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Differential evolution (DE) and Estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) exhibit complementary superiority in solving complex continuous optimization and engineering problems. The design of appropriate strategies coordinated with the two algorithms to balance exploration and exploitation is conducive to obtaining high-precision solutions. A knowledge-driven co-evolutionary algorithm assisted by a cross-regional interactive learning mechanism (KCACIL) is proposed to achieve a comprehensive collaboration between the algorithms, diverse strategies, and cross-regional individuals. Various elite-guided mutation strategies and a self-feedback strategy based on successful experience in light of implicit knowledge are devoted to fulfilling self-learning and cross-regional interactive learning to accomplish individual collaboration and knowledge transfer in the three regions. Reinforcement learning based on ε − g r e e d y and simulated annealing is employed as feedback on the cross-regional individual information to promote the collaboration between opposition-based learning, interaction learning mechanism, and the revised strategy of inferior solutions with small Q values and high distance density. The dynamic self-adaptive adjustment strategies of multiple parameters are adopted to balance diversity and convergence. KCACIL is verified on the CEC 2014, 2017, 2020 benchmark test suites, and engineering applications. Experimental results indicate KCACIL is superior to the state-of-the-art comparison algorithms. • A knowledge-driven comprehensive co-evolutionary algorithm is proposed. • Cross-regional interactive learning with adaptive parameters is introduced. • A collaboration of strategies guided by reinforcement learning is implemented. • The learning mechanisms based on intra-regional implicit knowledge are designed. • Two improvement strategies of solutions specific to the phenomenon are employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A co-evolutionary migrating birds optimization algorithm based on online learning policy gradient (CMBO-PG) is proposed to address complex continuous real-parameter optimization problems. In CMBO-PG, a Gaussian estimation of distribution algorithm (GEDA), which enhances the exploitation tendency, is utilized to generate the solutions of the leading flock. The neighborhood solutions of the following flock are produced by a multi-strategy learning mechanism to promote exploration capability. The co-evolution of the leading flock and following flock is realized by the information-sharing mechanism and the operation of destruction and construction to keep the balance of exploration and exploitation. The nonlinear selection of mutation strategies is laborious due to the differences in the ability to address optimization problems. In the mechanism of multi-strategy learning, a long short-term memory (LSTM) is adopted as a selector of mutation strategies to predict the selection probability of three mutation strategies. The evolutionary procedure of the following flock is modeled as a Markov decision process (MDP). The policy gradient (PG) is employed as a model optimizer to control the parameters of LSTM based on the historical feedback information. The performance of CMBO-PG is testified on the CEC 2017 benchmark test suite. The experimental results show that CMBO-PG is superior to the 12 comparison algorithms, including state-of-art algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]