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The current set of papers in this special issue capture the range of viewpoints, scientific approaches, and populations needed to illuminate and tackle the issues of school achievement among vulnerable learners. This includes providing a framework for researchers to work from relevant policy findings, and literature reviews to small scale studies. The manuscripts also traverse different aspects of scientific inquiry – from data reported by federal and state programs, thus providing a "bird's eye view" of findings, to more granular neurobiological approaches. Across all papers is the clear theme of needing to shift from where we have been in order to establish a path forward for where we need to go to account for learners that have been relatively neglected in scientific studies. To break down barriers of inequity and increase our understanding of causes and consequences of vulnerable learners, there is a need to re‐think how we establish policies and allocate funds, as well as broadening our lens as we conduct scientific studies. Each piece in this special issue calls for the need to better understand these issues that vulnerable learners face to address inequities in our educational ecosystems. Together they provide a rich set of insights that have significant implications for science and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue of Human Brain Mapping is dedicated to a 10‐year anniversary of the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. It reports updates from a broad range of international neuroimaging projects that pool data from around the world to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience. Since ENIGMA was formed in December 2009, the initiative grew into a worldwide effort with over 2,000 participating scientists from 45 countries, and over 50 working groups leading large‐scale studies of human brain disorders. Over the last decade, many lessons were learned on how best to pool brain data from diverse sources. Working groups were created to develop methods to analyze worldwide data from anatomical and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resting state and task‐based functional MRI, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The quest to understand genetic effects on human brain development and disease also led to analyses of brain scans on an unprecedented scale. Genetic roadmaps of the human cortex were created by researchers worldwide who collaborated to perform statistically well‐powered analyses of common and rare genetic variants on brain measures and rates of brain development and aging. Here, we summarize the 31 papers in this Special Issue, covering: (a) technical approaches to harmonize analysis of different types of brain imaging data, (b) reviews of the last decade of work by several of ENIGMA's clinical and technical working groups, and (c) new empirical papers reporting large‐scale international brain mapping analyses in patients with substance use disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, epilepsy, and stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophy and science have always striven to make sense of the world, continuously influencing each other in the process. Their interplay paved the way for neurophilosophy, which harnesses neuroscientific insights to address traditionally philosophical questions. Given the rapid neuroscientific and technological advances in recent years, this paper argues that philosophers who wish to tackle intractable philosophical problems and influence public discourse and policies should engage in neuro‐techno‐philosophy. This novel type of inquiry describes the transdisciplinary endeavor of philosophers, (neuro)scientists, and others to anticipate the societal implications of the impending transformations of subjects and theorizers. While human enhancement is likely to irreversibly change what it means to be human, disruptive technologies might lead to the emergence of artificial intelligent agents and human‐machine hybrids. The paper predicts that neuro‐techno‐philosophy will be indispensable to understanding and engaging with these game‐changing innovations and thus play a pivotal role in the future of philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within geography, situated, contextualised, and contingent embodiment is a central theme in non‐representational theory, mobility theories, and feminist, affective, and emotional geographies. Despite this focus on the body, engagement with the strong embodiment hypotheses emerging out of neuroscience, psychology, and philosophy has been limited to only selective theoretical borrowings with practically no attention given to the burgeoning empirical evidence of the relationship between body, mind, and environment. While the neural turn within the discipline has been acknowledged, the flow of influence is found to be largely unidirectional, where cognitive science, and the neurogovernance that stems from it, pays scant attention to the contingencies of spatial lives. At the same time, geographers have been critical of the universalising tendencies and narrow empiricism of neuroscience. This paper advocates a rapprochement between geography and neuroscience following Barad's agential realism approach. Using the geographies of ageing as a case that has relevance across the discipline, cognitive embodiments are understood as body–mind–environment assemblages that continuously co‐constitute material difference, constraint, and possibility for bodies as they age. A focus on recent studies of embodied ageing that show cognition to be both embodied and inherently spatial is used to inspire a critical neuro‐geography that rethinks ageing in place, age‐friendly cities, and age‐related public health interventions, such as those for the COVID‐19 crisis. The paper aims to inspire further critical neuro‐geographies that think through body–mind–environment assemblages and material–discursive intra‐actions without separating mind/body or nature/culture. This paper sets out a critical neuro‐geography of ageing using Barad's agential realism approach. Body–mind–environment assemblages bring together literature from geographical gerontology, environmental gerontology, and the latest findings from studies of the embodied cognition of older adults. A contextualised critical neuro‐geography has the potential to inform public health policy and the design of spaces that prolong health and well‐being not just for older persons but at all stages of the life course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer neuroscience is a growing field in both marketing and consumer behavior research. The number of articles published on the topic has increased exponentially in the last 15 years. However, there is still no comprehensive analysis of the literature highlighting the main constructs, trends and research gaps found in such a large collection of papers. Therefore, this paper provides a text mining (TM) analysis that clusters and systematizes the complex and dispersed information of 469 articles, using the correlated topic model algorithm (CTM). Results show that "consumer neuroscience", "brand memory", and "willingness to buy" are the most relevant topics in the field. This study also reveals that the literature has been focusing on ethical concerns as well as on controversial concerns in the use of consumer neuroscience techniques. We include a final section on future research questions and opportunities that emerged from the conducted research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychodynamic psychotherapy does not feature in current treatment guidelines for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United Kingdom. However, there is some psychoanalytic understanding of the disorder, which is corroborated in current neuroscientific theory, and supports clinicians in thinking beyond the behaviourally biased diagnosis and treatment models. One of the core features of ADHD is distortions in chronoception. This clinical paper therefore explores the psychoanalytic and neuroscientific theories of time perception as a way of exploring a discrete element of the complex idea of executive functioning more generally. It supports therapists approaching such executive dysfunction and to reconsider the treatment guidelines. A case example is used to explore how a transference‐, affect‐ and relationally‐focussed therapy can effect lasting change for people with ADHD in a way that behavioural and medication approaches do not. It is argued that such an intervention can improve oscillatory attention between subjective‐ and objective‐time and increase the capacity to self‐contain emotions. This brings patients into alignment with reality and restarts their psychic development towards themselves, others, the parental couple and grieving, which stalled in infancy. The internalised schema of the 50‐minute therapy session also provides a frame of reference for future tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clonal selection theory (CST) is the centrepiece of the current paradigm used to explain immune recognition and memory. Throughout the past decades, the original CST had been expanded and modified to explain new experimental evidences since its original publication by Burnet. This gave origin to new paradigms that govern experimental immunology nowadays, such as the associative recognition of antigen model and the stranger/danger signal model. However, these new theories also do not fully explain experimental findings such as natural autoimmune immunoglobulins, idiotypic networks, low and high dose tolerance, and dual‐receptor T and B cells. To make sense of these empirical data, some authors have been trying to change the paradigm of immune cognition using a systemic approach, analogies with brain processing and concepts from second‐order cybernetics. In the present paper, we review the CST and some of the theories/hypotheses derived from it, focusing on immune recognition. We point out their main weaknesses and highlight arguments made by their opponents and believers. We conclude that, until now, none of the proposed theories can fully explain the totality of immune phenomena and that a theory of everything is needed in immunology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work in several fields of psychology has advanced understanding of how humans imaginatively construct, simulate and (pre‐)feel the future. These advances have not yet been substantively engaged in social and cultural geography. In this paper, we identify, review and begin to draw together scholarship in human geography and several subfields of psychology on the ways in which people imagine and navigate towards the future. The most influential existing work on the future in geography has concerned powerful institutional and discursive depictions of threatening times‐to‐come. In contrast, psychological and neuroscientific work on cognitive processes involved in prospection extends possibilities for a human geographical approach to the future considering how people relate to discursive imaginaries and spatial environments. Reinvigoration of the human geography‐psychology nexus can further critical understanding of the spatialities through which futures are imaginatively formed and felt by individuals, and are thereby brought into the realm of political and social possibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The initial version of the article by Clithero, Karmarkar, Nave, and Plassmann (Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2024) was critiqued by open comments from a small group of scholars. Their suggestions encouraged the authors to clarify challenging relationships between brain processes and emotions, beliefs, and actions. The revision expanded fMRI and EEG to include measures of vision, facial expression, breathing, heart rhythms, and blood chemistry. The paper provides multiple avenues of joint work between neurological and psychological scholars. The comments below reflect different reactions to the final article. Wes Hutchinson acknowledges that neuroscience insights complement cognitive measures that generate explicit measures of thought, emotion, or preferences, but he warns that repeated measures over time are problematic for both types of measurement, and the inherent complexity of brain–behavior relationships is often underestimated. With both orientations, understanding the functioning of human behavior is akin to making sense of an orchestra, where the interactive blending of different instruments and musicians reflects a complex activity that generates sounds, emotions, and stories. Both consumer neuroscientists and psychologists need to broaden their paradigmatic approaches with bodily measures and advanced psychological procedures to overcome challenges to joint progress. Martin Reiman asserts that despite difficulties with measures that have different levels of abstraction or velocity, research has provided remarkable associations between brain activity and consumer behavior. Effective studies merging brain and behavior can effectively proceed with studies that differ in two dimensions: first, by altering the number of variables, and second, by shifting whether the scientific paradigm is inductive or deductive. In its simple form, the Excavation path explores brain activity when a person is exposed to specific statements or emotions. In its most challenging form, Integrative Studies generate predictions from theories that test the convergent validity of divergent measures and leverage skills from different researchers. Studies reflecting high levels on one dimension but low levels on the other can also provide fruitful research opportunities. Brian Knutson, like Reimann, counters the idea that consumer psychology has not lived up to its promises. He references studies showing that activity from very specific areas of the brain reliably predicts choices better than explicit ratings or choices. Such research generates deductions from increasingly precise neural maps that enable confirmation of theory. That said, he acknowledges that consumer neuroscience is not able to identify a brain button that would alter choice through manipulated neurostimulation. However, since human brains are similar across people, the depth of neural insights that are consistent across a small sample of 40 respondents may generate greater insights than conventional marketing research with 2000 respondents. The cost of neuroscience will further decrease with gains in reliability, validity, and generalizability, particularly if augmented with bodily measures. He acknowledges that the theoretical side has developed more slowly than applications, particularly applications that are supported by sponsoring organizations more satisfied with local insights than general models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers are increasingly interested in understanding the significance of developments in neuroscience, psychology and the behavioural sciences. Indeed, consideration of these disciplines has arguably shaped the trajectories of human geography since at least the 1960s, but its “neural turn” has only recently been acknowledged. This paper provides an original analysis of the intersections of research on neuroscience and geography. With reference to qualitative interviews with cognitive scientists and neuroscientists based in the UK, it identifies how geographical concepts have been approached within contemporary neuroscience while also identifying the broad trajectories of geographers’ engagements with neuroscience. The discussion demonstrates the political implications of these disciplinary trends for a geographical account of brain culture and brain‐based explanations in policy and practice. Specifically it proposes the development of a “critical neuro‐geography” capable of providing an overarching analysis of these phenomena. The paper's novel synthesis of hitherto disconnected engagements between geography, cognitive science and neuroscience establishes the rationale for a more sustained and critical engagement between neuroscience and geography sensitive to issues of situated subjectivity, power, inequality and difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrative psychotherapeutic practice is the process of creating a broad, overarching framework as a guide to selecting and combining concepts and interventions. Attracting attention over the past 20 years, it has been identified as the dominant trend in family therapy moving into the 21st century. It is no surprise that clinicians necessarily combine several theories, techniques, and factors in their work given the multidimensional nature of work with clients and families. Integrative practice has evolved over time with different models and frameworks proposed, and yet in the field, there are concerns that it is not widely taught despite many identifying as eclectic or integrative. The purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it reviews the topic of integrative practice, its history, evolution, strengths and pitfalls, and models. Secondly, a systemic meta‐framework is proposed as a guide to clinical practice and teaching. The review found a move from eclecticism to integrative practice, with the evolution of integration leading to five primary methods. The proposed QIFT Systemic Meta‐Framework for Integrative Practice both fits within and extends these methods, with the following key elements: way of being, therapeutic alliance with a focus on neurobiology, systemic assessment and formulation, and decision‐making highlighting theory of change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a re-thinking of the relationship between sociology and the biological sciences. Tracing lines of connection between the history of sociology and the contemporary landscape of biology, the paper argues for a reconfiguration of this relationship beyond popular rhetorics of 'biologization' or 'medicalization'. At the heart of the paper is a claim that, today, there are some potent new frames for re-imagining the traffic between sociological and biological research - even for 'revitalizing' the sociological enterprise as such. The paper threads this argument through one empirical case: the relationship between urban life and mental illness. In its first section, it shows how this relationship enlivened both early psychiatric epidemiology, and some forms of the new discipline of sociology; it then traces the historical division of these sciences, as the sociological investment in psychiatric questions waned, and 'the social' become marginalized within an increasingly 'biological' psychiatry. In its third section, however, the paper shows how this relationship has lately been revivified, but now by a nuanced epigenetic and neurobiological attention to the links between mental health and urban life. What role can sociology play here? In its final section, the paper shows how this older sociology, with its lively interest in the psychiatric and neurobiological vicissitudes of urban social life, can be our guide in helping to identify intersections between sociological and biological attention. With a new century now underway, the paper concludes by suggesting that the relationship between urban life and mental illness may prove a core testing-ground for a 'revitalized' sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an online module in promoting study strategies based on neuroscience applied to education for first‐year dental students at the University of the Andes in Santiago, Chile. Methods: Four weeks after the start of the 2018 first academic semester, all 82 first‐year dental students (72% females, 28% males, average 19.0 years old) were invited to voluntarily and anonymously complete the self‐reported Study Strategies Questionnaire (SSQ) in a session of an Introduction to Dentistry course, which served as a baseline. Subsequently, the session included an interactive workshop on learning how to learn so that students could analyse how the human brain learns and relate this information to mental tools to foster learning. Furthermore, during the semester, students were sent information via email to reinforce the content they were exposed to during the learning how to learn activity so that they could use the toolbox of study techniques to improve their learning in all subjects. At the end of the semester, students were invited to voluntarily and anonymously complete a second SSQ to assess the effects of the study intervention. Exam marks from the previous (2017) and studied year (2018), as well as both SSQ results, were compared and analysed using IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: A total of 75 and 71 students answered the SSQ before and after the intervention, respectively. The mean exam mark from 2017 was 63.7% (SD = 8.8), whilst in 2018, it was 69.6% (SD = 5.0) (p <.044); the effect size of the intervention was 0.75. The most significant changes observed after the intervention were reductions in the number of students who studied whilst checking messages on their smartphones (p =.001), studied by highlighting and/or underlining in their notes or textbooks (p ≤.0001) and studied the day before an examination (p ≥.0001). On the contrary, there were significant increases in the number of students who studied without access to social networks (p =.046), wrote notes or words in the margins of texts (p =.001), practised self‐testing (p =.001) and studied the day before an examination (p ≤.0001). Conclusions: An online module to promote evidence‐based study strategies in first‐year dental students can have an impact on increasing students' marks as well as on some practices that can improve their academic achievements and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a robust body of evidence that tells us that the juvenile brain is not fully developed by age 18, and this evidence should and does raise important questions about the sentencing of juveniles in criminal cases. This evidence, though, must be considered in the context of public opinion (about certain juvenile crimes that have been subject to saturation publicity) in the context of judges' decisionmaking (where such judges do not want to be perceived as "soft on crime"). The conflict between what we now know and what (false) "ordinary common sense" demands (in the way of enhanced punishments) flies squarely in the face of therapeutic jurisprudence precepts. If the legal process is to seek to maximize psychological well‐being and if it is to coincide with an "ethic of care," then, it is necessary for those involved in the criminal justice system to speak publicly about this topic, and to "call out" those – be they elected politicians, editorial writers and commentators in the conservative media, or judges – who urge retributive and punitive sentences for adolescents and children. In this paper, we will first give a brief overview about the current neuroscientific findings about juvenile brain development in the context of criminal behavior, and then discuss the current sentencing standards and regulations that are in place. Then, we will discuss the impact of therapeutic jurisprudence as a framework for advocating for juvenile clients, in order to maximize and preserve their psychological well‐being and to mitigate trauma. Finally, we will offer recommendations for how experts can work with attorneys who are presenting sentencing arguments, in order to make the most comprehensive, scientifically persuasive case for leniency in juvenile sentencing. Key Points for the Family Court Community: It is well‐settled that the juvenile brain is not fully developed by age 18.Transfer to adult court appears to be counterproductive: transferred youths are more likely to reoffend, and to reoffend more quickly and more often, than those retained in the juvenile justice system.Even when an individual turns the age of 18 and is considered to be a legal adult, his brain still has years of development and maturity ahead of it.We must think about issues such as race and class in considering the sentencing of juveniles.We must consider therapeutic jurisprudence principles in the context of the fact that certain juvenile crimes have been subject to saturation publicity, creating intense pressure of judges who do not want to be perceived as being "soft on crime."Our current juvenile sentencing system in no way values psychological health," nor advances an "ethic of care," both essential in a therapeutic jurisprudence analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Science and Religion Forum (SRF) seeks to be the premier organization promoting the discussion between science and religion in the United Kingdom. Each year, the SRF holds a conference tackling a topical issue, and in 2017 focused on mental well-being, neuroscience, and religion. This article introduces the thematic section which is made up of five papers from that conference. As a new field within the science and religion academy, these articles are both wide-ranging and detailed. This introductory article locates this section within the academy and argues that its place is not only valid but vital, given the increase of mental health problems and the need for medicine, church, and society to answer this problem and present ways to help. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) that has caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic represents the greatest international biopsychosocial emergency the world has faced for a century, and psychological science has an integral role to offer in helping societies recover. The aim of this paper is to set out the shorter‐ and longer‐term priorities for research in psychological science that will (a) frame the breadth and scope of potential contributions from across the discipline; (b) enable researchers to focus their resources on gaps in knowledge; and (c) help funders and policymakers make informed decisions about future research priorities in order to best meet the needs of societies as they emerge from the acute phase of the pandemic. The research priorities were informed by an expert panel convened by the British Psychological Society that reflects the breadth of the discipline; a wider advisory panel with international input; and a survey of 539 psychological scientists conducted early in May 2020. The most pressing need is to research the negative biopsychosocial impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic to facilitate immediate and longer‐term recovery, not only in relation to mental health, but also in relation to behaviour change and adherence, work, education, children and families, physical health and the brain, and social cohesion and connectedness. We call on psychological scientists to work collaboratively with other scientists and stakeholders, establish consortia, and develop innovative research methods while maintaining high‐quality, open, and rigorous research standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last three decades, the human brain and its role in determining behavior have been receiving a growing amount of attention in academia as well as in society more generally. Neuroscientific explanations of human behavior or other phenomena are often especially appealing to lay people. Therefore, neuroscientific explanations that can affect individuals, groups, or social relations in general should be formulated in a careful and responsible way. One field in which especially feminist scholars request more caution is the neuroscientific examination of sex/gender differences. Feminist scholars have described various ways in which sexist bias might be present in neuroscientific research on sex/gender differences. In this context, they coined the term "neurosexism" to describe the entanglement between neuroscientific work and sexist ideology, and "neurofeminism" as a response to that. Here, we aim to give an overview over the contemporary neurofeminist literature. In the first part, common levels of analysis in the neurofeminist literature are presented and the research level is explored in more detail. In the second part, some common developments in more recent neurofeminist scholarship are discussed. For this, we review recent publications with the aim to provide neuroscientists with a solid understanding of neurofeminist criticism so that they may evaluate neuroscientific claims about on sex/gender differences from this critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Event‐related potentials (ERPs), which are electrophysiological neural responses time‐locked to a stimulus, have become an increasingly common tool in language and communication disorders research. They can provide complementary evidence to behavioural measures as well as unique perspectives on communication disorders. ERPs have the distinct advantage of providing precise information about the timing of neural processes and can be used in cases where it is difficult to obtain responses from participants, such as infants or individuals who are minimally verbal. However, clinicians and clinician–scientists rarely receive training in how to interpret ERP research. Aims: To provide information that allows readers to better understand, interpret and evaluate research using ERPs. We focus on research related to communication sciences and disorders and the information that is most relevant to interpreting research articles. Method: We explain what ERPs are and how ERP data are collected, referencing key texts and primary research articles. Potential threats to validity, guidelines for interpreting data, and the pros and cons using of ERPs are discussed. Research in the area of paediatric language disorders is used as a model; common paradigms such as the semantic incongruity N400 and auditory mismatch negativity are used as tangible examples. With this foundation of understanding ERPs, the state of the field in terms of how ERPs are used and the ways they may inform the field are discussed. Main Contribution: To date, no review has focused on ERPs as they relate to clinical or communication research. The main contribution of this review is that it provides practical information geared toward understanding ERP research. Conclusions: ERPs offer insights into neural processes supporting communication and can both complement behaviour and provide information that behavioural measures cannot. We encourage readers to evaluate articles using ERPs critically, effectively pushing the field forward through increased understanding and rigor. What this paper addsERPs have become more prevalent in research relevant to communication sciences and disorders. In order for clinicians to review and evaluate this research, an understanding of ERPs is needed. This review adds to the field by providing an accessible description of what ERPs are, a description of what ERP components are, and the most relevant commonly used components, as well as how ERP data are recorded and processed. With this foundational understanding of how ERPs work, guidelines for the interpretation of ERP data are given. Though few ERP studies currently have direct implications for clinical practice, we discuss several ways through which ERPs can impact clinical practice in future, by providing information that cannot be obtained by behaviour alone about the aetiology of disorders, and as potential biomarkers of disorder or treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper attempts to summarize the evolution of interest in the concept of mentalization which has been researched and enriched by the linking of many disciplines alongside that of psychoanalysis and attachment theory. Taking into account the work of Professors Fonagy and Target and many others, the paper describes factors that enable the development of the capacity to mentalize and those that interfere. It will consider how the quality of attachment affects the transformation of pre-mentalized modes of experience to the recognition of psychic reality of self and other. While mentalizing is part and parcel of all therapies, a mentalization-based therapy was developed in the context of treatment of borderline personality disorder patients by Professors Bateman and Fonagy. The paper will illustrate key concepts in the theory of mentalization with the vignette taken from clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper introduces and describes the theory and practice of a novel treatment approach to eating disorders—internal language enhancement therapy (ILET)—illustrated with a case study. This treatment approach is informed by the neurobiology of emotional processing integrated with elements of psychoanalytic theory and practice, early maternal preoccupation, development of the self, early right hemisphere language development, and techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy. ILET is based on the Discontinuous Model of Neural Emotional Processing, which means that emotions are processed in the brain either symbolically or concretely. The aim of ILET is to open up and reinforce the underused brain pathway to the symbolic functions by forensically working back to and accurately identifying the emotional material that triggers the concrete state. When the emotional trigger is identified it is explored using symbolic and metaphoric language that reconnects the patient to the symbolic state. ILET posits that eating disorders only appear in the concrete state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through one clinical example involving complex post-traumatic stress disorder, this paper explores the ways in which the psychoanalytic psychotherapist may need to find creative ways of working which incorporate findings from neuroscience whilst holding the basic frame and methods of the traditional psychoanalytic approach. This entails bringing knowledge of how the body (including the brain) works into the consulting room. In particular, the author describes ways of accompanying the patient during florid flashbacks to chronic and severe childhood abuse and of using grounding techniques afterwards, so that anxiety levels can be sufficiently contained for the necessary therapeutic work to take place. The role of supervision is also explored in terms of how the dynamic of rescuer/victim/persecutor may be played out in the supervisory relationship. Unusually, some of the patient's own reflections, written at the end of the therapy, have been incorporated into the paper. Consideration is given to whether departures from standard psychoanalytic technique constitute boundary violations or useful enactments, which can be seen as a form of creativity which enables the work to move on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this editorial, I discuss the advantages of interpreting brain data in the context of other bodily systems. I also discuss current research challenges that may greatly benefit from a psychophysiological approach in which multiple methods-both peripheral and central-are used to improve our understanding of brain function, its underlying physiology, and its relationship to psychological constructs. In closing, I summarize the major changes and policy highlights regarding papers published in Psychophysiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper describes the process of couple therapy with two couples that used blame as the currency of exchange in their relationship. Both couples struggled with managing three‐person relationships. The triangular setting of couple psychotherapy provoked and triggered primitive anxieties around exclusion, rejection and abandonment in both cases. I draw upon clinical work with two such couples to illustrate how one repeatedly collapsed the triangular space whereas the other gradually became more able to bear it. I refer to scientific evidence of the brain's ability to continue to change in response to new learning by forming fresh neural connections throughout life. I suggest that the repetitive occurrence of new experiences within couple psychotherapy can generate new neural pathways thereby biologically influencing new ways of how partners might respond to each other. I conclude by highlighting the therapeutic potential of the framework within which couple psychotherapy takes place, a triangular configuration which offers a developmental opportunity for navigating primitive anxieties related to triangular relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Analytical Psychology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Behavior analysis and neuroscience are disciplines in their own right but are united in that both are subfields of a common overarching field-biology. What most fundamentally unites these disciplines is a shared commitment to selectionism, the Darwinian mode of explanation. In selectionism, the order and complexity observed in nature are seen as the cumulative products of selection processes acting over time on a population of variants-favoring some and disfavoring others-with the affected variants contributing to the population on which future selections operate. In the case of behavior analysis, the central selection process is selection by reinforcement; in neuroscience it is natural selection. The two selection processes are inter-related in that selection by reinforcement is itself the product of natural selection. The present paper illustrates the complementary nature of behavior analysis and neuroscience through considering their joint contributions to three central problem areas: reinforcement-including conditioned reinforcement, stimulus control-including equivalence classes, and memory-including reminding and remembering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sport science is a relatively recent domain of research born from the interactions of different disciplines related to sport. According to the European College of sport science (http://sport-science.org): “scientific excellence in sport science is based on disciplinary competence embedded in the understanding that its essence lies in its multi- and interdisciplinary character”. In this respect, the scientific domain of neuroscience has been developed within such a framework. Influenced by the apparent homogeneity of this scientific domain, the present paper reviews three important research topics in sport from a neuroscientific perspective. These topics concern the relationship between mind and motor action, the effects of cognition on motor performance, and the study of certain mental states (such as the “flow” effect, see below) and motor control issues to understand, for example, the neural substrates of the vertical squat jump. Based on the few extensive examples shown in this review, we argue that by adopting an interdisciplinary paradigm, sport science can emulate neuroscience in becoming a mono-discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose: The inverse planning of an intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment requires decisions regarding the angles used for radiation incidence, even when arcs are used. The possibility of improving the quality of treatment plans by an optimized selection of the beam angle incidences--beam angle optimization (BAO)--is seldom done in clinical practice. The inclusion of noncoplanar beam incidences in an automated optimization routine is even more unusual. However, for some tumor sites, the advantage of considering noncoplanar beam incidences is well known. This paper presents the benefits of using a derivative-free multistart framework for the optimization of the noncoplanar BAO problem. Methods: Multistart methods combine a global strategy for sampling the search space with a local strategy for improving the sampled solutions. The proposed global strategy allows a thorough exploration of the continuous search space of the highly nonconvex BAO problem. To avoid local entrapment, a derivative-free method is used as local procedure. Additional advantages of the derivative-free method include the reduced number of function evaluations required to converge and the ability to use multithreaded computing. Twenty nasopharyngeal clinical cases were selected to test the proposed multistart framework. The planning target volumes included the primary tumor, the high and low risk lymph nodes. Organs-at-risk included the spinal cord, brainstem, optical nerves, chiasm, parotids, oral cavity, brain, thyroid, among others. For each case, a setup with seven equispaced beams was chosen and the resulting treatment plan, using a multicriteria optimization framework, was then compared against the coplanar and noncoplanar plans using the optimal beam setups obtained by the derivative-free multistart framework. Results: The optimal noncoplanar beam setup obtained by the derivative-free multistart framework leads to high quality treatment plans with better target coverage and with improved organ sparing compared to treatment plans using equispaced or optimal coplanar beam angle setups. The noncoplanar treatment plans achieved, e.g., an average reduction in the mean dose of the oral cavity of 6.1 Gy and an average reduction in the maximum-dose of the brainstem of 7 Gy when compared to the equispaced treatment plans. Conclusions: The noncoplanar BAO problem is an extremely challenging multimodal optimization problem that can be successfully addressed through a thoughtful exploration of the continuous highly nonconvex BAO search space. The proposed framework is capable of calculating high quality treatment plans and thus can be an interesting alternative toward automated noncoplanar beam selection in IMRT treatment planning which is nowadays the natural trend in treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Multiatlas based segmentation is largely used in many clinical and research applications. Due to its good performances, it has recently been included in some commercial platforms for radiotherapy planning and surgery guidance. Anyway, to date, a software with no restrictions about the anatomical district and image modality is still missing. In this paper we introduce PLASTIMATCH MABS, an open source software that can be used with any image modality for automatic segmentation. Methods: PLASTIMATCH MABS workflow consists of two main parts: (1) an offline phase, where optimal registration and voting parameters are tuned and (2) an online phase, where a new patient is labeled from scratch by using the same parameters as identified in the former phase. Several registration strategies, as well as different voting criteria can be selected. A flexible atlas selection scheme is also available. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed software across anatomical districts and image modalities, it was tested on two very different scenarios: head and neck (H&N) CT segmentation for radiotherapy application, and magnetic resonance image brain labeling for neuroscience investigation. Results: For the neurological study, minimum dice was equal to 0.76 (investigated structures: left and right caudate, putamen, thalamus, and hippocampus). For head and neck case, minimum dice was 0.42 for the most challenging structures (optic nerves and submandibular glands) and 0.62 for the other ones (mandible, brainstem, and parotid glands). Time required to obtain the labels was compatible with a real clinical workflow (35 and 120 min). Conclusions: The proposed software fills a gap in the multiatlas based segmentation field, since all currently available tools (both for commercial and for research purposes) are restricted to a well specified application. Furthermore, it can be adopted as a platform for exploring MABS parameters and as a reference implementation for comparing against other segmentation algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current treatment of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) involves cerebral shunt placement or an invasive brain surgery. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) applied to the brains of pediatric patients presents an opportunity to treat IVH in a noninvasive manner, termed "incision-less surgery." Current clinical and research focused ultrasound systems lack the capability to perform neonatal transcranial surgeries due to either range of motion or dexterity requirements. A novel robotic system is proposed to position a focused ultrasound transducer accurately above the head of a neonatal patient inside an MRI machine to deliver the therapy. Methods: A clinical Philips Sonalleve MRgFUS system was expanded to perform transcranial treatment. A five degree-of-freedom MR-conditional robot was designed and manufactured using MR compatible materials. The robot electronics and control were integrated into existing Philips electronics and software interfaces. The user commands the position of the robot with a graphical user interface, and is presented with real-time MR imaging of the patient throughout the surgery. The robot is validated through a series of experiments that characterize accuracy, signal-to-noise ratio degeneration of an MR image as a result of the robot, MR imaging artifacts generated by the robot, and the robot's ability to operate in a representative surgical environment inside an MR machine. Results: Experimental results show the robot responds reliably within an MR environment, has achieved 0.59±0.25 mm accuracy, does not produce severe MR-imaging artifacts, has a workspace providing sufficient coverage of a neonatal brain, and can manipulate a 5 kg payload. A full system demonstration shows these characteristics apply in an application environment. Conclusions: This paper presents a comprehensive look at the process of designing and validating a new robot from concept to implementation for use in an MR environment. An MR conditional robot has been designed and manufactured to design specifications. The system has demonstrated its feasibility as a platform for MRgFUS interventions for neonatal patients. The success of the system in experimental trials suggests that it is ready to be used for validation of the transcranial intervention in animal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a robust body of evidence that tells us that the juvenile brain is not fully developed by age 18, and this evidence should and does raise important questions about the sentencing of juveniles in criminal cases. This evidence, though, must be considered in the context of public opinion (about certain juvenile crimes that have been subject to saturation publicity) in the context of judges' decisionmaking (where such judges do not want to be perceived as "soft on crime"). The conflict between what we now know and what (false) "ordinary common sense" demands (in the way of enhanced punishments) flies squarely in the face of therapeutic jurisprudence precepts. If the legal process is to seek to maximize psychological well‐being and if it is to coincide with an "ethic of care," then, it is necessary for those involved in the criminal justice system to speak publicly about this topic, and to "call out" those – be they elected politicians, editorial writers and commentators in the conservative media, or judges – who urge retributive and punitive sentences for adolescents and children. In this paper, we will first give a brief overview about the current neuroscientific findings about juvenile brain development in the context of criminal behavior, and then discuss the current sentencing standards and regulations that are in place. Then, we will discuss the impact of therapeutic jurisprudence as a framework for advocating for juvenile clients, in order to maximize and preserve their psychological well‐being and to mitigate trauma. Finally, we will offer recommendations for how experts can work with attorneys who are presenting sentencing arguments, in order to make the most comprehensive, scientifically persuasive case for leniency in juvenile sentencing. Key Points for the Family Court Community: It is well‐settled that the juvenile brain is not fully developed by age 18.Transfer to adult court appears to be counterproductive: transferred youths are more likely to reoffend, and to reoffend more quickly and more often, than those retained in the juvenile justice system.Even when an individual turns the age of 18 and is considered to be a legal adult, his brain still has years of development and maturity ahead of it.We must think about issues such as race and class in considering the sentencing of juveniles.We must consider therapeutic jurisprudence principles in the context of the fact that certain juvenile crimes have been subject to saturation publicity, creating intense pressure of judges who do not want to be perceived as being "soft on crime."Our current juvenile sentencing system in no way values psychological health," nor advances an "ethic of care," both essential in a therapeutic jurisprudence analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus have been implicated as part of a tinnitus network by a number of studies. These structures are usually considered in the context of a "limbic system," a concept typically invoked to explain the emotional response to tinnitus. Despite this common framing, it is not apparent from current literature that this is necessarily the main functional role of these structures in persistent tinnitus. Here, we highlight a different role that encompasses their most commonly implicated functional position within the brain—that is, as a memory system. We consider tinnitus as an auditory object that is held in memory, which may be made persistent by associated activity from the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. Evidence from animal and human studies implicating these structures in tinnitus is reviewed and used as an anchor for this hypothesis. We highlight the potential for the hippocampus/parahippocampal gyrus to facilitate maintenance of the memory of the tinnitus percept via communication with auditory cortex, rather than (or in addition to) mediating emotional responses to this percept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age‐associated alterations in bladder control affect millions of older adults, with a heavy burden added to families both economically and in quality of life. Therapeutic options are limited with poor efficacy in older adults, lending to a growing need to address the gaps in our current understanding of urinary tract aging. This review summarizes the current knowledge of age‐associated alterations in the structure and function of the brain–bladder axis and identifies important gaps in the field that have yet to be addressed. Urinary aging is associated with decreased tissue responsiveness, decreased control over the voiding reflex, signaling dysfunction along the brain–bladder axis, and structural changes within the bladder wall. Studies are needed to improve our understanding of how age affects the brain–bladder axis and identify genetic targets that correlate with functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools are one of many sites to incorporate emotional literacy into their institutional agenda in recent years. Alongside broader changes in social, economic and political practice, schools have welcomed emotional education as a necessary element in the training of young people. In 2007, the government introduced Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) to secondary schools across England and Wales. The aim of the programme is to integrate emotional literacy into the secondary school curriculum, following the successful implementation of SEAL at primary level. In this paper, I argue that rather than being about the encouragement of happy, content or well-adjusted individuals, it is, more crucially, about a new form of citizenship. Forms of self-government predicated on emotional management have been made possible since the widespread popularisation of neuroscientific understandings of emotions. By tracing the transposition of these ideas from popular brain science to education policy and finally to the curricula delivered via SEAL, I suggest that educating emotions has become central to the way citizenship is currently being defined for young people. By bringing together recent insights from geographies of education, emotion and citizenship, I suggest that the relationship between governmentality, education and youth requires closer critical attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper presents a nonrigid registration method to align preoperative MRI with intraoperative MRI to compensate for brain deformation during tumor resection. This method extends traditional point-based nonrigid registration in two aspects: (1) allow the input data to be incomplete and (2) simulate the underlying deformation with a heterogeneous biomechanical model. Methods: The method formulates the registration as a three-variable (point correspondence, deformation field, and resection region) functional minimization problem, in which point correspondence is represented by a fuzzy assign matrix; Deformation field is represented by a piecewise linear function regularized by the strain energy of a heterogeneous biomechanical model; and resection region is represented by a maximal simply connected tetrahedral mesh. A nested expectation and maximization framework is developed to simultaneously resolve these three variables. Results: To evaluate this method, the authors conducted experiments on both synthetic data and clinical MRI data. The synthetic experiment confirmed their hypothesis that the removal of additional elements from the biomechanical model can improve the accuracy of the registration. The clinical MRI experiments on 25 patients showed that the proposed method outperforms the ITK implementation of a physics-based nonrigid registration method. The proposed method improves the accuracy by 2.88 mm on average when the error is measured by a robust Hausdorff distance metric on Canny edge points, and improves the accuracy by 1.56 mm on average when the error is measured by six anatomical points. Conclusions: The proposed method can effectively correct brain deformation induced by tumor resection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of Danish neuroscience starts with an account of impressive contributions made at the 17th century. Thomas Bartholin was the first Danish neuroscientist, and his disciple Nicolaus Steno became internationally one of the most prominent neuroscientists in this period. From the start, Danish neuroscience was linked to clinical disciplines. This continued in the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries with new initiatives linking basic neuroscience to clinical neurology and psychiatry in the same scientific environment. Subsequently, from the middle of the 20th century, basic neuroscience was developing rapidly within the preclinical university sector. Clinical neuroscience continued and was even reinforced during this period with important translational research and a close co‐operation between basic and clinical neuroscience. To distinguish 'history' from 'present time' is not easy, as many historical events continue in present time. Therefore, we decided to consider 'History' as new major scientific developments in Denmark, which were launched before the end of the 20th century. With this aim, scientists mentioned will have been born, with a few exceptions, no later than the early 1960s. However, we often refer to more recent publications in documenting the developments of initiatives launched before the end of the last century. In addition, several scientists have moved to Denmark after the beginning of the present century, and they certainly are contributing to the present status of Danish neuroscience—but, again, this is not the History of Danish neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the staggering complexity of the brain and its neural circuitry, neuroscientists rely on the analysis of mathematical models to elucidate its function. From Hodgkin and Huxley's detailed description of the action potential in 1952 to today, new theories and increasing computational power have opened up novel avenues to study how neural circuits implement the computations that underlie behaviour. Computational neuroscientists have developed many models of neural circuits that differ in complexity, biological realism or emergent network properties. With recent advances in experimental techniques for detailed anatomical reconstructions or large‐scale activity recordings, rich biological data have become more available. The challenge when building network models is to reflect experimental results, either through a high level of detail or by finding an appropriate level of abstraction. Meanwhile, machine learning has facilitated the development of artificial neural networks, which are trained to perform specific tasks. While they have proven successful at achieving task‐oriented behaviour, they are often abstract constructs that differ in many features from the physiology of brain circuits. Thus, it is unclear whether the mechanisms underlying computation in biological circuits can be investigated by analysing artificial networks that accomplish the same function but differ in their mechanisms. Here, we argue that building biologically realistic network models is crucial to establishing causal relationships between neurons, synapses, circuits and behaviour. More specifically, we advocate for network models that consider the connectivity structure and the recorded activity dynamics while evaluating task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool in medicine and drug development, allowing for non‐invasive imaging and quantitation of biological processes in live organisms. Targets are often probed with small molecules, but antibody‐based PET is expanding because of many benefits, including ease of design of new antibodies toward targets, as well as the very strong affinities that can be expected. Application of antibodies to PET imaging of targets in the central nervous system (CNS) is a particularly nascent field, but one with tremendous potential. In this review, we discuss the growth of PET in imaging of CNS targets, present the promises and progress in antibody‐based CNS PET, explore challenges faced by the field, and discuss questions that this promising approach will need to answer moving forward for imaging and perhaps even radiotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The calculation of so-called "brain age" from structural MRIs has been an emerging biomarker in aging research. Data suggests that discrepancies between chronological age and the predicted age of the brain may be predictive of mortality and morbidity (for review, see Cole, Marioni, Harris, & Deary, 2019). However, with these promising results come technical complexities of how to calculate brain age. Various groups have deployed methods leveraging different statistical approaches, often crafting novel algorithms for assessing this biomarker derived from structural MRIs. There remain many open questions about the reliability, collinearity, and predictive power of different algorithms. Here, we complete a rigorous systematic comparison of three commonly used, previously published brain age algorithms (XGBoost, brainageR, and DeepBrainNet) to serve as a foundation for future applied research. First, using multiple datasets with repeated structural MRI scans, we calculated two metrics of reliability (intraclass correlations and Bland--Altman bias). We then considered correlations between brain age variables, chronological age, biological sex, and image quality. We also calculated the magnitude of collinearity between approaches. Finally, we used machine learning approaches to identify significant predictors across brain age algorithms related to clinical diagnoses of cognitive impairment. Using a large sample (N = 2557), we find all three commonly used brain age algorithms demonstrate excellent reliability (r > .9). We also note that brainageR and DeepBrainNet are reasonably correlated with one another, and that the XGBoost brain age is strongly related to image quality. Finally, and notably, we find that XGBoost brain age calculations were more sensitive to the detection of clinical diagnoses of cognitive impairment. We close this work with recommendations for future research studies focused on brain age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial transcriptomics is a newly emerging field that enables high‐throughput investigation of the spatial localization of transcripts and related analyses in various applications for biological systems. By transitioning from conventional biological studies to "in situ" biology, spatial transcriptomics can provide transcriptome‐scale spatial information. Currently, the ability to simultaneously characterize gene expression profiles of cells and relevant cellular environment is a paradigm shift for biological studies. In this review, recent progress in spatial transcriptomics and its applications in neuroscience and cancer studies are highlighted. Technical aspects of existing technologies and future directions of new developments (as of March 2023), computational analysis of spatial transcriptome data, application notes in neuroscience and cancer studies, and discussions regarding future directions of spatial multi‐omics and their expanding roles in biomedical applications are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with cognitive deficits that are not always addressed in current treatments, and this hampers recovery. Cognitive training and remediation interventions are well suited to fill the gap for managing cognitive deficits in SUD. We aimed to reach consensus on recommendations for developing and applying these interventions. Design, Setting and Participants: We used a Delphi approach with two sequential phases: survey development and iterative surveying of experts. This was an on‐line study. During survey development, we engaged a group of 15 experts from a working group of the International Society of Addiction Medicine (Steering Committee). During the surveying process, we engaged a larger pool of experts (n = 54) identified via recommendations from the Steering Committee and a systematic review. Measurements: Survey with 67 items covering four key areas of intervention development: targets, intervention approaches, active ingredients and modes of delivery. Findings Across two iterative rounds (98% retention rate), the experts reached a consensus on 50 items including: (i) implicit biases, positive affect, arousal, executive functions and social processing as key targets of interventions; (ii) cognitive bias modification, contingency management, emotion regulation training and cognitive remediation as preferred approaches; (iii) practice, feedback, difficulty‐titration, bias modification, goal‐setting, strategy learning and meta‐awareness as active ingredients; and (iv) both addiction treatment work‐force and specialized neuropsychologists facilitating delivery, together with novel digital‐based delivery modalities. Conclusions: Expert recommendations on cognitive training and remediation for substance use disorders highlight the relevance of targeting implicit biases, reward, emotion regulation and higher‐order cognitive skills via well‐validated intervention approaches qualified with mechanistic techniques and flexible delivery options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies in diverse species have associated higher temperatures with shorter lifespan and lower temperatures with longer lifespan. These inverse effects of temperature on longevity are traditionally explained using the rate of living theory, which posits that higher temperatures increase chemical reaction rates, thus speeding up the aging process. Recent studies have identified specific molecules and cells that affect the longevity response to temperature, indicating that this response is regulated, not simply thermodynamic. Here, we demonstrate that in Caenorhabditis elegans, functional loss of NPR‐8, a G protein‐coupled receptor related to mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors, increases worm lifespan at 25°C but not at 20°C or 15°C, and that the lifespan extension at 25°C is regulated by the NPR‐8‐expressing AWB and AWC chemosensory neurons as well as AFD thermosensory neurons. Integrative transcriptomic analyses revealed that both warm temperature and old age profoundly alter gene expression and that genes involved in the metabolic and biosynthetic processes increase expression at 25°C relative to 20°C, indicating elevated metabolism at warm temperature. These data demonstrate that the temperature‐induced longevity response is neurally regulated and also provide a partial molecular basis for the rate of living theory, suggesting that these two views are not mutually exclusive. Genetic manipulation and functional assays further uncovered that the NPR‐8‐dependent longevity response to warm temperature is achieved by regulating the expression of a subset of collagen genes. As increased collagen expression is a common feature of many lifespan‐extending interventions and enhanced stress resistance, collagen expression could be critical for healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation tests whether adding an early caucus (EC) before joint session is beneficial or detrimental to the mediation process. Parties and mediators were asked open‐ended questions about the use of EC to evaluate its benefits and costs. Party and mediator responses were overwhelmingly positive. In addition, there was no evidence of potential costs of EC, increasing mediator bias or impinging on time for joint session. Most responses showed that EC helped foster a sense of control, set a calm tone, and build rapport, counteracting the typical stressors in a joint session that can hamper settlement. EC also improved the process for the mediator, providing crucial information on what to expect in joint session, time to plan for emotional joint sessions, and an early opportunity to build rapport prior to the joint session. When surveyed 5 years later, mediators had sustained their positive views about EC. To supplement these findings in a wider range of cases, the parties' evaluations of the entire mediation session were also studied, comparing previous cases without an EC, to cases with EC and other types of Prior Meetings (IPVA Screens and both EC and IPVA Screens). Prior Meetings did not degrade perception of the mediation. In fact, Prior Meetings increased parties' perceptions that mediators understood and respected them and tended to increase perceptions that the mediator clearly explained what would happen and gave everyone a chance to talk about what was important. The EC experience can be generalized to other types of meetings with the mediator prior to joint session. This empirical study has implications for the current discussions about use of pre‐mediation sessions and concerns about declining use of joint session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]