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Objective: Patients with connective tissue disease–associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD‐PAH) experience worse survival and derive less benefit from pulmonary vasodilator therapies than patients with idiopathic PAH (IPAH). We sought to identify differential metabolism in patients with CTD‐PAH versus patients with IPAH that might underlie these observed clinical differences. Methods: Adult participants with CTD‐PAH (n = 141) and IPAH (n = 165) from the Pulmonary Vascular Disease Phenomics (PVDOMICS) study were included. Detailed clinical phenotyping was performed at cohort enrollment, including broad‐based global metabolomic profiling of plasma samples. Participants were followed prospectively for ascertainment of outcomes. Supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms and regression models were used to compare CTD‐PAH versus IPAH metabolomic profiles and to measure metabolite‐phenotype associations and interactions. Gradients across the pulmonary circulation were assessed using paired mixed venous and wedged samples in a subset of 115 participants. Results: Metabolomic profiles distinguished CTD‐PAH from IPAH, with patients with CTD‐PAH demonstrating aberrant lipid metabolism with lower circulating levels of sex steroid hormones and higher free fatty acids (FAs) and FA intermediates. Acylcholines were taken up by the right ventricular–pulmonary vascular (RV‐PV) circulation, particularly in CTD‐PAH, while free FAs and acylcarnitines were released. In both PAH subtypes, dysregulated lipid metabolites, among others, were associated with hemodynamic and RV measurements and with transplant‐free survival. Conclusions: CTD‐PAH is characterized by aberrant lipid metabolism that may signal shifted metabolic substrate utilization. Abnormalities in RV‐PV FA metabolism may imply a reduced capacity for mitochondrial beta oxidation within the diseased pulmonary circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) are a family of growth factor modifiers, some of which are known to be independently associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) survival. IGF factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a unique low‐affinity IGFBP that, independent of IGF, stimulates prostacyclin production. This study proposed to establish associations between IGFBP7 and PAH severity and survival, using enrollment and longitudinal samples. Serum IGFBP7 levels were significantly elevated in patients with PAH compared to controls. After adjusting for age and sex, logarithmic increases in IGFBP7 were associated with a 20 m shorter six‐minute walk distance (6MWD; p < 0.001), a 2−3 mmHg higher mean right atrial pressure (p < 0.001 and 0.02), and a higher likelihood of a greater REVEAL 2.0 risk category placement (p < 0.001). Kaplan−Meier analysis demonstrated significantly decreased survival with IGFBP7 above the median and Cox multivariable analysis adjusted for age and sex, demonstrated higher serum IGFBP7 was an independent predictor of survival. Though the exact mechanism is still unknown, given IGFBP7's role as a prostacyclin stimulant, it has potential use as a therapeutic target for disease modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proteomic analysis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has demonstrated significant abnormalities in the insulin-like growth factor axis (IGF). This study proposed to establish associations between a specific binding protein, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), and PAH severity as well as survival across varying study cohorts. In all cohorts studied, serum IGFBP4 levels were significantly elevated in PAH compared to controls (p < 0.0001). IGFBP4 concentration was also highest in the connective tissue-associated PAH (CTD-PAH) and idiopathic PAH subtypes (876 and 784 ng/mL, median, respectively). After adjustment for age and sex, IGFBP4 was significantly associated with worse PAH severity as defined by a decreased 6-min walk distance (6MWD), New York heart association functional class (NYHA-FC), REVEAL 2.0 score and higher right atrial pressures. In longitudinal analysis provided by one of the study cohorts, IGFBP4 was prospectively significantly associated with a shorter 6MWD, worse NYHA-FC classification, and decreased survival. Cox multivariable analysis demonstrated higher serum IGFBP4 as an independent predictor of survival in the overall PAHB cohort. Therefore, this study established that higher circulating IGFBP4 levels were significantly associated with worse PAH severity, decreased survival and disease progression. Dysregulation of IGF metabolism/growth axis may play a significant role in PAH cardio-pulmonary pathobiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by sustained elevations of pulmonary artery pressure. To date, we lack circulating, diagnostic, and prognostic markers that correlate to clinical and functional parameters. In this study, we performed mass spectrometry‐based proteomics analysis to identify circulating biomarkers of PAH. Plasma samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH, N=9) and matched normal controls (N = 9) were digested with trypsin and analyzed using data‐dependent acquisition on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A total of 826 (false discovery rate [FDR] 0.047) and 461 (FDR 0.087) proteins were identified across all plasma samples obtained from IPAH and control subjects, respectively. Of these, 153 proteins showed >2 folds change (p < 0.05) between groups. Circulating levels of carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2), plasma kallikrein (KLKB1), and the insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP1‐7) were quantified by immunoassay in an independent verification cohort (N=36 PAH and N = 35 controls). CA2 and KLKB1 were significantly different in PAH versus control but were not associated with any functional or hemodynamic measurements. Whereas, IGFBP1 and 2 were associated with higher pulmonary vascular resistance, IGFBP2, 4, and 7 with decreased 6‐min walk distance (6MWD), and IGFBP1, 2, 4, and 7 with worse survival. This plasma proteomic discovery analysis suggests the IGF axis may serve as important new biomarkers for PAH and play an important role in PAH pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) was previously shown to be associated with increased mortality in a small study of idiopathic and connective tissue disease‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we measured serum HDGF levels in a large multicenter cohort (total 2017 adult PAH‐Biobank enrollees), we analyzed the associations between HDGF levels and various clinical measures using linear or logistic regression models. Higher HDGF levels were found to be significantly associated with worse pulmonary hemodynamics, prostacyclin treatment; among PAH subtypes, higher HDGF levels were most associated with portopulmonary hypertension (beta = 0.469, p < 0.0001). Both Kaplan–Meier curve and Cox proportional hazard regression demonstrated that higher HDGF levels are associated with a higher risk of mortality (COX hazard ratio 1.31, p < 0.0001). Further, in the Sugen hypoxia (SuHx) rat model, the highest HDGF levels were post‐pulmonary circulation, and HDGF levels significantly increased with the development of PAH. In pulmonary arteries, immunohistochemistry staining showed that HDGF was highly expressed in pulmonary smooth muscle cells in both PAH patients and SuHx rats. In conclusion, we found that higher serum HDGF was linked with increased mortality, and associated with disease severity in a large multi‐center adult PAH cohort (n = 2017). In the SuHX PAH models, circulating HDGF levels are pulmonary in origin and increase with PAH progression. HDGF may be actively involved in vascular remodeling in PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mistletoes are hemiparasites that access water and nutrients from their hosts. Previous studies have suggested that host genera with high nitrogen are parasitized by more mistletoe species but these studies failed to take into account phylogenetic relationships among host genera. Our main question was whether more mistletoe species parasitize host genera with high nitrogen content when phylogenetic relationships were controlled. We also asked whether patterns in mistletoe parasitism were related to host geographic range size, host fruit type and host spinescence. Overall, we found no difference between conventional and phylogenetically controlled analyses. We also found no evidence for higher mistletoe species richness on host genera with high nitrogen, fleshy fruits or spinescence. However, similar to findings for animal parasites, we found that host genera with large geographic range had higher mistletoe species richness. This is likely because a greater number of mistletoe species will encounter hosts that have a greater geographic distribution. Mistletoe studies frequently assume that nitrogen status drives patterns in mistletoe parasitism but our study suggests that macroecological patterns in mistletoe assemblages are primarily determined by host geographic range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]