model for when solely the victim abandonment or murder sites are known and a perpetrator trek model for instances where both encounter and abandonment sites are available. Eleven case studies were used to evaluate these models including a comprehensive application of the evidence driven model to the Yorkshire Ripper investigation from the view of the 1980 advisory team. The calculation of weights for and inclusion of factors in the prediction of perpetrator residence appears to be a viable method for geographic profiling. This method demonstrated the lowest average search area across all cases when compared to both centrographic spatial distribution strategies and the probability distance strategies implemented in software. Implications for casework include a reduction of resource use per serial incident such as manpower, time, and software expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a new framework for the geographic profiling problem which assesses and integrates the travel environment of road networks; beliefs and assumptions formed through the investigation process about the perpetrator; and information derived from the analysis of evidence. Each piece of information is evaluated in conjunction with functions which gather real‐time travel information, including both time and distance of likely perpetrator travel, and is then used to update prior beliefs about the potential base of operation of the perpetrator. A novel approach was developed to generate geographic profiles given different amounts of information about the perpetrator: a centrographic strategy for when only the victim dump sites are known; a perpetrator trek strategy for instances where both victim encounter and dump sites are available; and a formal evidence‐driven model which leverages and integrates available information and evidence relevant to the case for the development of a geographic profile. A follow‐up article will evaluate these models through a comprehensive application to the Yorkshire Ripper investigation (see Part II). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzed location trends in residences for elderly people with services in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, and the result shows that residences for elderly people with services in the central metropolitan area have a large area of housing, and many residents with high levels of independence live in it and are provided home‐care services for the elderly. On the contrary, residences for elderly people with services in remote areas from the Tokyo metropolitan area are smaller, and many older adults need nursing care to move into these housing units. Also, these tiny residences for elderly people have a daycare service to provide care for their residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for formulating a rational reorganizing plan was examined. The first approach involved statistically determining the reorganization priority, which was applied to all public housing residential buildings in Kobe city to confirm its effectiveness. The second approach entailed creating a program that automatically ranks all combinations of housing units under consideration for reorganization, based on the required reconstruction costs and the potential for reducing the number of dwelling units and buildings. When this program was applied in the area, it yielded combinations of housing units that could reorganize more dwelling units at a lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid reinforced technology (combination of steel reinforcing bars and fibers) can be considered as a competitive alternative to the already existing solutions for the construction of column‐supported flat slabs. Constructed hybrid‐reinforced buildings prove that hybrid solutions have sufficient bearing capacity to maintain structural integrity despite being exposed to high stress levels, thereby providing a beneficial solution in terms of toughness, ductility, and sustainability performance. However, the lack of design‐oriented recommendations based on the accepted limit state format for dealing with both serviceability and ultimate limit states slows down the wider implementation of this technology. Considering the above‐mentioned, this article presents a simplified design‐oriented method that covers the evaluation of the structural response of hybrid reinforced concrete column‐supported flat slabs in terms of flexural strength, cracking, and instantaneous deformations. Two hybrid reinforced alternatives for a given flat slab are studied by means of the proposed approach. Furthermore, a nonlinear finite element analysis is carried out in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the developed simplified method. Based on the achieved results, its suitable accuracy and precision can be pointed out. This outcome may motivate current practitioners to consider hybrid reinforced concrete solutions as a possible alternative during the design of residential and office buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood damage assessments provide critical insights on processes controlling building damage and loss. Here, we present a novel damage assessment approach to develop an empirical residential building damage database from five flood events in New Zealand. Object‐level damage data was collected for flood hazard and building characteristics, along with relative building component and sub‐components damage ratios. A Random Forest Model and Spearman's Rank correlation test were applied to analyse damage data variable importance and monotonic relationships. Model and test results reveal flood inundation depth above first finished floor level is highly important and strongly correlated with total building damage ratios while flow velocity is important for structure component damage. Internal finishes components contribute highly to total building damage ratios as higher value sub‐component materials are susceptible to direct damage from water contact and indirect damage during repair. The empirical damage data has several implications for damage model development due to the limited heterogeneity of flood hazard intensities and building attributes observed. Extending empirical damage data with synthetic damage data in future would support development of more representative object‐specific damage models to evaluate direct tangible damages for local contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Residential appliances remotely controlled by IoT for demand response has attracted much attention for effective peak demand reduction of the uncertainty of consumers' behaviors. To promote the technology development of such appliances, estimation of the potential for peak demand reduction according to the type of appliances is strongly needed. With this background, the authors conducted a data analysis of demand curves of not only the entire household but also the branches acquired at 496 dwellings in Osaka. Based on this analysis, the potential of peak reduction of aggregated demand of various groups with different dwelling size were quantified for major five appliances, namely air conditioners, microwave ovens, refrigerators, washing machines, and dish washers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a critical quality assurance activity to effectively detect the root cause of faults causing the software crashes (i.e. crashing faults). Previous studies extracted features to characterise crash instances and built models to identify whether the residences of crashing faults locate inside the stack traces. These models all belong to supervised learning methods which require labelled crash data to be involved. In this study, the introduction of an unsupervised model, called Transfer Spectral Clustering (TSC), for the task of crashing fault residence identification under the unlabelled data scenario is proposed. Unlike traditional unsupervised methods which are applied to individual project data, TSC transfers the knowledge of auxiliary unlabelled data from the source project to assist the clustering task on the unlabelled data from the target project. TSC is an unsupervised transfer learning method, and simultaneously considers the data manifold information of the individual project and feature manifold information across projects to facilitate the clustering effect. Extensive experiments are conducted on a benchmark dataset containing seven software projects. Five indicators were chosen for performance evaluation. The results show that TSC achieves better performance than four clustering based unsupervised methods, and competitive performance compared with eight supervised cross‐project methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript reports a CO2 hydrogenation process in a catalytic laboratory‐scale packed‐bed reactor using an Fe/BZY15 (BaZr0.85Y0.15O3‐δ) catalyst to form hydrocarbons (e. g., CH4, C2+) at elevated pressure of 30 bar and temperatures in the range 270≤T≤375 °C. The effects of temperature, feed composition (i. e., CO2/H2 ratio, and residence time (i. e., Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) are studied to understand the relationship between CO2 conversion and carbon selectivity. Catalyst characterization elucidates the relationships between the catalyst structure, surface adsorbates, and reaction pathways. Thermodynamic analyses guide the experimental conditions and assist in interpreting results. While the feed composition and temperature influence the product distribution, the results suggest that the higher‐carbon (C2+) selectivity and yield depend strongly on residence time. The results suggest that the CO2 hydrogenation reaction pathway is similar to Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The reaction begins with CO2 activation to form CO, followed by chain‐growth reactions similar to the FT process. The CO2 activation depends on the redox activity of the catalyst. However, the carbon chain growth depends primarily on the residence time. as is the case for the FT synthesis, high residence time (on the orders of hours) is required to achieve high C2+ yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Japan's group homes, where usually three to seven people with disabilities live in a community residence, are gradually increasing in number as a residence for persons with disabilities. However, it remains unclear what challenges exist in opening and operating such homes, and how the challenges differ depending on the type of resident disability. A questionnaire survey was administered among corporations operating group homes for persons with disabilities (GHD) in Japan's Kanto region regarding issues during opening and operation of GHDs, as well as the condition of the buildings. The results revealed the following issues. First, in metropolitan areas such as Tokyo, it is difficult to construct or lease a building with sufficient space. Second, GHDs, where people with intellectual disabilities live, are often positioned as permanent residences. Furthermore, in GHDs where the residents primarily have physically disabilities, it is often difficult to achieve sufficient floor space. In addition, in GHDs primarily housing people with mental disabilities, they are often positioned as temporary residences prior to living alone in apartments, etc., and understanding from neighborhood residents constitutes a major issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Installing photovoltaic (PV) equipment on the building's surface reduces greenhouse gas emissions and additional land acquisition. However, existing methods for estimating PV potential primarily focus on roofs and the assessment of facades and windows is not detailed. This study proposes a method based on the Building Information Model and its standard Industry Foundation Classes to effectively estimate the potential area and location of PV modules on the building's surface and explore the PV potential in detail. The method was applied to residential buildings in Xinyi County, China, and the results show that the annual average energy generated through windows (47,589.793 kWh/year), roofs (141,126.304 kWh), and facades (284,060.393 kWh) constitute a significant amount, particularly the facades, which show significant potential as sources of solar electricity even under the influence of shadows. The rationality and feasibility of this method were verified by comparing it with ArcGIS and other relevant studies available in the literature. Next, we assessed whether the installation of PV panels on the building's surface still has certain operability under the serious shadows. For this purpose, a building with serious shadow shading was selected to analyze the demand and supply of energy. The electricity consumption of the selected building was found to be 131,785.898 kWh/year, which is significantly lower than PV potential (310,632.775 kWh/year), as calculated in this study. Thus, the efficient use of the building's surface for PV generation can meet not only the local electrical energy demand but also the excess energy generated can be sold for economic gain. The method proposed can provide new insights to energy software designers and developers, and the results can provide a reference for energy investors, building owners, and engineers to focus on the installation of PV panels on facades and windows, and formulate complex schemes of PV modules on different building components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a challenging task for determining the emissions and energy‐saving options for counties and countries. In order to overcome this issue, two new concepts are introduced in this study. These are residential base electricity consumption and residential base natural gas consumption. A new model that estimates the total energy consumption of urban residential buildings from the available electricity consumption data is developed. The model employs heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) parameters to predict the energy consumption for heating and cooling purposes. A month with zero or almost zero values of both HDD and CDD is considered as "base month." These months when there is neither heating nor cooling, plays a key role in this study. The proposed model is applied to a county with a population of over 62,000 located in Southern Turkey, and the total electricity consumption is calculated with 1.24% accuracy. The validity and accuracy of the model are tested by theoretical electricity calculations, coal, and wood consumption. Accordingly, while annual electrical heating is equal to 2618 kWh/year for an average house of 96 m2, for the coal and wood burning households, the annual energy consumption values are 2190 and 2616 kWh/year, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Portugal has not been hit by high‐magnitude earthquakes in recent years, its history is marked by tragic seismic events and it remains susceptible due to its geographical location. The Portuguese building stock is constituted approximately by 45% masonry residential buildings and most were built before the enforcement of the first seismic code in 1958. For several years, structural interventions in these buildings were allowed without the need to assess their seismic vulnerability. In 2019, a new law was approved to regulate the rehabilitation interventions to provide safety and comfort of existing buildings. The seismic assessment of existing buildings became mandatory and based on the procedures and requirements included in NP EN 1998–3: 2017 (Portuguese version of Eurocode 8 – part 3), which establishes the performance requirements and compliance criteria for existing buildings subjected to a certain level of seismic action. According to this normative requirements, analytical seismic vulnerability assessment and reliability‐based analyses were carried out on a large set of masonry buildings representative of the Portuguese housing stock, leading to the development of surrogate and expeditious method for seismic assessment in compliance with the reference method defined in the European standard. The method allows the seismic assessment of masonry buildings with rigid and flexible floors, without explicit numerical analyses, using only geometric parameters and the material properties. Compliance of results assessed by the proposed method and the corresponding values obtained by the code were carried out by confidence tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined simulated changes in total (and outdoor) water demand with increased dwelling units per unit area (DUUA) for seven building types (BTs) in the Denver Water service area. We utilized the Denver Water Demand Model — a spreadsheet tool that uses inputs such as BT, population, household size, number of units, etc. — to develop an "agent‐based" simulator to permit scenario analyses of future water use for different mixes of BTs. We examined household "movement" for new residents from lower density to higher density classifications. Increased residential density can be achieved through multiple pathways. For instance, a family could move from a large single‐family (LSF) unit to a single‐family home with a smaller lot footprint (SSF). Or, a family could move into a multi‐family housing development from a SSF. Our results suggest uneven, nonlinear efficiency gains in water use with increased density, depending on the specific BT movements. Simulation outputs indicate that the greatest gains in water savings per unit change in DUUA can be achieved with short movements over the lowest density classes (e.g., LSF to a SSF). In addition, results suggest that increasing irrigation efficiency (less water applied per unit area irrigated) may decrease total residential water demand by 5% to 25% over baseline; efficiency of irrigation may prove to be as effective, if not more, at reducing residential water demand as increasing housing density. Research Impact Statement: Efficiency of irrigation may prove to be as effective, if not more, at reducing residential water demand as increasing housing density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple mathematical models are derived from mass balances for water and transported substance to provide insight into the relationships between import, export, transport, and internal removal for nonconservative substances in an estuary. Extending previous work, our models explicitly include water and substance inputs from the ocean and are expressed in terms of timescales (i.e., mean residence time and the timescale for net removal). Steady‐state, timescale‐based expressions for ratios of export to import, retention to import, and net export to loading, as well as for loading and annually averaged concentration, are provided. The net export:loading model explains the underlying mechanisms for a well‐known empirical relationship between fractional net export and residence time derived by other authors. Although our simplified models are first‐order approximations, the relative importance of physical and biochemical processes influencing export or retention of a substance can be assessed using mean residence time and the timescale for net removal. Assumptions employed in deriving the simplified models (e.g., well‐mixed, dynamic steady state) may not be met for real estuaries. However, model application to Chesapeake Bay for 1985–2012 demonstrates that interannual variations in total nitrogen (TN) net export:loading can be evaluated, and annual nutrient loadings can be well estimated using numerically modeled time‐varying mean residence time, observation‐based mean concentration, freshwater inflow, and an appropriately estimated removal timescale. Our model shows that net fractional export of TN loading ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 over the 28‐yr period. The models can be employed for other substances and water bodies if the underlying assumptions are applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]