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American government educational policy and leading advocacy groups commonly espouse independence as a primary goal for young people with intellectual disabilities. An extensive philosophical literature of autonomy has focused mostly on analyses of cognition that achieve individual self-governance. But the loosely defined concept of independence used by disability policymakers and advocates provides a more malleable, social understanding that involves someone actively relying on the assistance of others. The purpose of this paper is to examine the cultural, historical origins of the notion of independence for disabled persons through an exploration of the biography of Ed Roberts, the father of the independent living movement, and the cultural context of Berkeley, California, in the 1960s and 1970s, where the movement began. The paper applies those cultural concepts to the life situations of persons with intellectual disabilities, asking how well independence serves as a useful goal for the group.

This journal article represents the less known events from the life and professional activity of the esteemed writer Isidora Sekulic. Iinformation from a number of archives, which have not been previously published, was used. Isodora Sekulic completed the Teacher Training school in Sombor and graduated from the pedagogical school in Budapest, as an elementary school teacher she worked in Pancevo, Šabac and Belgrade. In the period before the First World War, on which this paper focuses on, she was active in public life as a supporter of the arts, women's rights and the progress of Serbs in the Kingdom of Hungary.

Earning their doctorates in the 1930s, '40s and '50s, Black scholars were slowly welcomed into White institutions where they then combined academia with activism. Dr. David Canton, associate professor of [...]