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Grasping the physical interactions when two tropical cyclones (TCs) (TC) are in proximity is essential for boosting the accuracy of TC forecasts. This study dissects an uncommon scenario wherein the merging with Tropical Depression 13 W significantly hastened the rapid weakening of Super Typhoon Hinnamnor (2022), utilizing comparative experiments with and without 13 W in simulation's initial field. The findings reveal strong correlations between the merger, amplified environmental vertical wind shear (VWS), and Hinnamnor's consecutive weakening, unfolding in two stages— "top‐down" (Stage 1) and "bottom‐up" weakening (Stage 2) stage. In Stage 1, 13 W led to downdrafts from upper level, hindering the eyewall updrafts and weakening the warm core. In Stage 2, 13 W merged into Hinnamnor's outer rainband, introduced low‐entropy air into the boundary layer and also vied with the eyewall for energy. This research emphasizes that even minor, less‐intense vortices can have profound impacts on the rapid intensity change in TCs. Plain Language Summary: A tropical cyclone (TC)'s intensity and track can be affected by the atmospheric vortices through binary interaction (i.e., Fujiwhara effect). Yet little study has illustrated the merger of TCs with large differences in intensity and size, as well as how it impacts the TC structure and intensity. This study examines the rapid weakening of Super Typhoon Hinnamnor (2022) during its interaction with the tropical depression named 13 W, by two numerical experiments—with and without the existence of 13 W in the initial field. The results find that the merger‐induced increase in environmental vertical wind shear and outer rainband effect caused by 13 W contributed to Hinnamnor's weakening. The process unfolds in two stages. In the first stage, the 13 W in upshear quadrants induced downdrafts from the upper level, disrupting Hinnamnor's eyewall updrafts and diminishing the warm core from top to down. In the second stage, the 13 W in downshear quadrants merged into Hinnamnor's outer rainband, increasing the infusion of low‐entropy air into boundary layer, in turn weakening Hinnamnor from bottom to upper level. This research demonstrates the rainband effect from the other TC during binary interaction, and underlines the attention on impacts from weak and small vortices in TC operational forecasting. Key Points: The merger with Tropical Depression 13 W amplified lower environmental wind and vertical wind shear, leading to Hinnamnor's further weakeningIn early "top‐down" weakening, the 13 W in upshear induced downdrafts, diminishing Hinnamnor's eyewall updrafts and warm coreIn later "bottom‐up" weakening, the 13 W in downshear merged into Hinnamnor's outer rainband, reducing the entropy of boundary layer inflow [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Our study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which Fc receptor‐like A (FCRLA) promotes renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and to examine its significance in relation to tumor immune infiltration. Materials and Methods: The correlation between FCRLA and data clinically related to RCC was explored using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), then validated using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) gene chip data. Enrichment and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were performed for FCRLA and its co‐expressed genes. FCRLA was knocked down in RCC cell lines to evaluate its impact on biological behavior. Then the potential downstream regulators of FCRLA were determined by western blotting, and rescue experiments were performed for verification. The relevance between FCRLA and various immune cells was analyzed through GSEA, TIMER, and GEPIA tools. TIDE and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to predict the effect of FCRLA in immunotherapy. Results: Fc receptor‐like A was associated with clinical and T stages and could predict the M stage (AUC = 0.692) and 1–3‐ and 5‐year survival rates (AUC = 0.823, 0.834, and 0.862) of RCC patients. Higher expression of FCLRA predicted an unfavorable overall survival (OS) in TCGA‐RCC and GSE167573 datasets (p = 0.03, p = 0.04). FCRLA promoted the malignant biological behavior of RCC cells through the pERK1/2/‐MMP2 pathway and was associated with tumor immune microenvironment in RCC. Conclusion: Fc receptor‐like A is positively correlated with poor outcomes in RCC patients and plays an oncogenic role in RCC through the pERK1/2‐MMP2 pathway. Patients with RCC might benefit from immunotherapy targeting FCRLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Ultra)high‐pressure metamorphic rocks provide valuable insights into the properties of slab‐derived fluids. Here, we report CH4‐rich fluid inclusions in garnet of a metapelite from the Zermatt‐Saas ophiolite, western Alps. Two types of metapelite, a CH4‐bearing pelitic schist and a calcareous pelitic schist, were investigated to unravel favorable P‐T‐fO2 conditions for preservation of CH4 in high‐pressure metapelite. In the CH4‐bearing pelitic schist, CH4‐rich fluid inclusions exclusively occur in the core of garnet (GrtI) rather than the rim (GrtII). GrtI records P‐T conditions of ∼2.85 GPa and ∼555°C, whereas GrtII records a prograde P‐T path from ∼1.75 GPa at 510°C to ∼2.0 GPa at 530°C. Compositional profile of garnet in the calcareous pelitic schist reflects a prograde metamorphic path from ∼1.9 GPa at 510°C to ∼2.12 GPa at 545°C. CH4‐rich fluid formation may primarily rise from graphite reduction at high‐pressure reduced conditions (ΔFMQ −3.5 to −4, 2.85 GPa, ∼550°C), while graphite and carbonates stabilize in a relatively oxidized environment (ΔFMQ ∼0, 2.12 GPa, 545°C). The initial redox budget of subducted sediments is primarily controlled by the amount of sedimentary carbonate and organic carbon, which plays the most important role in deciding the carbon speciation at different subduction depths. CH4 formation in COH fluids could primarily be attributed to the reduction of graphite. Subducted metasediments act as conduits for transporting non‐oxidized fluids to arc magmas, which provides crucial evidence to support the heterogeneity for slab‐derived COH fluids and offers new insights into the deep carbon cycle. Plain Language Summary: Subducting slab releases COH fluids at different depths, which can metasomatize and enrich the overlying mantle wedge and lead to changes in the nature of the arc magma source. However, due to the complex redox state of the subduction zone, the properties of the COH fluids released from the slab are not well understood. Carbon, as a crucially redox‐sensitive element, its speciation serves as a significant indicator of the redox state within the subducting slab. We discovered numerous graphite and CH4 fluid inclusions within garnet in high‐pressure metasedimentary rocks. These findings suggest that subducting slabs may possess more reduced properties, potentially releasing non‐oxidized fluids. We also selected another metapelite sample without methane but with graphite and carbonate for comparative analysis. We determined P‐T conditions of the metamorphic peak stage through detailed thermodynamic modeling and estimated the oxygen fugacity at this stage. Our findings show that graphite and methane are stable in a highly reduced environment, whereas coexistence of graphite and carbonate occurs in a more oxidized environment. The formation of CH4 likely results from the reduction of graphite with fluid. These observations highlight the heterogeneity of slab‐derived fluids and the complex redox properties of the subducting slab. Key Points: CH4‐rich fluid inclusions can be preserved in high‐pressure metapelite from oceanic subduction zoneCH4 formation in COH fluids could primarily be attributed to the reduction of graphiteLow‐redox budget carbon‐bearing sediments are favorable for forming a reduced condition as the slab descends, facilitating CH4 generation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the thermal conditions of the ocean surface, the interface for air‐sea exchange, are critical for understanding global climate and environmental change. Here we explore the evolution of sea surface temperature (SST) and the meridional SST gradient (STG) at orbital timescales since 4 million years ago (Ma), along with interactions between SSTs, the cryosphere, and the global carbon cycle. We observe orbital eccentricity and obliquity influences on SST evolution and infer that SST changes may have played a key role in atmospheric CO2 and cryosphere changes through key climate transitions in the past 4 Ma. We find a major equator‐to‐pole STG increase in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) close to the initiation of major NH glaciation (at ∼2.7 Ma). In addition, we find substantial increases in the obliquity sensitivity (Sobl) of NH STG at ∼2.7 Ma and in Southern Hemisphere (SH) STG at ∼1 Ma, which may be responses to important expansions of NH and SH ice sheets, respectively. Phase analysis shows that SST changes typically lead global ice volume changes throughout the last 4 Ma. SST changes also lead atmospheric CO2 changes since ∼1.5 Ma, which indicates that SST changes either drove, or directly reflect, processes that changed ocean‐atmosphere carbon exchange and, thus, atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Overall, our study emphasizes that SST changes were a critical component of climate change throughout the last 4 Ma. Plain Language Summary: A compilation of global sea surface temperature (SST) records indicates that SST mainly fluctuated on orbital eccentricity and obliquity timescales during the last 4 million years. The compilation also reveals an important impact of meridional ocean circulation changes on global climate since 4 Ma, with a particularly notable change in the equator‐to‐pole SST gradient during the initiation of major Northern Hemisphere glaciations at ∼2.7 Ma. Finally, we find that SST changes played a key role in the atmospheric CO2 changes associated with global climate transformations. Key Points: Orbital forcing of global sea surface temperatures (SST) evolutionEnhancement of the obliquity signal in the global SSTs at ∼2.7 Ma is closely associated with the NH glaciationChanges in SST may drive processes of ocean‐atmosphere carbon exchange that alter atmospheric CO2 concentrations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a rare example of cationic three‐dimensional (3D) metal‐organic framework (MOF) of [Cu5Cl3(TMPP)]Cl5 ⋅ xSol (denoted as Cu−TMPP; H2TMPP=meso‐tetrakis (6‐methylpyridin‐3‐yl) porphyrin; xSol=encapsulated solvates) supported by [Cu8Cl6]10+ cluster secondary building units (SBUs) wherein the eight faces of the Cl−‐based octahedron are capped by eight Cu2+. Surface‐area analysis indicated that Cu−TMPP features a mesoporous structure and its solvate‐like Cl− counterions can be exchanged by BF4−, PF6−, and NO3−. The polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated Cu−TMPP (denoted as Cu−TMPP−PVP) demonstrated good ROS generating ability, producing ⋅OH in the absence of light (peroxidase‐like activity) and 1O2 on light irradiation (650 nm; 25 mW cm−2). This work highlights the potential of Cu−TMPP as a functional carrier of anionic guests such as drugs, for the combination therapy of cancer and other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dendrobium officinale flowers (DOF) have the effects of antiaging and nourishing yin, but it lacks pharmacological research on skin aging. Objective: Confirming the role of DOF in delaying skin aging based on the "in vitro animal–human" model. Methods: In this experiment, three kinds of free radical scavenging experiments in vitro, D‐galactose‐induced aging mouse model, and human antiaging efficacy test were used to test whether DOF can improve skin aging through anti‐oxidation. Results: In vitro experiment shows that DOF has certain scavenging effect on 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, hydroxyl free radical, and superoxide free radical, and its IC50 is 0.2090 μg/mL, 15.020, and 1.217 mg/mL respectively. DOF can enhance the activities of T‐AOC, SOD, CAT, and GSH Px in the serum of aging mice, increase the content of GSH, and reduce the content of MDA when administered with DOF of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 g/kg for 6 weeks. In addition, it can enhance the activity of SOD in the skin of aging mice, increase the content of Hyp, and decrease the content of MDA, activated Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in the skin of aging mice. Applying DOF with a concentration of 0.2 g/mL on the face for 8 weeks can significantly improve the skin water score and elasticity value, reduce facial wrinkles, pores, acne, and UV spots, and improve the facial brown spots and roughness. Conclusion: DOF can significantly improve skin aging caused by oxidative stress, and its mechanism may be related to scavenging free radicals in the body and improving skin quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Self‐repair of spinal cord injury (SCI) has been found in humans and experimental animals with partial recovery of neurological functions. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the spontaneous locomotion recovery after SCI are elusive. Aims: This study was aimed at evaluating the pathological changes in injured spinal cord and exploring the possible mechanism related to the spontaneous recovery. Results: Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect GAP43 expression in lesion site after spinal cord transection (SCT) in rats. Then RNA sequencing and gene ontology (GO) analysis were employed to predict lncRNA that correlates with GAP43. LncRNA smart‐silencing was applied to verify the function of lncRNA vof16 in vitro, and knockout rats were used to evaluate its role in neurobehavioral functions after SCT. MicroRNA sequencing, target scan, and RNA22 prediction were performed to further explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms, and miR‐185‐5p stands out. A miR‐185‐5p site‐regulated relationship with GAP43 and vof16 was determined by luciferase activity analysis. GAP43‐silencing, miR‐185‐5p‐mimic/inhibitor, and miR‐185‐5p knockout rats were also applied to elucidate their effects on spinal cord neurite growth and neurobehavioral function after SCT. We found that a time‐dependent increase of GAP43 corresponded with the limited neurological recovery in rats with SCT. CRNA chip and GO analysis revealed lncRNA vof16 was the most functional in targeting GAP43 in SCT rats. Additionally, silencing vof16 suppressed neurite growth and attenuated the motor dysfunction in SCT rats. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR‐185‐5p competitively bound the same regulatory region of vof16 and GAP43. Conclusions: Our data indicated miR‐185‐5p could be a detrimental factor in SCT, and vof16 may function as a ceRNA by competitively binding miR‐185‐5p to modulate GAP43 in the process of self‐recovery after SCT. Our study revealed a novel vof16‐miR‐185‐5p‐GAP43 regulatory network in neurological self‐repair after SCT and may underlie the potential treatment target for SCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Masculinizer gene, Masc, encodes a lepidopteran‐specific novel CCCH‐type zinc finger protein, which controls sex determination and dosage compensation in Bombyx mori. Considering the potential application of it in pest control, it is necessary to investigate the function of Masc gene in Hyphantria cunea, a globally invasive forest pest. In the present study, we identified and functionally characterized the Masc gene, HcMasc, in H. cunea. Sequence analysis revealed that HcMASC contained the conserved CCCH‐type zinc finger domain, nuclear localization signal, and male determining domain, in which the last was confirmed to be required for its masculinization in BmN cell line. However, expression data showed that unlike male‐biased expression in B. mori, HcMasc gene expresses in main all developmental stages or tissues in both sexes. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) / CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐based disruption of the common exons 1 and 3 of the HcMasc gene resulted in imbalanced sex ratio and abnormal external genitalia of both sexes. Our results suggest that the HcMasc gene is required for both male and female sexual differentiation and dosage compensation in H. cunea and provide a foundation for developing better strategies to control this pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the link between the urban network and institutional context has been well established, there has been less work on the effect of shifting political economy on the mechanism of its intercity flows. In this paper, the investment dataset of Chinese publicly listed firms is used to construct corporate‐based urban networks with different ownership structures. Two straightforward but effective comparative analyses are conducted. The first distinguishes between networks formed by state‐controlled and nonstate‐controlled firms, and the second distinguishes between subnetworks formed by central‐ and local‐state power. By surveying the distinctions from the perspectives of state–market relations and central‐local government relations, we argue that the urban network in China is shaped by the varied forms in which the central government, local governments, and the private sector interact. To gain a more proper knowledge of the geographical patterns, this research recommends further field research into enterprise‐based linkages of multiple ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a significant risk factor for various human disorders, and DNA methylation clocks have emerged as powerful tools for estimating biological age and predicting health‐related outcomes. Methylation data from blood DNA has been a focus of more recently developed DNA methylation clocks. However, the impact of immune cell composition on epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) remains unclear as only some clocks incorporate partial cell type composition information when analyzing EAA. We investigated associations of 12 immune cell types measured by cell‐type deconvolution with EAA predicted by six widely‐used DNA methylation clocks in data from >10,000 blood samples. We observed significant associations of immune cell composition with EAA for all six clocks tested. Across the clocks, nine or more of the 12 cell types tested exhibited significant associations with EAA. Higher memory lymphocyte subtype proportions were associated with increased EAA, and naïve lymphocyte subtypes were associated with decreased EAA. To demonstrate the potential confounding of EAA by immune cell composition, we applied EAA in rheumatoid arthritis. Our research maps immune cell type contributions to EAA in human blood and offers opportunities to adjust for immune cell composition in EAA studies to a significantly more granular level. Understanding associations of EAA with immune profiles has implications for the interpretation of epigenetic age and its relevance in aging and disease research. Our detailed map of immune cell type contributions serves as a resource for studies utilizing epigenetic clocks across diverse research fields, including aging‐related diseases, precision medicine, and therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alcohol consumption is popular worldwidely and closely associated with cardiovascular diseases. Influences of paternal preconception alcohol consumption on offspring cerebral arteries are largely unknown. Male rats were randomly given alcohol or water before being mated with alcohol‐naive females to produce alcohol‐ and control‐sired offspring. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) was tested with a Danish Myo Technology wire myograph, patch‐clamp, IONOPTIX, immunofluorescence and quantitative PCR. Alcohol consumption enhanced angiotensin II (AngII)‐mediated constriction in male offspring MCA mainly via AT1R. PD123,319 only augmented AngII‐induced constriction in control offspring. AngII and Bay K8644 induced stronger intracellular calcium transient in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from MCA of alcohol offspring. L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channel (L‐Ca2+) current at baseline and after AngII‐stimulation was higher in VSMCs. Influence of large‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channel (BKCa) was lower. Caffeine induced stronger constriction and intracellular calcium release in alcohol offspring. Superoxide anion was higher in alcohol MCA than control. Tempol and thenoyltrifluoroacetone alleviated AngII‐mediated contractions, while inhibition was significantly higher in alcohol group. The mitochondria were swollen in alcohol MCA. Despite lower Kcnma1 and Prkce expression, many genes expressions were higher in alcohol group. Hypoxia induced reactive oxygen species production and increased AT1R expression in control MCA and rat aorta smooth muscle cell line. In conclusion, this study firstly demonstrated paternal preconception alcohol potentiated AngII‐mediated vasoconstriction in offspring MCA via ROS‐AT1R. Alcohol consumption increased intracellular calcium via L‐Ca2+ channel and endoplasmic reticulum and decreased BKCa function. The present study provided new information for male reproductive health and developmental origin of cerebrovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on field and laboratory studies of the rock massifs in South Yakutia using remote earth sensing technologies, methods of scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray 3D tomography, lithological‐mineralogical and optical‐petrographic studies, quantitative data on the intensity of cryogenesis of granites and gneisses in this area were obtained. A 16%–20% increase in the fracturing of rocks at the near‐surface part of the rock massif was shown to have occurred over a 10‐year period; during this time, vertical landforms, represented by granites and gneisses, retreated at a rate of 3 mm per year. However, no variations in the chemical and mineral composition of these rock types were identified over the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clear understanding of the dependence of the heat transfer process on the flow field in three‐dimensional (3D) rough fractures is crucial for many underground projects. In this study, 3D rough rock fractures with heterogeneous apertures and mechanical effects are established. Navier‐Stokes flow and local heat balance theory are used to simulate the seepage‐heat transfer coupling process. Five normal stresses and five flow velocities are set to quantify the influence of aperture variability on the flow field and heat transfer behavior of the fractures. The results show that the change in fracture aperture caused by normal stress is the direct cause of the nonlinear distribution of the flow field and temperature fluctuation. A quantitative parameter of temperature fluctuation degree in the fracture is proposed, which decreases exponentially with increasing fracture aperture and increases with greater flow velocity. An empirical model is established to describe the relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and the ratio of hydraulic aperture to mechanical aperture. The correctness of the model is verified by published seepage‐heat transfer coupling test results. The model is extended to establish the relationship between the heat transfer coefficient and the volume fraction of eddy. It is confirmed that the heat transfer coefficient increases with the augmentation of nonlinear flow, and the reason why the results of evaluating the heat transfer coefficient by roughness alone in related experiments are inconsistent is revealed. The results enhance the understanding of convective heat transfer characteristics in 3D rough rock fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permafrost, known for its high sensitivity to climate change and human activities, plays a crucial role in comprehending the environmental sustainability of Arctic cities. Yakutsk, being the largest city situated in continuous permafrost, has suffered irreversible damage to surface buildings due to the widespread permafrost thaw. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct detailed monitoring and assessment of surface deformation to ensure the stable operation of building facilities and to plan urban development situated above the permafrost. This study utilized 138 scenes of Sentinel‐1B images captured between 2017 and 2021 to process the surface deformation variations of Yakutsk using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS‐InSAR) method. The surface deformation rate map reflects that the study area is undergoing extensive surface subsidence. The cumulative deformation time series maps effectively trace the temporal and spatial evolution of surface deformation, with the highest surface subsidence rates exceeding 40 mm/year and maximum cumulative subsidence exceeding 250 mm. In‐depth analysis of the obtained results indicated that the permafrost in Yakutsk is undergoing degradation, and the primary reason for surface subsidence is the thawing of foundation soils and the degradation of ice‐bearing permafrost. This study provides basic data for the investigation of geohazards caused by surface subsidence in Yakutsk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) may be a potentially useful analog for future global warming under high CO2 concentrations. However, a paucity of orbital‐scale terrestrial records limits our understanding of how the hydrological cycle responded during this protracted (∼4 Myr) interval of global warmth. In this study, we combine zircon U‐Pb dating and cyclostratigraphy to establish a high‐resolution astronomical timescale spanning the EECO (∼52.9 Ma to ∼49.9 Ma) through a >1 km fluviolacustrine succession from the Gonjo Basin, Southeast Tibet. Our results suggest that hydroclimate variability in the region during this interval was strongly controlled by eccentricity forcing (∼405 Kyr, ∼135–100 Kyr, and possibly ∼200 Kyr cycles). The dominance of eccentricity forcing in our record is consistent with coeval marine records, and indicates that modulation of low‐latitude summer insolation through nonlinear interactions with the global carbon cycle likely controlled hydroclimate and paleolake level in the Gonjo basin during the EECO. Our study offers new perspectives for the forcing mechanisms of terrestrial hydroclimate changes of East Asia in response to subtle changes in insolation during the EECO. Plain Language Summary: High resolution and relatively long‐duration terrestrial paleoenvironmental records across an interval of extreme warmth ∼50 million years ago (called the EECO) are rare, limiting our understanding of how the hydrological cycle operated during this time interval. In this study, we present high‐resolution geochemical data through a succession of continental sedimentary rocks from the Gonjo Basin (Southeast Tibet) spanning the EECO. Our data suggest that EECO hydroclimate was dominated by climate forcing controlled by variations in Earth's eccentricity, emphasizing the importance of eccentricity modulation of low‐latitude summer insolation through nonlinear interactions with the global carbon cycle. This finding is consistent with coeval marine records. Our study provides new insights into the forcing mechanisms of terrestrial paleoclimate change in East Asia under warm climate conditions and high CO2. Key Points: Astronomical timescale spanning the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) established in East Asia terrestrial recordRelatively wetter and warmer climate during ∼52.9–52.39 Ma and ∼50.34–49.9 MaEccentricity forcing of EECO terrestrial climate, consistent with coeval marine records [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the plastic behavior of crack tips is crucial for improving the fracture toughness of nanometals. Although many studies are carried out, most previous studies focus on pure metals, and how the crack tip accommodates the plastic deformation of highly concentrated solid‐solution alloys is unclear owing to a lack of direct atomic‐scale evidence. In this study, the atomic‐scale plastic behavior of the crack tip in face‐centered cubic (FCC) AuCu alloy nanocrystals is observed in situ, which provides direct evidence that plastic deformation is governed by the generation of deformation twins and hexagonal close‐packed (HCP) 2H and 4H phases, recurrence of reversible FCC‐HCP phase transitions, and detwinning, which are rarely observed in pure metals. This unusual behavior originates from the inherent chemical inhomogeneity of the AuCu alloy, which inhibits twin thickening via partial dislocations on the adjacent plane, instead of random generation of deformation twins, phase transitions, and reversible processes. This naturally implies a similar behavior at the crack tip in other highly concentrated solid‐solution alloys, including high‐medium‐entropy alloys, providing important insights that greatly improve the understanding of the fracture toughness of metallic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon injury, nearby cells, including fibroblasts at the wound edge, are often found in a hypoxic microenvironment. Nevertheless, the influence of hypoxia on skin fibroblasts is poorly understood. Using previously established mouse full‐thickness wounds, we show that Bcl‐2 and adenovirus E1B 19‐kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) expression was significantly elevated at the wound edge, and hypoxia treatment enhanced BNIP3 expression in fibroblasts. Interestingly, BNIP3 promoted the migration and proliferation, as well as the activation of autophagy, in fibroblasts under hypoxia. The hypoxia‐induced autophagy was found to induce the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts, a process that could be reversed by knocking down the autophagy‐related gene for autophagy protein 5, ATG5. Furthermore, hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF‐1α) was significantly upregulated in fibroblasts under hypoxia treatment, and HIF‐1α knockdown attenuated the hypoxia‐induced expression of BNIP3 and the migration and proliferation of fibroblasts. Altogether, our results establish the hypoxia‐BNIP3‐autophagy signaling axis as a newly identified regulatory mechanism of skin fibroblast migration and proliferation upon wounding. Autophagy intervening might thus represent a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with chronic refractory wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (5‐HMF) is regarded as one of the most promising platform feedstocks for producing valuable chemicals, fuels, and materials. In this study, we present a controllable fluorination technique for biomass‐based 5‐HMF and its oxygenated derivatives. This technique allows us to synthesize mono‐fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, and acylfluoro‐substituted furan compounds by adjusting experimental conditions such as different fluorine sources and mole ratio. To gain a deeper understanding the reactivity order, we conducted intermolecular and intramolecular competition experiments. The results revealed that the hydroxyl group exhibited the highest reactivity, followed by the aldehyde group. This finding provides important theoretical support and opens up the possibility of selective fluorination. The reaction offers several advantages, including mild conditions, no need for inert gas protection, and easy operation. Furthermore, the fluoro‐substituted furan compounds can be further transformed for the preparation of drug analogs, offering a new route for the high‐value utilization of biomass molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is known to cause significant economic losses in soybean crops due to its seed‐sucking behavior, but the mechanism of its adaptation to lipid‐rich seeds remains poorly understood. To exploit potential target genes for controlling this pest, neutral lipases are functionally characterized in this study. RESULTS: In this study, a total of 69 lipases were identified in R. pedestris, including 35 neutral lipases that underwent significant expansion. The phylogeny, expression patterns, and catalytic capacity of neutral lipases were investigated and we selected six salivary gland‐specific, eight gut‐specific, and three ovary‐specific genes for functional analysis. All three ovary‐specific neutral lipases (Chr1.3195, Chr1.0994, and Chr5.0087) are critical for insect reproduction, while a few gut‐specific neutral lipases (Chr4.0221 and Chr1.3207) influence insect survivorship or weight gain. In contrast, no significant phenotype change is observed when silencing salivary gland‐specific neutral lipases. CONCLUSION: The lipases Chr1.3195, Chr1.0994, Chr5.0087, Chr4.0221, and Chr1.3207 are essential for R. pedestris feeding and reproduction, and the insect is highly sensitive to their deficiency, suggesting that neutral lipases are promising candidates for application in RNAi‐based control of this destructive pest. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramide NP (Cer‐NP) has favorable effects in treating dry skin and barrier damage; nevertheless, their efficacy is hindered by a relatively low skin permeability. The most common used method to evaluate drug permeability in cosmetic filed is Franz diffusion cell, which have limitations in terms of experimental materials and manipulation, making it difficult to reliably quantify drug permeability in vivo on the human skin. In contrast, confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRM) is regarded as a versatile tool for tracking of the penetration of active molecules through the skin, which is non‐invasive, non‐destructive, and real‐time and allows in vivo testing of ceramide permeability and efficacy as well. The goal of this study was to track the skin penetration of Cer‐NP nanoemulsions (NEs) into the inner forearm skin, and to assess the short‐term effects of Cer‐NP on stratum corneum (SC) thickness, hydration, and intercellular lipids (ICL) conformation order using the water content and lateral packing order Slat = I2880/I2850, which were obtained by CRM data. Cer‐NP penetrated into the SC and epidermis, and the amount of penetration reduced with depth and increased with duration and finally retained in the SC. The results also uncovered Cer‐NP‐promoted SC hydration and increased SC thickness and Slat. The research mentioned above demonstrated that Cer‐NP NEs successfully penetrated the skin and performed moisturizing and barrier restoration functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the protective effect of Dexmedetomidine (DEX) in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in hyperlipidemic rats. Towards this, the effect of DEX was first evaluated on the infarct size and the histopathology of cardiac tissues using TTC and H and E staining, and it was found that DEX significantly improved the infarct size and architecture of the myocardial tissues following the I/R injury. DEX also showed significant improvement in various examined hemodynamic parameters (e.g., LVSP, and ± dp/dtmax) in a dose‐dependent manner. The lipid profile (LDL, VLDL, TC, TG, and HDL level) of the rats were also found significantly improved in DEX‐treated rats. The level of various pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, and TNF‐α), cardiac injury (CK, CK‐MB, Troponin I AST, ALT, and LDH), and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, and GSH) biomarkers were also found to be restored near to the normal in DEX‐treated group. It has been found that DEX also significantly reduces apoptosis of rat cardiomyocytes. In western blot analysis, DEX showed a significant reduction in the activation of NF‐κB. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the protective effect of Dexmedetomidine in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury in hyperlipidemic rats possibly via amelioration of oxidative stress, and inflammation apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Divergent synthesis of fluorine‐containing scaffolds starting from a suite of raw materials is an intriguing topic. Herein, we report the solvent‐controlled rhodium‐catalyzed tunable arylation of 1‐bromo‐2,2‐difluoroethylene. The selection of the reaction solvents provides switchable defluorinated or debrominated arylation from readily available feedstock resources (both arylboronic acids/esters and 1‐bromo‐2,2‐difluoroethylene are commercially available). This switch is feasible because of the difference in coordination ability between the solvent (CH2Cl2 or CH3CN) and the rhodium center, resulting in different olefin insertion. This protocol allows the convenient synthesis of monofluoroalkenes and gem‐difluoroalkenes, both of which are important scaffolds in the fields of medicine and materials. Moreover, this newly developed solvent‐regulated reaction system can be applied to the site‐selective dechlorinated arylation of trichloroethylene. Overall, this study provides a useful strategy for the divergent synthesis of fluorine‐containing scaffolds and provides insight into the importance of solvent selection in catalytic reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precipitation carried by the Asian summer monsoon influences the livelihoods of millions of people, and there has been a great deal of work trying to reveal the driving mechanisms behind past changes. Compared to the widely studied East Asian summer monsoon, the behavior of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) in the Pliocene is still not well known. Here, we present new high‐resolution geochemical (Rb/Sr and Ti) data from the lacustrine Yuanmou Basin (Southwest China) spanning the Pliocene to early Pleistocene (4.30–2.0 Ma) that permit detailed analysis of hydroclimate changes related to orbital‐scale SASM variability. We find a clear weakening of the SASM at 2.9–2.75 Ma, which may be related to warming in the high‐latitude southern hemisphere and a weakening of atmospheric circulation at low latitudes over the Indian Ocean. Our results highlight that 405‐ and 100‐Kyr eccentricity forcing had a dominant role in driving climate change in the Yuanmou Basin during the Pliocene to early Pleistocene. Based on analysis of our data from the Yuanmou Basin, coupled with marine data from the Arabian Sea, we suggest that orbital‐scale SASM variability during the Pliocene was mainly controlled by changes in low‐latitude insolation. In addition, oscillations of the West Antarctic ice sheet after ∼3.5 Ma also significantly influenced the evolution of the SASM on orbital time scales. Plain Language Summary: Orbital‐scale South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) variability remains largely unknown in the pre‐Quaternary due to a paucity of high temporal resolution marine and terrestrial records describing the evolution of the SASM. Here, we present a new high‐resolution record of climate from lake sediments spanning the mid‐Pliocene to early Pleistocene. We show that the evolution of the SASM at 4.30–2.0 Ma is mainly controlled by low‐latitude solar radiation changes controlled by cyclic changes in Earth's eccentricity. Combining previous marine and continental records, we find a significant weakening of the SASM at 2.9–2.75 Ma, which may be due to a weakening of the trans‐equatorial pressure gradient caused by anomalous warming at high latitudes in the southern hemisphere. At the same time, a weakening of atmospheric circulation over the Indian Ocean may also have been responsible for the weakening of the SASM during this period. Key Points: Orbital‐scale South Asian monsoon evolution in the Pliocene was mainly influenced by low‐latitude insolationOscillations of the West Antarctic ice sheet after ∼3.5 Ma also influenced evolution of South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) on orbital time scalesCombined low‐ and high‐latitude processes caused weakening of the SASM at 2.9–2.75 Ma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an oxidation‐controlled SnS2 gas sensor is reported. Different oxidation levels of SnS2 are constructed by adjusting the dosage ratio of reagents. The sensing response of oxidized SnS2 to NH3 is studied, and the working mechanism is explored. Results demonstrate that the different oxidation levels of SnS2 exhibit significantly improved gas‐sensing properties. In particular, oxidation‐controlled SnS2 (SnS2‐2 sample) shows a high response to NH3 (92 000%) with a fast response recovery time (17/2 s). The novelty of this work lies in the simple synthesis of SnS2 with oxidation regulation and its application as a high‐sensitivity NH3 gas sensor at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an oxidation‐controlled SnS2 gas sensor is reported. Different oxidation levels of SnS2 are constructed by adjusting the dosage ratio of reagents. The sensing response of oxidized SnS2 to NH3 is studied, and the working mechanism is explored. Results demonstrate that the different oxidation levels of SnS2 exhibit significantly improved gas‐sensing properties. In particular, oxidation‐controlled SnS2 (SnS2‐2 sample) shows a high response to NH3 (92 000%) with a fast response recovery time (17/2 s). The novelty of this work lies in the simple synthesis of SnS2 with oxidation regulation and its application as a high‐sensitivity NH3 gas sensor at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, it has been found that changing ambient conditions (CO2/N2, temperature, pH) can trigger a switchable phase transition of deep eutectic solvents, and such solvents are known as responsive deep eutectic solvents. In this work, we present the development history, properties, and preparation of responsive deep eutectic solvents, followed by the application of responsive deep eutectic solvents in the extraction and separation of bioactive compounds are presented. Importantly, the mechanism of responsive deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of bioactive compounds is discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects of responsive deep eutectic solvents in the extraction and separation of bioactive compounds are proposed. Responsive deep eutectic solvents are considered green and efficient solvents. Some methods for extraction and separation of bioactive compounds by responsive deep eutectic solvents can increase the possibility of recycling the deep eutectic solvents, and provide higher efficiency in the extraction and separation field. It is hoped that this will provide a reference for the green and sustainable extraction and separation of various bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulation of the ligands and coordination environment of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been an effective and relatively unexplored avenue for improving the anode performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In this study, three MOFs are synthesized, namely, M4(o‐TTFOB)(bpm)2(H2O)2 (where M is Mn, Zn, and Cd; o‐H8TTFOB is ortho‐tetrathiafulvalene octabenzoate; and bpm is 2,2′‐bipyrimidine), based on a new ligand o‐H8TTFOB with two adjacent carboxylates on one phenyl, which allows us to establish the impact of metal coordination on the performance of these MOFs as anode materials in LIBs. Mn‐o‐TTFOB and Zn‐o‐TTFOB, with two more uncoordinated oxygen atoms from o‐TTFOB8−, show higher reversible specific capacities of 1249 mAh g−1 and 1288 mAh g−1 under 200 mA g−1 after full activation. In contrast, Cd‐o‐TTFOB shows a reversible capacity of 448 mAh g−1 under the same condition due to the lack of uncoordinated oxygen atoms. Crystal structure analysis, cyclic voltammetry measurements of the half‐cell configurations, and density functional theory calculations have been performed to explain the lithium storage mechanism, diffusion kinetics, and structure‐function relationship. This study demonstrates the advantages of MOFs with high designability in the fabrication of LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) Omicron variant is undergoing continuous evolution and convergent mutation. These new subvariants are raising concerns that they may evade neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We investigated the serum neutralization efficacy of Evusheld (cilgavimab and tixagevimab) against SARS‐CoV‐2 Omicron BA.2, BA.2.75, BA.2.76, BA.5, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5. A total of 90 serum samples from healthy individuals were collected in Shanghai. Anti‐RBD antibodies were measured and symptoms of infection with COVID‐19 were compared among those individuals. The neutralizing activity of serum against Omicron variants was analyzed by pseudovirus neutralization assays in 22 samples. Evusheld retained neutralizing activity against BA.2, BA.2.75, and BA.5, albeit with somewhat reduced titers. However, the neutralizing activity of Evusheld against BA.2.76, BF.7, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5 significantly decreased, with XBB.1.5 showing the greatest escape activity among the subvariants. We also observed that Evusheld recipients displayed elevated antibody levels in their serum, which efficiently neutralized the original variant, and exhibited different characteristics of infection than those who did not receive Evusheld. The mAb has partial neutralization activity against Omicron sublineages. However, the increasing doses of mAb and a larger size of population should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene oxide (PEO) gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is a promising electrolyte for rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, they still suffer from weak mechanical properties and low ionic conductivity. Herein, a novel hybrid GPE with enhanced mechanical properties and superior ionic conductivity is developed by introducing regenerated cellulose (RC) into PEO. Benefiting from the 3D porous interconnected network structure of cellulose aerogels, the obtained PEO‐RC GPEs exhibit improved mechanical strength (up to 40 MPa), increased electrolyte absorption ability, excellent ionic conductivity (4.34 × 10−3 S cm−1), and remarkable Li‐ion transfer number (0.60). As a result, a rechargeable LIB assembled with LiFePO4/GPEs/Li demonstrates a high initial discharge capacity of 149.3 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C and an impressive capacity of 141.3 mAh g−1 (94.6% capacity retention) after 100 cycles. This work provides a new route to the design and synthesis of novel GPEs toward next‐generation safe rechargeable LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

But in this case, MAC infection with destructive changes of T SB 10-12 sb and L SB 4-5 sb in a middle-aged man with normal immune function was first reported and this also revealed the possibility of multiple abscesses in MAC infection. Keywords: Case Report; Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing; Mycobacterium Avium Complex; Spinal Infection; Spine EN Case Report Metagenomic Next Generation Sequencing Mycobacterium Avium Complex Spinal Infection Spine 1707 1715 9 06/06/23 20230601 NES 230601 A 52-year-old patient misdiagnosed with spinal tuberculosis was successfully diagnosed with Mycobacterium avium infection using metagenomic next-generation sequencing and cured with four-drug combination protocol chemotherapy (amikacin, rifampicin, clarithromycin, ethambutol) and spinal fixation. In fact, the successful treatment of this patient confirms that the guidelines for pulmonary MAC infections are instructive for spinal infections and the four-drug combination protocol can be referenced. To date, MAC infection of the spine is rare, with only 17 cases reported in the English literature.[4] The diagnosis was confirmed by biopsy and microbial culture in 16 patients, while MAC infection was determined by PCR in only one patient (Table 2). [Extracted from the article]

As an active ecological agent in the boreal forest, wildfires have many important impacts on the underlying permafrost. However, investigations of post‐fire changes in the features of ecosystem‐protected permafrost are extremely limited in the patchy permafrost regions, Northeast China. Additionally, the impacts of wildfires on patchy permafrost are complicated in this region. In this paper, based on field surveys and observations, permafrost features and their influencing factors were analyzed in the area burned in 2006. The results showed notably lower soil temperatures in shrub‐wetland (NWH1, unburned and NWH2, light burn) in comparison with those in the birch‐larch forest (NWH3, light burn and NWH4, moderate burn). Changes in shallow ground temperatures (0–4 m in depth) were significant. Mean annual soil temperatures (MAST) and annual maximum soil temperature at the light‐burn NWH2 site were 0.3–5.2°C higher than those of unburned NWH1, but annual minimum soil temperatures, 0.3–2.1°C lower. MASTs at the moderately burned NWH4 were 0.6–1.6°C higher than those at the light‐burn NWH3. The active layer thickness (ALT) was greater at burned sites, and; at the moderately burned site, only seasonal frost was found when 13 years after the burn. The contents of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were the highest at the unburned NWH1 from 0.0 to 0.4 m in depth, followed by those at the lightly‐burned NWH2 and NWH3, and the lowest at the moderately‐burned NWH4. Climate warming, forest fires, and changing local factors (e.g., soil moisture contents, snow cover, soil texture and drainage conditions) worked together to increase ground temperature and ALT. These research results could provide important scientific basis for the protection of boreal forest and wetlands and the ecosystem‐protected permafrost under a warming climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are designed based on a blend of polymer donor and small molecular acceptor whereby the thermodynamic relaxation of the morphology raises the concerns related to operational stability. Herein, it is demonstrated that the classical Y6‐based binary device can be stabilized by using its derivative of ZCCF3 as the third component, which is designed with the replacing of the thiadiazole group on Y6 with the trifluoromethyl substituted diazepine unit. ZCCF3 delivers not only higher glass transition temperature (Tg) than Y6 but also have hyper‐miscibility with Y6, contributing to a favorable diffusion‐limited Y6:ZCCF3 alloy when blended with polymer donor. Consequently, a champion power conversion efficiency of 18.54% is achieved in the optimal PM6: Y6: ZCCF3 devices, which can retain their 80% initial efficiency of up to 360 h. This study highlights the importance of high Tg of the third component and its derived hyper‐miscible accepter alloys in achieving highly efficient and stable OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vertebrates, anti‐Mullerian hormone (Amh) secreted by Sertoli cells (SC) performs a pivotal function in male sex differentiation. Compared with that of higher vertebrates, the expression pattern of Amh is more diversified in fish. In this study, the full‐length complementary DNA (cDNA) of Amh in Centropyge vrolikii (Cv‐Amh) was cloned and analysed, which was 2,470 bp, including a 238 bp 5'UTR, a 1,602 bp ORF and a 633 bp 3'UTR; the similarity of Amh between Cv‐Amh and other fish is relatively high. The quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) results of healthy tissues and gonads at sex reversal stages in C. vrolikii showed that the expression level of Amh in the testis was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.05). Amh was weakly expressed in the vitellogenic stage ovary and perinucleolus stage ovary, but its expression significantly increased in the gonads at the hermaphroditic stage, and finally reached the highest in the pure testis after sexual reversal. The results of in situ hybridization indicated that the positive signal of Amh was strongly concentrated in SCs of testis. After Amh knockdown in the gonads, the effect on sex‐related genes was tested using qRT‐PCR. Among these, the expression of Dmrt1, Cyp11a, Hsd11b2, Sox8 and Sox9 significantly decreased, whereas that of Cyp19a, Sox4, Foxl2 and Sox3 increased. These results suggested that Amh could be the pivotal gene in reproductive regulation in C. vrolikii, and the data will contribute to sex‐related research of C. vrolikii in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiblock copolymers are envisioned as promising materials with enhanced properties and functionality compared with their diblock/triblock counterparts. However, the current approaches can construct multiblock copolymers with a limited number of blocks but tedious procedures. Here, we report a thioester‐relayed in‐chain cascade copolymerization strategy for the easy preparation of multiblock copolymers with on‐demand blocks, in which thioester groups with on‐demand numbers are built in the polymer backbone by controlled/living polymerizations. These thioester groups further serve as the in‐chain initiating centers to trigger the acyl group transfer ring‐opening polymerization of episulfides independently and concurrently to extend the polymer backbone into multiblock structures. The compositions, number of blocks, and block degree of polymerization can be easily regulated. This strategy can offer easy access to a library of multiblock copolymers with ≈100 blocks in only 2 to 4 steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organoboron compounds are versatile synthons in synthetic chemistry, materials science, and medicinal chemistry. The preparation of them often requires either reactive organometallic reagents or transition metals. In recent years, transition‐metal‐free borylation methodologies using radical chemistry for C−B bond formation have attracted much attention and developed rapidly, which circumvents the use of preformed organometallic reagents. Various successful approaches from different radical precursors (such as carboxylic acids, amines and alcohols, which are abundant in nature) through either thermochemical, photochemical or electrochemical pathways have been developed. Therefore, in this review, we hope to provide an overview of recent advances in the discovery, development, and mechanistic study of transition‐metal‐free radical borylation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mechanism of high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced decrease in erectile function has not been elucidated, and in previous studies, spectrin alpha, erythrocytic 1 (SPTA1) is a cytoskeletal protein that regulates cellular function, which belongs to a family of proteins that can affect cell and tissue growth and development by regulating YAP, an effector on the Hippo signaling pathway, but its particular role has not been elucidated. Objective: To explore the role of SPTA1 in the abnormality of erectile function induced by HFD. Methods: We analyzed the penile tissues of mice on normal diet and HFD by transcriptomics and screened for differentially expressed genes, further identified closely related target genes in rat penile tissues, and verified target gene expression in in vitro construction of high‐glucose (HG)‐treated corpus cavernosum endothelial cells (CCECs) and corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs) models. The distribution of target genes in various cell populations in penile tissues was retrieved by single‐cell sequencing Male Health Atlas database. Moreover, interfering with target genes was further applied to explore the mechanisms involved in erectile function decline. Results: Transcriptomic analysis screened out down‐regulated differential gene SPTA1; Western blot and immunohistochemistry results showed that SPTA1 expression significantly decreased in the penile tissues of Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats in the HFD group. Immunofluorescence staining showed a positive expression of CD31 and VWF in CCECs and a positive expression of α‐SMA in CCSMCs. The expression level of SPTA1 protein significantly decreased in the HG group of CCECs and CCSMCs. The expression of SPTA1 mRNA significantly decreased in CCSMCs while significantly increased in CCECs. SPTA1 may have various expression patterns and biological functions in different cell populations. Real‐time quantitative PCR results showed that the siSPTA1 transfected in CCSMCs had a significant interference effect compared with the control siNC. Transfection of siSPTA1 into CCSMCs resulted in the significant down‐regulation of mRNA and protein expression of eNOS, and significant up‐regulation of YAP, Caspase‐1, GSDMD, GSDMD‐N IL‐18, and IL‐1β protein expression levels. The expression level of CCSMCs contractile‐type protein α‐SMA was significantly down‐regulated. Conclusions: The down‐regulation of SPTA1 in SD rats fed with HFD may induce cell pyroptosis and lead to the decrease of erectile function by activating the Hippo pathway; these findings may provide new therapeutic targets for improving erectile function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Searching for reliable indicators for evaluating prognosis diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is crucial for improving clinical therapies. However, current researches have looked mainly at the prognostic value of a single intratumoral indicator, neglecting tumor‐infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the microenvironment. This study examined whether the integration of Ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) expression and CD163+ tumor‐associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration in combination with clinical indexes forecast ccRCC patient outcome with relatively high accuracy. Firstly, the expression of RNF43 and CD163 were detected with immunohistochemistry. Totally, 346 ccRCC patients were random separated evenly into training and validation datasets to make further analyses. We found that RNF43 expression was negatively correlated with infiltration level of CD163+ TAM in ccRCC, which was closely associated with the TNM stage and outcome of these patients. The multiple regression analysis demonstrated that RNF43, CD163, and TNM stage could function as independent risk factors in overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) prediction of ccRCC. Furthermore, a better postoperative prognosis index for ccRCC patients was obtained by combining RNF43 and CD163+ TAMs, which assessed with time‐dependent C‐index analyses and a nomogram. Consequently, combining RNF43 and CD163+ TAMs along with TNM stage acquired robust accuracy in forecasting outcome of patients with ccRCC. In conclusion, combining intratumoral RNF43 expression, CD163+ TAM infiltration, and TNM stage could significantly enhance the veracity in forecasting postoperative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The narrow composition design space of high‐entropy transition metal diborides (HE TMB2) limits their further development. In this study we designed six quaternary and quinary high‐entropy transition metal and rare‐earth diborides (HE TMREB2) and investigated their phase stability using the energy distribution of the local mixing enthalpy of all possible configurations. The results show that both quaternary and quinary HE TMREB2 have higher enthalpic driving forces, which facilitates the formation of single‐phase AlB2‐type structures between TMB2 and REB2. Calculations of elastic constants show that the TMB2 component has the greatest effect on the c44 elastic constant and shear modulus G, while REB2 significantly influences the bulk modulus B. Furthermore, LuB2 and TmB2 substantially affect the elastic modulus anisotropy of HE TMB2. Rare‐earth atoms in HE TMREB2 can enhance the nonharmonic interactions between phonons, which results in a significant hindrance in the thermal transport of low‐frequency phonons as well as an increase in the volume thermal expansion coefficients. Thus, the incorporation of REB2 into HE TMB2 has a significant impact on the phase stability and properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Ce treatment on nonmetallic inclusions in Fe–Mn–C–Al twinning‐induced plasticity steel is studied by adding different content of rare‐earth cerium. scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and electron probe X‐ray microanalyzer analysis show that the main inclusions in Ce‐treated steel change from Al2O3–MnS to CeAlO3–Ce2S3. With the increase of Ce content, the number, size, and density of inclusions in steel decrease, and the morphology of irregular inclusions is closer to the spindle. In this experiment, the size of inclusions in the test sample with 0.0048% Ce addition is the smallest and the distribution of inclusions is the most uniform. Based on the classical thermodynamics and Factsage thermodynamics software, the evolution rule of Ce addition on inclusions is calculated. The thermodynamic calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, combining the experimental phenomena and thermodynamic calculation results, it is revealed that the transformation path of the main inclusions Al2O3–MnS to CeAlO3–Ce2S3 in the Ce‐treated steel is as follows: the outer layer of MnS → CeS → Ce3S4 → Ce2S3; inner layer Al2O3 → CeAlO3 +Ce2O2S. The anisotropy difference between inclusions and iron matrix after Ce treatment is reduced, which reduces the damage of inclusions to steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]