3,251 results
Search Results
2. Fast-Tracking the Development and Dissemination of a Drought-Tolerant Maize Variety in Ethiopia in Response to the Risks of Climate Change
- Author
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Ertiro, Berhanu T., Azmach, Girum, Keno, Tolera, Chibsa, Temesgen, Abebe, Beyene, Demissie, Girma, Wegary, Dagne, Wolde, Legesse, Teklewold, Adefris, Worku, Mosisa, Rosenstock, Todd S., editor, Nowak, Andreea, editor, and Girvetz, Evan, editor
- Published
- 2019
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3. Role and Challenges of the Private Seed Sector in Developing and Disseminating Climate-Smart Crop Varieties in Eastern and Southern Africa
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Das, Biswanath, Van Deventer, Francois, Wessels, Andries, Mudenda, Given, Key, John, Ristanovic, Dusan, Rosenstock, Todd S., editor, Nowak, Andreea, editor, and Girvetz, Evan, editor
- Published
- 2019
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4. Large Scale Crop Suitability Assessment Under Future Climate Using the Ecocrop Model: The Case of Six Provinces in Angola’s Planalto Region
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Hunter, Roland, Crespo, Olivier, Rosenstock, Todd S., editor, Nowak, Andreea, editor, and Girvetz, Evan, editor
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- 2019
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5. Understanding the Role of Soils and Management on Crops in the Face of Climate Uncertainty in Zimbabwe: A Sensitivity Analysis
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Masikati, Patricia, Descheemaeker, Katrien, Crespo, Olivier, Rosenstock, Todd S., editor, Nowak, Andreea, editor, and Girvetz, Evan, editor
- Published
- 2019
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6. Winner of SADHNA Best Paper Award 2021 Soil test crop response-based fertilizer prescriptions under integrated plant nutrient supply for maize-wheat cropping system in Inceptisols
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Singh, SP and Patel, Chanchala Rani
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- 2021
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7. An analysis of the effect of fall armyworm on the food security status of maize-producing households in Ghana
- Author
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Bannor, Richard Kwasi, Oppong-Kyeremeh, Helena, Aguah, Daniel Anthony, and Kyire, Samuel Kwabena Chaa
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- 2022
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8. Construction of Maize Threshing Model by DEM Simulation.
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Ji, Jiangtao, Jin, Tianci, Li, Qianwen, Wu, Yuanze, and Wang, Xuezhen
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WILCOXON signed-rank test ,STATIC friction ,ROLLING friction - Abstract
This paper proposes a modeling method of maize in threshing. The static friction coefficient and rolling resistance coefficient of the maize grain were measured using the slope method. The maize grain stacking angle test was designed using the central composite design response surface test. A regression model was established based on the simulation results to find the best combination. The results suggested that the modeling method proposed in this paper was effective in improving the accuracy of maize grain simulation compared with previous methods. Furthermore, this paper presents a method to verify the feasibility and reliability of the maize grain cob discrete element model using the distribution of grain in the granary and the final removal rate as the verification method. The results of the actually simulated threshing test were analyzed using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test, heat map analysis, and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. It was found that the DEM model of maize cob is suitable for simulating the maize threshing process. This can aid in further research on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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9. Exotic, traditional and hybrid landscapes: The subtle history of the Iberian Peninsula maize between 'tradition' and 'modernity'.
- Author
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Gomes, Inês, González Remuiñán, Alberto, and Freire, Dulce
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AGRICULTURAL technology ,FARM management ,SEED exchanges ,CROPS ,SEED technology ,TRADITIONAL farming ,CORN - Abstract
Copyright of Plants, People, Planet is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
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10. Effect of industrial waste with different levels of nitrogen on nutrient uptake and yield of maize, Zea mays
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Sudha, S and Pitchai, G James
- Published
- 2016
11. A decade of maize yield gap studies in sub-Saharan Africa: how are farm-level factors considered?
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Hall, Ola, Wahab, Ibrahim, Dahlin, Sigrun, Hillbur, Per, Jirström, Magnus, and Öborn, Ingrid
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CORN ,CROP management ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,YIELD strength (Engineering) ,PANEL analysis ,FIELD research ,PRECISION farming - Abstract
The study of yield gaps has become more complex, prompting the use of varied approaches to measure yields and a wider range of factors to explain these gaps. In the Global North, the focus is on precision farming, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a broader perspective is necessary due to pronounced variability in farmland conditions. While biogeophysical and management factors have been traditional focal points in yield gap analyses, socio-economic and institutional factors are increasingly recognized as significant, especially in SSA. This review synthesizes research from the past decade in SSA that integrates biogeophysical, management, farm characteristics, and institutional factors in yield gap discussions. The findings indicate a slow shift in including socio-economic factors, with management, particularly nutrient supply and crop management, remaining predominant. However, there is a growing trend towards methodological diversity, such as the adoption of remote sensing and GIS in recent years. Case studies from Kenya and Ghana, utilizing field surveys, interviews, panel data, and spatial analysis, highlight how a multifaceted approach can enhance our understanding of the various elements influencing maize yield gaps in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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12. Sometimes you’re the scooper, and sometimes you get scooped: How to turn both into something good.
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Kim, Jin-Soo and Corn, Jacob E.
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EXPERIMENTAL design ,BIOTECHNOLOGY ,GENETICS ,GENOMICS ,GRASSES - Abstract
Fast-moving, competitive fields often inadvertently duplicate research. In a research environment that values being first over being robust, this results in one manuscript “scooping” ongoing research from other groups. Opportunities to demonstrate the solidity of a result through coincidental reproduction are thus lost. Here, two group leaders, one the scooper and one the scoopee, discuss their experiences under PLOS Biology’s new “complementary research” policy. In this case, submission of the second article followed publication of the first by mere days. Scooper and scoopee discuss how complementary research is good for everyone by expanding the scientific reach of studies that are overlapping but not identical, demonstrating the robustness of related results, increasing readership for both authors, and making “replication” studies cost effective by creatively using resources that have already been spent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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13. CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT ON WHEAT, MAIZE AND SUNFLOWER YIELD IN ROMANIA IN THE PERIOD 2017-2021.
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POPESCU, Agatha, DINU, Toma Adrian, STOIAN, Elena, and ŞERBAN, Valentin
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CROPS ,CLIMATE change ,CORN ,ATMOSPHERIC temperature ,SUNFLOWERS ,AGRICULTURE ,SUNFLOWER seeds - Abstract
The paper purpose was to assess the impact of climate change on wheat, maize and sunflower yield in the period 2017-2021, using statistical data from National Institute of Statistics (NIS) and National Administration of Meteorology (NAM) and other sources. Comparison method was used to evaluate the deviations between the registered air temperatures and precipitations and the 1981-2010 climatological norm. Graphic method reflected the dynamics of monthly air temperatures and rainfalls in each year. Descriptive statistics for mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation reflected an more comprehensive image upon air temperature, precipitations and yield. Correlations and regression equations were used to establish the intensity of the kinks between climate factors and yield. The highest average air temperature In Romania was 12.130C in 2019. In the period 2017-2020, the average annual temperatures exceeded the climatological norm 1981-2010 accounting for 9.10C. The lowest rainfalls, 614.2 mm, were recorded in 2019, being below of 633.1 mm the norm for the period 1981-2010. The high temperatures associated with drought and low precipitations have deeply affected yield of many agricultural crops, including maize, wheat and sunflower. The highest wheat yield 4,888 kg/ha was achieved in 2017, and the lowest one, 2,966 kg/ha in 2020. Maize registered the highest performance of 7,644 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 3,977 kg/ha in 2020. Sunflower carried out the high performance 3,041 kg/ha in 2018, and the lowest one, 1,858 kg/ha in 2020. The worst agricultural years for these three crops was 2020, but 2017 favored wheat, while 2018 favored maize and sunflower. The correlation coefficient had in general small values between average temperature and yield, but a higher link with precipitations level. The multiple correlation between yield, air temperatures and precipitations was: r= 0.817 for wheat, r = 0.116 for maize and r = 0.504 for sunflower. In the South Eastern Dobrogea, the driest area in Romania, the rainfalls declined by 65% in the period 2018-2020 having a deep negative impact on sunflower seeds yield, which decreased from 4,282 kg/ha in 2018, to 1,503 kg/ha in 2020. The correlation between precipitations and sunflower yield positive and very strong (r = 0.737). As a conclusion, the climate conditions should be analyzed in each farm and farmers have to take measure to adapt the technologies for sustaining production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
14. ASPECTS REGARDING THE PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF CEREALS IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN AREA.
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CHIURCIU, Irina-Adriana, SOARE, Elena, VOICILAȘ, Dan Marius, and CERTAN, Ion
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GRAIN trade ,GRAIN marketing ,SEA level ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,SOUND recordings - Abstract
Cereals are the most produced commodity worldwide, according to statistical data. Among the top ten countries in the list of the most important producers of corn and wheat respectively, as well as among the largest exporters of these categories of cereals, there are two countries located in the Black Sea basin, Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Other important competitors in the region were Romania and Turkey, who took 3rd or 4th place in corn or wheat production. At the same time, Romania occupied the 6th place in the ranking of corn exporters worldwide and 9th in that of wheat exporters in 2021. In addition to the four states mentioned before, in the paper, in the area related to the maritime basin, Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Republic of Moldova and Greece were also included. The paper aimed to provide a coherent picture of competitiveness on the grain market, at the Black Sea basin level, and, at the same time, to highlight the position that Romania occupies in the economy of the area and in the world grain trade. For this purpose, the areas cultivated with corn and wheat were presented, as well as the productions obtained in the period 2015-2021 in the countries of the area related to the Black Sea basin, then the value imports and exports of corn and wheat that these countries recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
15. Carbon Farming of Main Staple Crops: A Systematic Review of Carbon Sequestration Potential.
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Arellano Vazquez, Diego Armando, Gagliano, Erica, Del Borghi, Adriana, Tacchino, Valeria, Spotorno, Stefano, and Gallo, Michela
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Carbon farming has become increasingly popular as it integrates agriculture, forestry, and diverse land use practices, all crucial for implementing European strategies aimed at capturing 310 million tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. These farming methods were proven to reliably increase the amount of carbon stored in the soil. However, there is a lack of discussion and consensus regarding the standards used to report these values and their implications. This article analyzes carbon sequestration rates, calculation methodologies, and communication procedures, as well as potential co-benefits and best practices. The average carbon sequestration rates in major staple crops range from very low values (0–0.5 Mg/ha/yr) to medium values (1–5 Mg/ha/yr). Scientific agricultural experiments in key global staple crops demonstrate positive rates of 4.96 Mg C ha
−1 yr−1 in wheat–maize rotations and 0.52–0.69 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 in rice–wheat rotations. In agriculture, carbon sequestration rates are reported using different terms that are not consistent and pose communication challenges. This assessment involves a systematic review of the scientific literature, including articles, reviews, book chapters, and conference papers indexed in Scopus from 2001 to 2022. Specifically, this review focuses on long-term experiments, meta-analyses, and reviews that report an increase in soil carbon stock. The research trends observed, through a VOSviewer 1.6.18 analysis, show a steadily increasing interest in the field of carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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16. Breeding for improved digestibility and processing of lignocellulosic biomass in Zea mays.
- Author
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Vanhevel, Yasmine, De Moor, Astrid, Muylle, Hilde, Vanholme, Ruben, and Boerjan, Wout
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LIGNOCELLULOSE ,ANIMAL nutrition ,NATURAL immunity ,LIGNINS ,BIOMASS - Abstract
Forage maize is a versatile crop extensively utilized for animal nutrition in agriculture and holds promise as a valuable resource for the production of fermentable sugars in the biorefinery sector. Within this context, the carbohydrate fraction of the lignocellulosic biomass undergoes deconstruction during ruminal digestion and the saccharification process. However, the cell wall's natural resistance towards enzymatic degradation poses a significant challenge during both processes. This so-called biomass recalcitrance is primarily attributed to the presence of lignin and ferulates in the cell walls. Consequently, maize varieties with a reduced lignin or ferulate content or an altered lignin composition can have important beneficial effects on cell wall digestibility. Considerable efforts in genetic improvement have been dedicated towards enhancing cell wall digestibility, benefiting agriculture, the biorefinery sector and the environment. In part I of this paper, we review conventional and advanced breeding methods used in the genetic improvement of maize germplasm. In part II, we zoom in on maize mutants with altered lignin for improved digestibility and biomass processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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17. The FUSED LEAVES1‐ ADHERENT1 regulatory module is required for maize cuticle development and organ separation
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Isabel Molina, Richard Bourgault, Xue Liu, Fan Feng, Zongliang Chen, Jiaqiang Dong, Josh Strable, Mary Galli, and Andrea Gallavotti
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,ADHERENT1 (AD1) ,Physiology ,Mutant ,MYB ,Plant Science ,Biology ,maize ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1) ,Plant Epidermis ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Transcriptional regulation ,transcriptional regulation ,Transcription factor ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Full Paper ,ATP synthase ,Research ,Full Papers ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Cell wall organization ,Regulatory sequence ,Waxes ,biology.protein ,cuticle ,Transcription Factors ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Summary All aerial epidermal cells in land plants are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer that provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses and prevents organ fusion during development.Genetic and morphological analysis of the classic maize adherent1 (ad1) mutant was combined with genome‐wide binding analysis of the maize MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), coupled with transcriptional profiling of fdl1 mutants.We show that AD1 encodes an epidermally‐expressed 3‐KETOACYL‐CoA SYNTHASE (KCS) belonging to a functionally uncharacterized clade of KCS enzymes involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Wax analysis in ad1 mutants indicates that AD1 functions in the formation of very‐long‐chain wax components. We demonstrate that FDL1 directly binds to CCAACC core motifs present in AD1 regulatory regions to activate its expression. Over 2000 additional target genes of FDL1, including many involved in cuticle formation, drought response and cell wall organization, were also identified.Our results identify a regulatory module of cuticle biosynthesis in maize that is conserved across monocots and eudicots, and highlight previously undescribed factors in lipid metabolism, transport and signaling that coordinate organ development and cuticle formation.
- Published
- 2020
18. Transpiration efficiency: insights from comparisons of C4 cereal species
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Vadez, Vincent, Choudhary, Sunita, Kholová, Jana, Hash, C Tom, Srivastava, Rakesh, Kumar, A Ashok, Prandavada, Anand, and Anjaiah, Mukkera
- Subjects
Pennisetum ,Vapor Pressure ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,Aquaporin ,Plant Transpiration ,drought ,Sorghum bicolor ,eXtra Botany ,maize ,Zea mays ,Plant Breeding ,climate change ,breeding ,Pennisetum glaucum ,rhizosphere ,soil hydraulics ,Edible Grain ,pearl millet ,root hydraulics ,Research Paper - Abstract
Comparisons among C4 maize, sorghum, and pearl millet show that soil type and source–sink balance affect transpiration efficiency under high vapor pressure deficit in a species-dependent manner., We have previously reported that there is a tight link between high transpiration efficiency (TE; shoot biomass per unit water transpired) and restriction of transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD). In this study, we examine other factors affecting TE among major C4 cereals, namely species’ differences, soil type, and source–sink relationships. We found that TE in maize (10 genotypes) was higher overall than in pearl millet (10 genotypes), and somewhat higher than in sorghum (16 genotypes). Overall, transpiration efficiency was higher in high-clay than in sandy soil under high VPD, but the effect was species-dependent with maize showing large variations in TE and yield across different soil types whilst pearl millet showed no variation in TE. This suggested that species fitness was specific to soil type. Removal of cobs drastically decreased TE in maize under high VPD, but removal of panicles did not have the same effect in pearl millet, suggesting that source–sink balance also drove variations in TE. We interpret the differences in TE between species as being accounted for by differences in the capacity to restrict transpiration under high VPD, with breeding history possibly having favored the source–sink balance in maize. This suggests that there is also scope to increase TE in pearl millet and sorghum through breeding. With regards to soil conditions, our results indicate that it appears to be critical to consider hydraulic characteristics and the root system together in order to better understand stomatal regulation and restriction of transpiration under high VPD. Finally, our results highlight the importance of sink strength in regulating transpiration/photosynthesis, and hence in influencing TE.
- Published
- 2021
19. Reproductive resilience but not root architecture underpins yield improvement under drought in maize
- Author
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Geoff Graham, Randy Clark, Carlos D. Messina, Daniel McDonald, Tom Tang, Mark E. Cooper, Carla Gho, Andrea Salinas, Graeme Hammer, Hanna Poffenbarger, and Yinan Fang
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,genetic gain ,Irrigation ,Physiology ,Drought tolerance ,root systems architecture ,Plant Science ,Root system ,Biology ,eXtra Botany ,maize ,water use ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,Soil ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nutrient ,Hybrid ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,reproductive resilience ,Water ,Agriculture ,Ideotype ,Droughts ,Plant Breeding ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Genetic gain ,Water use ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Because plants capture water and nutrients through roots, it was proposed that changes in root systems architecture (RSA) might underpin the 3-fold increase in maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield over the last century. Here we show that both RSA and yield have changed with decades of maize breeding, but not the crop water uptake. Results from X-ray phenotyping in controlled environments showed that single cross (SX) hybrids have smaller root systems than double cross (DX) hybrids for root diameters between 2465 µm and 181µm (P, Emerging opportunity to continue long-term genetic gain in maize yield in the US corn belt by improving the balance between canopy, root, and reproductive growth and development.
- Published
- 2021
20. Guvermectin, a novel plant growth regulator, can promote the growth and high temperature tolerance of maize.
- Author
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Borui Zhang, Huige Gao, Guozhen Wang, Sicong Zhang, Mengru Shi, Yun Li, Zhongqiao Huang, Wensheng Xiang, Wenna Gao, Can Zhang, and Xili Liu
- Abstract
Guvermectin is a recently discovered microbial N9-glucoside cytokinin compound extracted from Streptomyces sanjiangensis NEAU6. Although some research has reported that N9-glucoside cytokinin compounds do not have the activity of cytokinin, it has been noted that guvermectin can promote growth and antifungal activity in Arabidopsis. Maize is an important food crop in the world and exploring the effect of guvermectin on this crop could help its cultivation in regions with adverse environmental conditions such as a high temperature. Here, we investigated the effects of guvermectin seed soaking treatment on the growth of maize at the seedlings stage and its yield attributes with different temperature stresses. The maize (cv. Zhengdan 958) with guvermectin seed soaking treatment were in two systems: paper roll culture and field conditions. Guvermectin seed soaking treated plants had increased plant height, root length, and mesocotyl length at the seedlings stage, and spike weight at maturity in the field. But only root length was increased at the paper roll culture by guvermectin seed soaking treatment. Guvermectin seed soaking treatment reduced the adverse effects on maize seedling when grow at a high temperature. Further experiments showed that, in high temperature conditions, guvermectin treatment promoted the accumulation of heat shock protein (HSP) 17.0, HSP 17.4 and HSP 17.9 in maize roots. Comparative transcriptomic profiling showed there were 33 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in guvermectin treated plants under high temperature and room temperature conditions. The DEGs suggested that guvermectin treatment led to the differential modulation of several transcripts mainly related with plant defense, stress response, and terpenoid biosynthesis. Taken together, these results suggested that the guvermectin treatment promoted the growth and tolerance of high temperature stresses, possibly by activation of related pathways. These results show that guvermectin is a novel plant growth regulator and could be developed as an application to maize seeds to promote growth in high temperature environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The Effect of Waste Materials on the Content of Some Macroelements in Test Plants
- Author
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Marcin Becher and Agnieszka Godlewska
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,sewage sludge ,maize ,Pulp and paper industry ,complex mixtures ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,cocksfoot ,hard coal ash ,Environmental science ,mineral fertilisation ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Sludge ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The study reported here was to determine the effect of an application of organic and mineral materials and their mixtures, combined with mineral fertiliser regime, on the content of selected macroelements in cocksfoot grass and maize. The trial was a completely randomised arrangement with three replicates. Two experimental factors were tested: factor A – fertilisation with organic and mineral materials ( sewage sludge fresh and composted, hard coal incineration ashes , calcium carbonate, mixture of this components) and factor B – mineral fertilisation. The observed effects are indicative of the legitimacy of applying sewage sludge and its mixture with hard coal ash to fertilise agricultural crops as this would reduce reliance on mineral fertiliser, which is very desirable in sustainable agriculture. Mineral fertilisation applied to both the test plants significantly reduced their contents of calcium and magnesium but it increased their content of potassium.
- Published
- 2021
22. Transcriptome-wide analysis of epitranscriptome and translational efficiency associated with heterosis in maize
- Author
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Min Wang, Gui-Fang Jia, Yan He, and Jin-Hong Luo
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Translational efficiency ,Physiology ,Heterosis ,mRNA ,Plant Science ,Computational biology ,Biology ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,Transcriptome ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Hybrid Vigor ,Gene ,Post-transcriptional regulation ,Regulation of gene expression ,Messenger RNA ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Methylation ,Cell Biology ,Research Papers ,030104 developmental biology ,translational efficiency ,Hybridization, Genetic ,RNA m6A ,010606 plant biology & botany ,post-transcriptional regulation - Abstract
Heterosis has been extensively utilized to increase productivity in crops, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here, we generated transcriptome-wide profiles of mRNA abundance, m6A methylation, and translational efficiency from the maize F1 hybrid B73×Mo17 and its two parental lines to ascertain the contribution of each regulatory layer to heterosis at the seedling stage. We documented that although the global abundance and distribution of m6A remained unchanged, a greater number of genes had gained an m6A modification in the hybrid. Superior variations were observed at the m6A modification and translational efficiency levels when compared with mRNA abundance between the hybrid and parents. In the hybrid, the vast majority of genes with m6A modification exhibited a non-additive expression pattern, the percentage of which was much higher than that at levels of mRNA abundance and translational efficiency. Non-additive genes involved in different biological processes were hierarchically coordinated by discrete combinations of three regulatory layers. These findings suggest that transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression make distinct contributions to heterosis in hybrid maize. Overall, this integrated multi-omics analysis provides a valuable portfolio for interpreting transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in hybrid maize, and paves the way for exploring molecular mechanisms underlying hybrid vigor., A maize F1 hybrid and its parental lines showed dissimilarities of regulatory and heterotic patterns of genes undergoing hierarchical regulation at the mRNA abundance, m6A modification, and translational efficiency.
- Published
- 2021
23. Study of economically valuable traits and technological properties in maize from the Zea mays L. collection of VIR
- Author
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M. R. Gonikova, V. I. Khoreva, V. G. Goldshtein, L. P. Nosovskaya, L. V. Adikaeva, and E. B. Khatefov
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Starch ,Plant Science ,030105 genetics & heredity ,engineering.material ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,Maize starch ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,pulp ,Amylose ,Genetics ,Dry matter ,Food science ,process water ,Sugar ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,germ ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,deep processing of grain ,Chemistry ,starch ,grain yield ,Pulp (paper) ,Botany ,Gluten ,starch yield ,QK1-989 ,Amylopectin ,dry matter ,engineering ,protein ,TP248.13-248.65 ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background. Innovative technologies for deep processing of grain are widely used in maize grain processing with the release of the grain germ for subsequent extraction of oil and starch from it or production of sugar substitutes in the form of fructose syrup and alcohol, bakery or feed protein. A search for economically valuable sources of maize starch, useful byproducts of its processing, and natural modification of starch for deep processing is vital.Materials and methods. Ten high-starch maize accessions from the VIR collection, isolated by IR spectrometry, were studied. Starch content was measured according to GOST 10845-98, GOST 13586.5-93, GOST 10847-74 and GOST ISO 6647-1-2015 standards. Processing of grain into starch and assessment of the content of amylose and byproducts were carried out at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Starch Products in 2018 according to L. P. Nosovskaya et al. The actual content of starch and its byproducts during deep grain processing was determined. The values of the actual percentage of dry matter (DM, %) in grain, mass fraction of starch, ash content, as well as the yield of extract, pulp, embryo, gluten, process water and starch were determined.Results. Accessions with a high yield of starch (k-4520, k-9301 and k-24730), germ (k-4520. k-8785 and k-24731), pulp (k-4520, k-8785, k-9991 and k-24732) and protein (k8785) were identified as well as those with a percentage of amylopectin in starch above 82% (k-24730 and k-24733) and 100% (k-5461 and k-9991), and amylose above 30% (k4520 and k-9301).Conclusion. Of practical interest in terms of the actual yield of starch (% DM in grain) are accessions k-4520, k-9301, k-24730, k-9991, k-5461 and k-4520. According to the results of breeding tests, accessions k-24730, k-24732 and k-24733 had the following values of starch harvest calculated for grain yield: 4.66, 4.41 and 4.18 t/ha, respectively.
- Published
- 2021
24. Functional and nutraceutical properties of maize bran cell wall non-starch polysaccharides
- Author
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Muhammad Sajid Arshad, Muhammad Imran, Haroon Munir, Muhammad Afzaal, Tabussam Tufail, Faqir Muhammad Anjum, Farhan Saeed, and Muzzamal Hussain
- Subjects
engineering.material ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Food processing and manufacture ,Cell wall ,Ferulic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Nutraceutical ,TX341-641 ,Food science ,Bran ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Chemistry ,Non starch polysaccharides ,business.industry ,Pulp (paper) ,arabinoxylans ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Pomace ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,maize bran ,TP368-456 ,040401 food science ,0104 chemical sciences ,engineering ,Food processing ,cell wall ,business ,ferulic acid ,Food Science - Abstract
In most of the countries around the world, the ever increase in food processing industries around the world is producing various types of by-products including peel, bran, pomace, refused pulp, shells, hull, husk, pods, seeds. With increasing activity in health-promoting functional foods, increase in the demand for natural bioactive moieties and new areas of research are on the way. Many by-products have been explored for health endorsing properties however, maize bran cell walls (MBCWs) and their various components (non-starch polysaccharides) are of chief importance. In this review, efforts are focused to illustrate the functional and nutraceutical importance of maize bran cell walls. Maize bran cell wall is made up of non-starch polysaccharide materials including arabinoxylans, heteroxylans, and hemicellulose. It holds various bioactive compounds such as ferulic acid, diferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid, having enormous nutraceutical properties, like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antiaging, cardioprotective, prebiotic and antiviral effects. These bioactive compounds are protecting against various disorders, like hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and thrombosis diseases. Furthermore, extraction, functional and nutraceutical properties, possible uses, and industrial applications of MBCW are the limelight of this article.
- Published
- 2021
25. Identifying quantitative trait loci for the general combining ability of yield-relevant traits in maize
- Author
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Xiaojiao Hu, Guang Feng, Changling Huang, Yujin Wu, Hongwu Wang, Xiaogang Liu, Zhifang Liu, and Kun Li
- Subjects
Genetics ,linkage mapping ,education.field_of_study ,Heterosis ,general combining ability ,Population ,Plant Science ,Heritability ,Quantitative trait locus ,Biology ,maize ,quantitative trait locus ,Inbred strain ,immune system diseases ,cardiovascular system ,Trait ,cardiovascular diseases ,Allele ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,education ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Selection (genetic algorithm) ,Research Paper - Abstract
Maize is the most important staple crop worldwide. Many of its agronomic traits present with a high level of heterosis. Combining ability was proposed to exploit the rule of heterosis, and general combining ability (GCA) is a crucial measure of parental performance. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population was used to construct testcross populations by crossing with four testers based on North Carolina design II. Six yield-relevant traits were investigated as phenotypic data. GCA effects were estimated for three scenarios based on the heterotic group and the number of tester lines. These estimates were then used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and dissect genetic basis of GCA. A higher heritability of GCA was obtained for each trait. Thus, testing in early generation of breeding may effectively select candidate lines with relatively superior GCA performance. The GCA QTL detected in each scenario was slightly different according to the linkage mapping. Most of the GCA-relevant loci were simultaneously detected in all three datasets. Therefore, the genetic basis of GCA was nearly constant although discrepant inbred lines were appointed as testers. In addition, favorable alleles corresponding to GCA could be pyramided via marker-assisted selection and made available for maize hybrid breeding.
- Published
- 2021
26. Developing a system for in vivo imaging of maize roots containing iodinated contrast media in soil using synchrotron XCT and XRF
- Author
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Tiina Roose, Dan McKay Fletcher, Callum Scotson, Nicolai Koebernick, Arjen van Veelen, and Katherine Williams
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,Materials science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Methods Paper ,Soil Science ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,Aerenchyma ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,Soil ,law ,Microscopy ,Contrast (vision) ,030304 developmental biology ,media_common ,X-ray computed tomography ,0303 health sciences ,Xylem ,food and beverages ,Fluid transport ,X-ray fluorescence mapping ,Roots ,Synchrotron ,Maize ,Iodinated contrast media ,Pith ,Preclinical imaging ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Biomedical engineering - Abstract
Aims We sought to develop a novel experimental system which enabled application of iodinated contrast media to in vivo plant roots intact in soil and was compatible with time-resolved synchrotron X-ray computed tomography imaging. The system was developed to overcome issues of low contrast to noise within X-ray computed tomography images of plant roots and soil environments, the latter of which can complicate image processing and result in the loss of anatomical information. Methods To demonstrate the efficacy of the system we employ the novel use of both synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping to capture the translocation of the contrast media through root vasculature into the leaves. Results With the application of contrast media we identify fluid flow in root vasculature and visualise anatomical features, which are otherwise often only observable in ex vivo microscopy, including: the xylem, metaxylem, pith, fibres in aerenchyma and leaf venation. We are also able to observe interactions between aerenchyma cross sectional area and solute transport in the root vasculature with depth. Conclusions Our novel system was capable of successfully delivering sufficient contrast media into root and leaf tissues such that anatomical features could be visualised and internal fluid transport observed. We propose that our system could be used in future to study internal plant transport mechanisms and parameterise models for fluid flow in plants.
- Published
- 2020
27. Siderophore production by Bacillus subtilis MF497446 and Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738 and their efficacy in controlling Cephalosporium maydis in maize plant
- Author
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Nasr Ghazy and Sahar El-Nahrawy
- Subjects
Siderophore ,Damping off ,Siderophores ,Bacillus subtilis ,Rhizobacteria ,Biochemistry ,Microbiology ,Zea mays ,03 medical and health sciences ,Ascomycota ,Pseudomonas ,Genetics ,Stem histological differences ,Molecular Biology ,030304 developmental biology ,Wilt disease ,0303 health sciences ,Original Paper ,biology ,030306 microbiology ,Inoculation ,Pseudomonas koreensis ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Maize ,Horticulture ,Siderophore production ,Late wilt disease ,PGPR ,Antioxidant enzymes - Abstract
Late wilt disease, caused by Cephalosporium maydis in maize plant, is one of the main economical diseases in Egypt. Therefore, to cope with this problem, we investigated the potentiality of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in controlling this disease. Six strains (Bacillus subtilis, B. circulance, B. coagulanse, B. licheniformis, Pseudomonas fluroscence and P. koreensis) were screened for siderophore production, and using dual plate culture method and greenhouse experiment, antagonistic activity against C. maydis was studied. Using two superior strains, single and dual inoculation treatments in maize were applied in field experiment during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. Results indicated that B. subtilis and P. koreensis strains had shown the most qualitative and quantitative assays for siderophore production and antagonistic activities. In greenhouse, the most effective treatments on the pre- and post-emergence damping off as well as growth promotion of maize were T3 treatment (inoculated with B. subtilis), and T8 treatment (inoculated with P. koreensis). In field experiment, T5 treatment (inoculated with a mixture of B. subtilis and P. koreensis) showed significant increases in catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities, as well as total chlorophyll and carotenoids than control treatments during the two growing seasons. In the same way, the highest effect in reducing infection and increasing the thickness of the sclerenchymatous sheath layer surrounding the vascular bundles in maize stem was observed and these results were a reflection of the increase in yield and yield parameters. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00203-020-02113-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
- Published
- 2020
28. The use of remote sensing to derive maize sowing dates for large-scale crop yield simulations
- Author
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Javier Gonzalez, Ehsan Eyshi Rezaei, Olena Dubovyk, Natalie Cornish, Gohar Ghazaryan, and Stefan Siebert
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,Crop ,symbols.namesake ,South Africa ,Soil ,Yield (wine) ,Precipitation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Mathematics ,Remote sensing ,Drought ,MODIS ,Maize ,Crop modeling ,Sowing date ,Original Paper ,Ecology ,Crop yield ,Sowing ,Agriculture ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient ,Field (geography) ,Remote Sensing Technology ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,symbols ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Scale (map) - Abstract
One of the major sources of uncertainty in large-scale crop modeling is the lack of information capturing the spatiotemporal variability of crop sowing dates. Remote sensing can contribute to reducing such uncertainties by providing essential spatial and temporal information to crop models and improving the accuracy of yield predictions. However, little is known about the impacts of the differences in crop sowing dates estimated by using remote sensing (RS) and other established methods, the uncertainties introduced by the thresholds used in these methods, and the sensitivity of simulated crop yields to these uncertainties in crop sowing dates. In the present study, we performed a systematic sensitivity analysis using various scenarios. The LINTUL-5 crop model implemented in the SIMPLACE modeling platform was applied during the period 2001–2016 to simulate maize yields across four provinces in South Africa using previously defined scenarios of sowing dates. As expected, the selected methodology and the selected threshold considerably influenced the estimated sowing dates (up to 51 days) and resulted in differences in the long-term mean maize yield reaching up to 1.7 t ha−1 (48% of the mean yield) at the province level. Using RS-derived sowing date estimations resulted in a better representation of the yield variability in space and time since the use of RS information not only relies on precipitation but also captures the impacts of socioeconomic factors on the sowing decision, particularly for smallholder farmers. The model was not able to reproduce the observed yield anomalies in Free State (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.16 to 0.23) and Mpumalanga (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.11 to 0.18) in South Africa when using fixed and precipitation rule-based sowing date estimations. Further research with high-resolution climate and soil data and ground-based observations is required to better understand the sources of the uncertainties in RS information and to test whether the results presented herein can be generalized among crop models with different levels of complexity and across distinct field crops.
- Published
- 2020
29. Variation in zinc concentration of sweetcorn kernels reflects source–sink dynamics influenced by kernel number
- Author
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Tim J. O’Hare, Zhong Xiang Cheah, Michael J. Bell, and Stephen Harper
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0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Biofortification ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Zinc ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,03 medical and health sciences ,kernel mass ,source–sink dynamics ,grain ,Mathematics ,Minerals ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,zinc ,yield ,Research Papers ,Horticulture ,030104 developmental biology ,sweetcorn ,chemistry ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,Grain yield ,Sweetcorn kernels ,Embryo tissue ,Edible Grain ,kernel number ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
In sweetcorn, as kernel number increased, kernel Zn concentration decreased. However, total kernel Zn per cob increased, as the small decreases in kernel Zn concentration were offset by increases in kernel number., Grain yield and mineral nutrient concentration in cereal crops are usually inversely correlated, undermining biofortification efforts. Here, sink size, expressed as kernel number per cob, was manipulated by controlling the time when the silks of sweetcorn (Zea mays) cv. Hybrix 5 and var. HiZeax 103146 were exposed to pollen. Twelve other varieties were manually pollinated to achieve the maximum potential kernel number per cob, and kernel Zn concentration was correlated with kernel number and kernel mass. As kernel number increased, kernel Zn concentration decreased, with the decrease occurring to similar extents in the embryo tissue and the rest of the kernel. However, total kernel Zn accumulated per cob increased with increasing kernel number, as the small decreases in individual kernel Zn concentration were more than offset by increases in kernel number. When both kernel number and mass were considered, 90% of the variation in kernel Zn concentration was accounted for. Differential distribution of assimilates and Zn to sweetcorn cobs led to significant decreases in kernel Zn concentration with increasing kernel number. This suggests there will be challenges to achieving high kernel Zn concentrations in modern high-yielding sweetcorn varieties unless genotypes with higher Zn translocation rates into kernels can be identified.
- Published
- 2020
30. Involvement of a truncated MADS-box transcription factor ZmTMM1 in root nitrate foraging
- Author
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Guohua Mi, Ying Liu, Brian G. Forde, Xuelian Li, Zhongtao Jia, Lixing Yuan, Zhangkui Wang, Fanjun Chen, and Hideki Takahashi
- Subjects
animal structures ,Physiology ,Mutant ,MADS Domain Proteins ,Plant Science ,maize ,Plant Roots ,AGL17-like ,lateral root development ,nutrient foraging ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Arabidopsis ,Transcription factor ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,MADS-box ,Plant Proteins ,Nitrates ,biology ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,nitrate signal ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,ANR1 ,Lateral root ,biology.organism_classification ,Research Papers ,Cell biology ,Genetic redundancy ,Lateral root branching ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
A MADS-box transcription factor transcriptionally up-regulated and modulating lateral root development in response to local nitrate supply exists as a truncated form unique to grass species., Plants can develop root systems with distinct anatomical features and morphological plasticity to forage nutrients distributed heterogeneously in soils. Lateral root proliferation is a typical nutrient-foraging response to a local supply of nitrate, which has been investigated across many plant species. However, the underlying mechanism in maize roots remains largely unknown. Here, we report on identification of a maize truncated MIKC-type MADS-box transcription factor (ZmTMM1) lacking K- and C-domains, expressed preferentially in the lateral root branching zone and induced by the localized supply of nitrate. ZmTMM1 belongs to the AGL17-like MADS-box transcription factor family that contains orthologs of ANR1, a key regulator for root nitrate foraging in Arabidopsis. Ectopic overexpression of ZmTMM1 recovers the defective growth of lateral roots in the Arabidopsis anr1 agl21 double mutant. The local activation of glucocorticoid receptor fusion proteins for ZmTMM1 and an artificially truncated form of AtANR1 without the K- and C-domains stimulates the lateral root growth of the Arabidopsis anr1 agl21 mutant, providing evidence that ZmTMM1 encodes a functional MADS-box that modulates lateral root development. However, no phenotype was observed in ZmTMM1-RNAi transgenic maize lines, suggesting a possible genetic redundancy of ZmTMM1 with other AGL17-like genes in maize. A comparative genome analysis further suggests that a nitrate-inducible transcriptional regulation is probably conserved in both truncated and non-truncated forms of ZmTMM1-like MADS-box transcription factors found in grass species.
- Published
- 2020
31. Development of a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA to detect Vip3Aa in genetically modified crops
- Author
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Weixiao Liu, Wujun Jin, Chao Liu, Xuri Liu, and Zhang Zhe
- Subjects
Monoclonal antibody ,Crops, Agricultural ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Food Safety ,medicine.drug_class ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Bioengineering ,Cotton ,Genetically modified crops ,Vip3Aa ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,01 natural sciences ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Bacterial Proteins ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,medicine ,Animals ,Elisa method ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Genetically modified maize ,biology ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,General Medicine ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Maize ,0104 chemical sciences ,Genetically modified organism ,Original Research Paper ,030104 developmental biology ,ELISA ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Objectives To develop a sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect Vip3Aa in genetically modified (GM) crops and their products. Results Vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) are secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and are known to be toxic to Lepidoptera species. Vip3Aa family proteins, Vip3Aa19 and Vip3Aa20, were successfully applied in GM crops to confer an effective and persistent insecticidal resistance. A sensitive monoclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA was developed to detect Vip3Aa in GM crops and their products. Two monoclonal antibodies were raised against the overexpressed and purified His-Vip3Aa20, were purified from mouse ascites and characterized. A sandwich ELISA method was developed using the 2G3-1D7 monoclonal antibody for capture and the biotin-labeled 1F9-1F5 monoclonal antibody for detection of Vip3Aa20. The linear detection range of the method was found to be approximately 31.25–500 pg/ml, with a sensitivity of 10.24 pg/ml. Conclusions The established ELISA was effective for detecting Vip3Aa family proteins other than Vip3Aa8, and was successfully applied in the detection of Vip3Aa20 and Vip3Aa19 expressed in transgenic maize and cotton.
- Published
- 2020
32. Genetically modified (GM) crop use in Colombia: farm level economic and environmental contributions
- Author
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Graham Brookes
- Subjects
Crops, Agricultural ,Greenhouse Effect ,0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Farms ,herbicide tolerance ,Genetically modified crops ,Colombia ,Biology ,maize ,cotton ,01 natural sciences ,Crop ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animals ,GM crops ,Economic impact analysis ,Hectare ,Herbicides ,Crop yield ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Genetically modified organism ,030104 developmental biology ,Agronomy ,Greenhouse gas ,insect resistance ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Cropping ,Research Article ,Research Paper ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
This study assesses the economic and environmental impacts that have arisen from the adoption and use of genetically modified (GM) cotton and maize in Colombia in the fifteen years since GM cotton was first planted in Colombia in 2003. A total of 1.07 million hectares have been planted to cotton and maize containing GM traits since 2003, with farmers benefiting from an increase in income of US $301.7 million. For every extra US $1 spent on this seed relative to conventional seed, farmers have gained an additional US $3.09 in extra income from growing GM cotton and an extra US $5.25 in extra income from growing GM maize. These income gains have mostly arisen from higher yields (+30.2% from using stacked (herbicide tolerant and insect resistant cotton and +17.4% from using stacked maize). The cotton and maize seed technology have reduced insecticide and herbicide spraying by 779,400 kg of active ingredient (−19%) and, as a result, decreased the environmental impact associated with herbicide and insecticide use on these crops (as measured by the indicator, the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ)) by 26%. The technology has also facilitated cuts in fuel use, resulting in a reduction in the release of greenhouse gas emissions from the GM cotton and maize cropping area and contributed to saving scarce land resources.
- Published
- 2020
33. From element to development: the power of the essential micronutrient boron to shape morphological processes in plants
- Author
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Janlo M. Robil, Paula McSteen, and Michaela Matthes
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,boron deficiency ,boronic acids ,BOR1 ,Physiology ,phenylboronic acid ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Development ,Plant Science ,maize ,rottenear ,Boric Acids ,Plant Growth Regulators ,Review Papers ,Boron ,NIP5 ,Genetics ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,rice ,boron transport ,Plants ,biology.organism_classification ,Micronutrient ,tassel-less1 ,Boron transport ,chemistry ,Essential nutrient - Abstract
We highlight different approaches used to induce boron deficiency in plants and how this has led to differences in interpretation of boron’s role in the cell wall versus the cytosol., Deficiency of the essential nutrient boron (B) in the soil is one of the most widespread micronutrient deficiencies worldwide, leading to developmental defects in root and shoot tissues of plants, and severe yield reductions in many crops. Despite this agricultural importance, the underlying mechanisms of how B shapes plant developmental and morphological processes are still not unequivocally understood in detail. This review evaluates experimental approaches that address our current understanding of how B influences plant morphological processes by focusing on developmental defects observed under B deficiency. We assess what is known about mechanisms that control B homeostasis and specifically highlight: (i) limitations in the methodology that is used to induce B deficiency; (ii) differences between mutant phenotypes and normal plants grown under B deficiency; and (iii) recent research on analyzing interactions between B and phytohormones. Our analysis highlights the need for standardized methodology to evaluate the roles of B in the cell wall versus other parts of the cell.
- Published
- 2020
34. ZmIBH1-1 regulates plant architecture in maize
- Author
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Yahui Dong, Fangfang Zhu, Huihui Su, Qiannan Zhao, Yanhui Chen, Haixia Zeng, Zhenzhen Ren, Tianyi Li, Yun Han, Dandan Dou, Yingying Cao, Huafeng Liu, and Lixia Ku
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,plant architecture ,Physiology ,RNA-Seq ,Plant Science ,Biology ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,regulatory network ,Cell wall ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Affinity chromatography ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ,Transcription factor ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Cloning ,Cell growth ,AcademicSubjects/SCI01210 ,map-based cloning ,Research Papers ,Cell biology ,leaf angle ,Plant Leaves ,030104 developmental biology ,Phenotype ,chemistry ,Crop Molecular Genetics ,RNA-seq ,DNA ,DAP-seq ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Leaf angle (LA) is a critical agronomic trait in maize, with more upright leaves allowing higher planting density, leading to more efficient light capture and higher yields. A few genes responsible for variation in LA have been identified by map-based cloning. In this study, we cloned maize ZmIBH1-1, which encodes a bHLH transcription factor with both a basic binding region and a helix-loop-helix domain, and the results of qRT-PCR showed that it is a negative regulator of LA. Histological analysis indicated that changes in LA were mainly caused by differential cell wall lignification and cell elongation in the ligular region. To determine the regulatory framework of ZmIBH1-1, we conducted RNA-seq and DNA affinity purification (DAP)-seq analyses. The combined results revealed 59 ZmIBH1-1-modulated target genes with annotations, and they were mainly related to the cell wall, cell development, and hormones. Based on the data, we propose a regulatory model for the control of plant architecture by ZmIBH1-1 in maize., ZmIBH1-1 encodes a bHLH transcription factor that affects the leaf angle in maize primarily through differential cell wall lignification and cell elongation in the ligular region.
- Published
- 2020
35. Evaluation of the microbiological quality of wastewater effluent-irrigated maize
- Author
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Marzieh Farhadkhani, Mahnaz Nikaeen, Ghasem Yadegarfar, and Fazel Mohammadi-moghadam
- Subjects
lcsh:R5-920 ,business.industry ,maize leaves ,lcsh:R ,lcsh:Medicine ,pathogenic bacteria ,General Medicine ,Microbiological quality ,Pulp and paper industry ,maize ,escherichiacoli ,irrigation ,secondary effluent ,Wastewater ,Medicine ,escherichia coli ,business ,lcsh:Medicine (General) ,Effluent - Abstract
Background and Aim: Water crisis in many regions of the world especially arid and semi-arid areas such as Iran, is an important obstacle for socioeconomic development and food security. Under such circumstances, wastewater reuse in agriculture can be regarded an important alternative water source. However, treated wastewater may contain some types of pathogenic microorganisms which can threaten human health. In the present study we compared the impacts of treated wastewater (TWW) and tap water irrigation on microbiological quality of soil and crops (maize and maize leaves) through a furrow irrigation system in an experimental field. Materials and Methods: Total and fecal coliforms and Escherichia coliwere monitored as indicator bacteria in TWW, irrigated soil and harvested maize and maize leaves. We investigated the presence of Salmonellaand Shigellaby using a combination of culture and molecular methods. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 22.0 software. P
- Published
- 2020
36. Monitoring Arthropods in Azorean Agroecosystems: the project AGRO-ECOSERVICES
- Author
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Paulo Borges, Rui Nunes, Lucas Lamelas-López, Enésima Pereira, Ricardo Costa, Paulo Monjardino, David Lopes, António Soares, Artur Gil, François Rigal, Marco Ferrante, and Gabor Lövei
- Subjects
Citrus ,island diversity ,Arthropoda ,QH301-705.5 ,Biodiversity & Conservation ,Western Europe ,maize ,occurrence ,vineyards ,citrus ,Occurrence ,Macaronesia ,dataset ,Biology (General) ,Island Diversity ,Pitfall Traps ,Atlantic Ocean ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,orchards ,pitfall traps ,Ecology ,in ,Vineyards ,invertebrates ,Invertebrates ,Data Paper (Biosciences) ,Maize ,Orchards ,Dataset ,Active Aerial Searching (AAS) - Abstract
The data we present are part of the AGRO-ECOSERVICES project (Assessing ecosystem services and disservices provided by arthropod species in Azorean agroecosystems). The project aims to evaluate the relative importance of native and non-native organisms as ecosystem services (ES) and disservices (ED) providers, by combining novel, direct and quantitative tools for monitoring agro-biodiversity. Ecosystem services include evaluation of natural pest control by predation, seed predation on weed plants, pollination, decomposition and ecosystem disservices, herbivory and seed predation on crop plants. Active Aerial Searching (AAS) (only in maize-fields) and pitfall traps were used to sample the arthropod biodiversity (predatory spiders, true-bugs and beetles and main insect pests) on four agricultural habitats of Terceira Island, namely citrus orchards, low and high elevation maize fields and vineyards. We provided an inventory of all arthropods recorded in four Azorean agroecosystems (citrus orchards, low and high elevation maize fields and vineyards) from Terceira Island. A total of 50412 specimens were collected, belonging to four classes, 20 orders, 81 families and 200 identified species of arthropods. A total of 127 species are considered introduced (n = 22646) and 69 native non-endemic (n = 24117). Four endemic species were recorded with very few specimens (n = 14) and 3635 specimens belong to unidentified taxa recorded only at genus or family level. Five species are new records for Terceira Island, with Lagria hirta (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) being also a new record for the Azores. This publication contributes to a better knowledge of the arthropods communities present in agro-ecosystems of Terceira Island and will serve as a baseline for future monitoring schemes targeting the long-term change in arthropod diversity and abundance.
- Published
- 2021
37. Optimal Plant Density Is Key for Maximizing Maize Yield in Calcareous Soil of the South Pannonian Basin.
- Author
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Djalovic, Ivica, Prasad, P. V. Vara, Dunđerski, Dušan, Katanski, Snežana, Latković, Dragana, and Kolarić, Ljubiša
- Subjects
PLANT spacing ,HYBRID corn ,FARM mechanization ,PLANTING ,CALCAREOUS soils - Abstract
Plant density, the number of plants per unit area, is an important factor in maize production. Plant density exhibits high variability and depends on a number of factors, i.e., the length of the growing period of the hybrid, the morphological characteristics of the plant, the amount and distribution of precipitation during the growing season, the reserve of winter moisture in the soil, the level of soil fertility, the time of sowing, agronomic management practices, and biomass and yield. The objective of this paper was to determine the agronomic optimal plant density for maize in calcareous soil in the semiarid conditions of the South Pannonian Basin. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field—IFVCNS (two locations: Rimski Šančevi and Srbobran) to evaluate four plant densities (55,000; 65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plants ha
−1 ). The experimental sites "Rimski Šančevi" and "Srbobran" are located in the typical chernozem zone of the southern part of the Pannonian Basin. On average for all hybrids, the grain yield followed a second-degree polynomial model in response to the increasing planting density, with the highest value at plant density (PD2: 65,000 plants ha−1 ). To achieve maximum yield, the optimal planting density for corn hybrids of the FAO 200 group should be 57,600 plants ha−1 , for the FAO 300 group 64,300 plants ha−1 , for the FAO 400 group 68,700 plants ha−1 , for the FAO 500 group 66,800 plants ha−1 , and for the FAO 600 group 63,500 plants ha−1 . "Which–Won–Where" biplot showed that the hybrid H24 from FAO 600 group was the highest yielding in all of the environments. Hybrid H17 from the same FAO group was the most stable across all of the environments. Selected hybrids may further be studied for planting density and nutritional requirements for getting maximum yield. By introducing new maize hybrids with higher genetic yield potential and better agronomic management practices, modern mechanization and agricultural techniques allowed to increase planting densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Integrated Transcriptome and GWAS Analysis to Identify Candidate Genes for Ustilago maydis Resistance in Maize.
- Author
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Yin, Bingyu, Xu, Linjie, Li, Jianping, Zheng, Yunxiao, Song, Weibin, Hou, Peng, Zhu, Liying, Jia, Xiaoyan, Zhao, Yongfeng, Song, Wei, and Guo, Jinjie
- Subjects
USTILAGO maydis ,GENOME-wide association studies ,TRANSCRIPTOMES ,MOLECULAR cloning ,GENES ,CORN - Abstract
Maize Ustilago maydis is a disease that severely affects maize yield and quality. In this paper, we employed transcriptome sequencing and GWAS analysis to identify candidate genes and reveal disease-resistant germplasm resources, thereby laying the foundation for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of maize Ustilago maydis resistance and genetic improvement. The results of transcriptome sequencing revealed that a considerable number of receptor kinase genes, signal-transduction-related protein genes, redox-response-related genes, WRKYs, and P450s genes were significantly upregulated. There was a wide range of mutations of Ustilago maydis in maize inbred lines. Thirty-two high-resistance maize inbred lines were selected, and 16 SNPs were significantly associated with the disease index. By integrating the results of GWAS and RNA-seq, five genes related to disease resistance were identified, encoding the chitinase 1 protein, fatty acid elongase (FAE), IAA9, GATA TF8, and EREB94, respectively. It provides a certain reference for the cloning of maize anti-tumor smut genes and the breeding of new varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Mapping the Land Use Changes in Cultivation Areas of Maize and Soybean from 2006 to 2017 in the North West and Free State Provinces, South Africa.
- Author
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Ngcinela, Siphokazi, Mushunje, Abbyssinia, Taruvinga, Amon, Mutengwa, Shelton Charles, and Masehela, Samuel Tlou
- Subjects
LAND use mapping ,SOYBEAN ,LAND management ,LAND use planning ,TRANSGENIC plants - Abstract
Land use practices face significant pressure due to increased demand and conflicting needs. Several factors contribute to this trend, such as the ever-increasing human population, the increased demand for food production, and the expansion of industrial and agricultural areas. This paper, focused on the cultivation patterns and investigating changes in land use of maize and soybean over time (i.e., both genetically modified and non-genetically modified) in two South African provinces. The objective was to determine whether there was a net increase or decrease in land cover age for these two crops between 2006 and 2017 in the selected study areas. Hence, the study utilized ArcGIS (10.8.1) software to quantify and map the land used for the cultivation of maize and soybean from 2006 to 2017 in Free State and North West provinces. The results show both provinces to have minimal expansion or change in cultivation areas for both maize and soybean between 2006 and 2017. We concluded that both maize and soybean cultivation areas in these provinces, did not expand beyond the current agricultural areas (space), and did not encroach onto new land areas. As a result, both maize and soybean do not currently pose a threat to the surrounding landscape (i.e., natural vegetation) and are not in direct competition with other neighboring land use practices. We recommend that data on the annual planting or cultivation area be consistently gathered, analyzed, and mapped to monitor any alterations that could influence the current findings. This will also assist with any land use planning and management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. ANALYSIS OF GENOME EDITING APPLICATIONS IN THE CREATION OF NEW MAIZE GERMPLASM.
- Author
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BONEA, Dorina
- Subjects
GENOME editing ,CORN ,SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,GERMPLASM ,AGRICULTURAL intensification ,CRISPRS - Abstract
The main concern of today's scientists is the sustainable development of agriculture to achieve global food and nutrition security. Genome editing technology is recognized worldwide for its potential for sustainable agricultural intensification. In this paper, applications of genome editing in maize were analyzed and exemplified, based on statistical data collected from the EU-SAGE Database from January 1996 to July 2023. In addition, the existing regulations for this new technology were also discussed. The results showed that, so far, 51 applications of maize genome editing have been reported in the EU-SAGE database, and the CRISPR/Cas system was the most used genome editing tool with the potential to rapidly generate new genotypes with high yield, improved quality, and stresses resistance. Most applications were developed in China and the USA. Due to current GMO legislation and political indecision regarding the authorization of genome-edited products, the European Union is not yet able to use and cultivate these new improved genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
41. Large crop farms and the contribution of agricultural products to their turnover achievement.
- Author
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Stoicea, Paula, Certan, Ion, Soare, Elena, Firatoiu, Andreea, Ramona, Iuliana Ignat, and Madalin, Radu
- Abstract
The main economic objective of farms is to maximize turnover, being one of the main ways to increase profitability. The paper presents the implications of the agricultural products produced and utilized by a large crop farm on the turnover in the period 2019-2021, establishing at the same time, which of these crops are indicated to be included in the annual crop plan. The research method used is the Pareto method, which is an analysis focused on the study of a past period, which allows highlighting, according to a determined criterion, the most representative individuals from a population. The results showed that in each year of the period included in the study, the crops that contributed significantly to the turnover were: in 2019, winter winter wheat, followed by maize and rapeseed, in 2020, maize and rapeseed, and in 2021, maize and soybean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
42. Adaptability of Maize Farmers to Drought and the Selection of Irrigation Period—A Survey of Irrigation Behavior of Farmers in the Three Provinces of Huang-Huai-Hai, China.
- Author
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Hou, Wenjia and Zhou, Shudong
- Abstract
The summer maize area of Huang-Huai-Hai is the main summer maize production area in China, droughts occur frequently during the growth period of summer maize and irrigation water resources are scarce in this region. This paper studied the adaptability of maize farmers to drought and the selection of irrigation period in the three provinces of Huang-Huai-Hai. The adaptability index of irrigation at different growth stages was analyzed by establishing an extended C-D production function model, while the marginal income of irrigation in each growth period was calculated based on the estimation results of adaptability index model. The results showed that: (1) The growth period with the largest adaptability index in the three provinces of Huang-Huai-Hai was milk ripening stage. The adaptability index in milk ripening stage in Hebei, Henan, and Shandong was 1.063, 1.081, and 1.053, respectively. (2) The maize key growth periods of water sensitivity in the three provinces of Huang-Huai-Hai were tasseling period and milk ripening period, and in most cases, the irrigation period of farmers was consistent with the key growth period of water sensitivity. (3) In Hebei, Henan, and Shandong provinces, the marginal benefits of irrigation were greater than the marginal costs in each growth period. The marginal income of irrigation during tasseling period in the three provinces was relatively large, and tasseling period was the preferred irrigation period of most farmers. To optimize future irrigation water allocation, farmers should prioritize ensuring sufficient water supply during tasseling stage and milk ripening stage in Hebei and Shandong, and during big bell mouth stage and tasseling stage in Henan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The bHLH family member ZmPTF1 regulates drought tolerance in maize by promoting root development and abscisic acid synthesis
- Author
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Qijun Ran, Ying Zhang, Baomei Wang, Can Liu, Juren Zhang, and Zhaoxia Li
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Abscisic acid synthesis ,root development ,Physiology ,Transgene ,Drought tolerance ,Mutant ,Regulator ,Plant Science ,Biology ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Plant Roots ,Zea mays ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Stress, Physiological ,Transcriptional regulation ,transcriptional regulation ,ZmPTF1 ,Abscisic acid ,Transcription factor ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,fungi ,drought stress ,food and beverages ,Research Papers ,Cell biology ,Droughts ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Abscisic Acid ,Transcription Factors - Abstract
ZmPTF1 regulates drought tolerance in maize by promoting root development and ABA synthesis, by binding to the G-box in the promoter and activating the expression of NCEDs, CBF4, NAC081, and NAC30., Drought stress is the most important environmental stress limiting maize production. ZmPTF1, a phosphate starvation-induced basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, contributes to root development and low-phosphate tolerance in maize. Here, ZmPTF1 expression, drought tolerance, and the underlying mechanisms were studied by using maize ZmPTF1 overexpression lines and mutants. ZmPTF1 was found to be a positive regulator of root development, ABA synthesis, signalling pathways, and drought tolerance. ZmPTF1 was also found to bind to the G-box element within the promoter of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED), C-repeat-binding factor (CBF4), ATAF2/NAC081, NAC30, and other transcription factors, and to act as a positive regulator of the expression of those genes. The dramatically upregulated NCEDs led to increased abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis and activation of the ABA signalling pathway. The up-regulated transcription factors hierarchically regulate the expression of genes involved in root development, stress responses, and modifications of transcriptional regulation. The improved root system, increased ABA content, and activated ABA-, CBF4-, ATAF2-, and NAC30-mediated stress responses increased the drought tolerance of the ZmPTF1 overexpression lines, while the mutants showed opposite trends. This study describes a useful gene for transgenic breeding and helps us understand the role of a bHLH protein in plant root development and stress responses.
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- 2019
44. Maize with fewer nodal roots allocates mass to more lateral and deep roots that improve nitrogen uptake and shoot growth
- Author
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Haichao Guo and Larry M. York
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Nitrogen ,Physiology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,Biology ,eXtra Botany ,Plant Roots ,Zea mays ,Insights ,01 natural sciences ,nitrogen use efficiency ,Mesocosm ,compensation ,03 medical and health sciences ,Root length ,plant economy ,nitrogen acquisition ,Root mass ,Biomass ,Photosynthesis ,root system architecture ,nodal roots ,Biomass (ecology) ,shoot-borne roots ,food and beverages ,Hydroponics ,Adventitious roots ,Research Papers ,Maize ,Horticulture ,corn ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,Shoot ,Elongation ,Plant Shoots ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Reallocating root biomass from nodal roots to lateral and early-emerging axial roots allows maize to capture more nitrogen under limiting conditions, including by increasing foraging at depth., Simulations indicated that reduced nodal root (NR) number (NRN) was promising for maize breeding, and were partially confirmed by relying on variation in NRN among inbreds. Using maize inbred line B73, experiments were conducted in hydroponics and tall mesocosms containing solid media with treatments involving no NR excision (0% NRE) or excising either 33% or 67% of the NRs as they emerged under high or low levels of nitrogen (N). Reduced NRN was hypothesized to increase elongation of all remaining root classes, N acquisition under low N, and shoot mass. Plants with 67% NRE had 12% and 19% less root mass fraction, 61% and 91% greater lateral to axial root length ratio regardless of N levels, and 61% and 182% greater biomass of embryonic roots under low N, compared with 0% NRE for hydroponics and mesocosms studies, respectively. Under low N in mesocosms, plants with 67% NRE had 52% greater shoot biomass, 450% greater root length at depth, and 232% greater deep-injected 15N content in the shoot relative to 0% NRE. These results reveal the mechanism by which plants with fewer NRs increase N capture and shoot mass by reallocation of biomass to lateral roots, embryonic roots, and first whorl NRs that increases foraging efficiency in solid media.
- Published
- 2019
45. Increased biomass accumulation in maize grown in mixed nitrogen supply is mediated by auxin synthesis
- Author
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Xi-chao Sun, Zhangkui Wang, Qingchun Pan, Lixing Yuan, Fanjun Chen, Huan Chen, Guohua Mi, and Peng Wang
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,leaf area ,root growth ,Nitrogen ,Physiology ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plant Science ,maize ,Photosynthesis ,Zea mays ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nitrate ,nitrate ,Glutamate synthase ,heterocyclic compounds ,Ammonium ,Biomass ,Food science ,Asparagine ,mixed N form ,shikimic acid pathway ,carbon and nitrogen metabolism ,Indoleacetic Acids ,biology ,fungi ,food and beverages ,source–sink relationship ,Research Papers ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Asparagine Synthase ,biology.protein ,auxin ,Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ,Photosynthesis and Metabolism ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Maize plants grown in the presence of a mixed nitrate and ammonium supply exhibited rapid biomass accumulation associated with increased auxin biosynthesis and up-regulation of auxin-responsive transcripts, including those known to regulate cell expansion., The use of mixed nitrate and ammonium as a nitrogen source can improve plant growth. Here, we used metabolomics and transcriptomics to study the underlying mechanisms. Maize plants were grown hydroponically in the presence of three forms of nitrogen (nitrate alone, 75%/25% nitrate/ammonium, and ammonium alone). Plants grown with mixed nitrogen had a higher photosynthetic rate than those supplied only with nitrate, and had the highest leaf area and shoot and root biomass among the three nitrogen treatments. In shoot and root, the concentration of nitrogenous compounds (ammonium, glutamine, and asparagine) and carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, and fructose) in plants with a mixed nitrogen supply was higher than that with nitrate supply, but lower than that with ammonium supply. The activity of the related enzymes (glutamate synthase, asparagine synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, invertase, and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase) changed accordingly. Specifically, the mixed nitrogen source enhanced auxin synthesis via the shikimic acid pathway, as indicated by the higher levels of phosphoenolpyruvate and tryptophan compared with the other two treatments. The expression of corresponding genes involving auxin synthesis and response was up-regulated. Supply of only ammonium resulted in high levels of glutamine and asparagine, starch, and trehalose hexaphosphate. We conclude that, in addition to increased photosynthesis, mixed nitrogen supply enhances leaf growth via increasing auxin synthesis to build a large sink for carbon and nitrogen utilization, which, in turn, facilitates further carbon assimilation and nitrogen uptake.
- Published
- 2019
46. Improved folate accumulation in genetically modified maize and wheat
- Author
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Bisma Riaz, Qiuju Liang, Ling Jiang, Chunyi Zhang, Xingguo Ye, Ke Wang, Xing Wan, and Xiaoning Liu
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Aminodeoxychorismate synthase ,GTP cyclohydrolase I ,Physiology ,Transgene ,Biofortification ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Science ,maize ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,Metabolic engineering ,biofortification ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Glutenin ,Folic Acid ,wheat ,Pterin ,GTP Cyclohydrolase ,Transaminases ,Triticum ,Plant Proteins ,Genetically modified maize ,biology ,food and beverages ,folates ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Research Papers ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,biology.protein ,Soybeans ,010606 plant biology & botany ,Photosynthesis and Metabolism - Abstract
A two-gene co-expression strategy to increase the folate precursors pterin and p-aminobenzoate increases the levels of folates in wheat and maize grains., Folates are indispensable co-factors for one-carbon metabolism in all organisms. In humans, suboptimal folate intake results in serious disorders. One promising strategy for improving human folate status is to enhance folate levels in food crops by metabolic engineering. In this study, we cloned two GmGCHI (GTP cyclohydrolase I) genes (Gm8gGCHI and Gm3gGCHI) and one GmADCS (aminodeoxychorismate synthase) gene from soybean, which are responsible for synthesizing the folate precursors pterin and p-aminobenzoate, respectively. We initially confirmed their functions in transgenic Arabidopsis plants and found that Gm8gGCHI increased pterin and folate production more than Gm3gGCHI did. We then co-expressed Gm8gGCHI and GmADCS driven by endosperm-specific promoters in maize and wheat, two major staple crops, to boost their folate metabolic flux. A 4.2-fold and 2.3-fold increase in folate levels were observed in transgenic maize and wheat grains, respectively. To optimize wheat folate enhancement, codon-optimized Gm8gGCHI and tomato LeADCS genes under the control of a wheat endosperm-specific glutenin promoter (1Dx5) were co-transformed. This yielded a 5.6-fold increase in folate in transgenic wheat grains (Gm8gGCHI+/LeADCS+). This two-gene co-expression strategy therefore has the potential to greatly enhance folate levels in maize and wheat, thus improving their nutritional value.
- Published
- 2019
47. The mitochondrial pentatricopeptide repeat protein EMP12 is involved in the splicing of three nad2 introns and seed development in maize
- Author
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Xiaojie Li, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yong Wang, Xin Zhang, Zhihui Xiu, Feng Sun, Yan-Zhuo Yang, Ruicheng Jiang, Bao-Cai Tan, and Yiwei Liu
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Mitochondrial DNA ,Alternative oxidase ,RNA splicing ,Physiology ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Mitochondrion ,maize ,Zea mays ,PPR ,01 natural sciences ,Mitochondrial Proteins ,03 medical and health sciences ,mitochondrion ,Gene ,Plant Proteins ,Intron ,food and beverages ,RNA ,Research Papers ,Endosperm ,Introns ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,Seeds ,Pentatricopeptide repeat ,Growth and Development ,EMP12 ,seed development ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The mitochondrial PPR protein EMP12 is required for the splicing of cis- and trans-introns of nad2, complex I biogenesis, and seed development in maize., Plant mitochondrial genes contain cis- and trans-group II introns that must be spliced before translation. The mechanism by which these introns are spliced is not well understood. Several families of proteins have been implicated in the intron splicing, of which the pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are proposed to confer the substrate binding specificity. However, very few PPRs are characterized. Here, we report the function of a P-type PPR protein, EMP12, and its role in seed development. EMP12 is targeted to mitochondria. Loss-of-function mutation in Emp12 severely arrests embryo and endosperm development, causing embryo lethality. The trans-splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 2 and cis-splicing of nad2 intron 4 are abolished, whereas the cis-splicing of nad2 intron 1 is reduced in emp12 mutants. As a result, complex I assembly is disrupted, and its activity is strongly reduced in the mutants. The expression of the alternative oxidase and several components of other mitochondrial complexes is increased, possibly in response to the defective complex I. These results suggest that Emp12 is required for the trans-splicing of nad2 intron 2 and cis-splicing of nad2 introns 1 and 4, and is important to complex I biogenesis, and embryogenesis and endosperm development in maize.
- Published
- 2018
48. Bundle sheath chloroplast volume can house sufficient Rubisco to avoid limiting C4 photosynthesis during chilling
- Author
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Stephen P. Long, Charles P. Pignon, Colin P. Osborne, and Marjorie R. Lundgren
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,chilling tolerance ,C4 photosynthesis ,Chloroplasts ,Physiology ,Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase ,Alloteropsis ,Plant Science ,Miscanthus ,Photosynthesis ,confocal microscopy ,maize ,Poaceae ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Zea mays ,Saccharum officinarum ,chloroplast ,sugarcane ,Botany ,biology ,Chemistry ,RuBisCO ,cold tolerance ,biology.organism_classification ,Vascular bundle ,Photosynthetic capacity ,Research Papers ,Saccharum ,Chloroplast ,Cold Temperature ,Plant Leaves ,Plant—Environment Interactions ,bundle sheath ,biology.protein ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
The volume of bundle sheath chloroplasts available for Rubisco investment in the leaves of four C4 grasses could potentially support much greater photosynthetic activity than is typically observed, even at chilling temperature., C4 leaves confine Rubisco to bundle sheath cells. Thus, the size of bundle sheath compartments and the total volume of chloroplasts within them limit the space available for Rubisco. Rubisco activity limits photosynthesis at low temperatures. C3 plants counter this limitation by increasing leaf Rubisco content, yet few C4 species do the same. Because C3 plants usually outperform C4 plants in chilling environments, it has been suggested that there is insufficient chloroplast volume available in the bundle sheath of C4 leaves to allow such an increase in Rubisco at low temperatures. We investigated this potential limitation by measuring bundle sheath and mesophyll compartment volumes and chloroplast contents, as well as leaf thickness and inter-veinal distance, in three C4 Andropogoneae grasses: two crops (Zea mays and Saccharum officinarum) and a wild, chilling-tolerant grass (Miscanthus × giganteus). A wild C4 Paniceae grass (Alloteropsis semialata) was also included. Despite significant structural differences between species, there was no evidence of increased bundle sheath chloroplast volume per leaf area available to the chilling-tolerant species, relative to the chilling-sensitive ones. Maximal theoretical photosynthetic capacity of the leaf far exceeded the photosynthetic rates achieved even at low temperatures. C4 bundle sheath cells therefore have the chloroplast volume to house sufficient Rubisco to avoid limiting C4 photosynthesis during chilling.
- Published
- 2018
49. A genomic region harboring the Pl1 allele from the Peruvian cultivar JC072A confers purple cob on Japanese flint corn (Zea mays L.)
- Author
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Yonemaru, Jun-ichi, Miki, Kazuyoshi, Choi, Sunhee, Kiyosawa, Atsushi, and Goto, Kazumi
- Subjects
Peruvian cultivar ,purple plant 1 (Pl1) ,QTL analysis ,fungi ,anthocyanin pigmentation ,food and beverages ,maize ,Research Paper ,Japanese flint cultivar - Abstract
Purple corn is a maize variety (Zea mays L.) with high anthocyanin content. When purple corn is used as forage, its anthocyanins may mitigate oxidative stresses causing lower milk production in dairy cows. In this study, we analyzed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anthocyanin pigmentation of maize organs in an F2 population derived from a cross between the Peruvian cultivar ‘JC072A’ (purple) and the inbred line ‘Ki68’ (yellowish) belonged to Japanese flint. We detected 17 significant QTLs on chromosomes 1–3, 6, and 10. Because the cob accounts for most of the fresh weight of the plant ear, we focused on a significant QTL for purple cob on chromosome 6. This QTL also conferred pigmentation of anther, spikelet, leaf sheath, culm, and bract leaf, and was confirmed by using two F3 populations. The gene Pl1 (purple plant 1) is the most likely candidate gene in this QTL region because the amino acid sequence encoded by Pl1-JC072A is similar to that of an Andean allele, Pl-bol3, which is responsible for anthocyanin production. The markers designed for the Pl1 alleles will be useful for the breeding of F1 lines with anthocyanin pigmentation in cobs.
- Published
- 2018
50. Exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins and linear growth of children in rural Ethiopia : A longitudinal study
- Author
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Anastasia Karakitsou, Tefera Belachew, Masresha Tessema, Arnau Vidal Corominas, Barbara J. Stoecker, Marthe De Boevre, Nilupa S. Gunaratna, Edith J. M. Feskens, Hugo De Groote, and Inge D. Brouwer
- Subjects
Aflatoxin ,Longitudinal study ,Veterinary medicine ,CHILDHOOD ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aflatoxins ,Serum biomarkers ,Fumonisin ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,BENIN ,Longitudinal Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Intervention trial ,IMPAIRED GROWTH ,Child ,Sensory Science and Eating Behaviour ,Human Nutrition & Health ,Linear growth ,FOODS ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,Humane Voeding & Gezondheid ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,HEALTH ,Research Paper ,TOXICOLOGY ,BIOMARKERS ,Food Contamination ,Themed Section: Maternal and child nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa ,Biology ,Fumonisins ,Linear Growth Failure ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Humans ,Protein status ,VLAG ,Global Nutrition ,Inflammation ,Wereldvoeding ,CONSEQUENCES ,MYCOTOXINS ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Rural ethiopia ,Sensoriek en eetgedrag ,chemistry ,Ethiopia ,MAIZE - Abstract
Objective:We hypothesise that exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins, measured in serum, alters protein synthesis, reducing serum protein and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), increasing inflammation and infection, leading to child’s linear growth failure.Design:Children 6–35 months, stratified by baseline stunting, were subsampled from an intervention trial on quality protein maize consumption and evaluated at two time-points.Setting:Blood samples and anthropometric data were collected in the pre-harvest (August–September 2015) and post-harvest (February 2016) seasons in rural Ethiopia.Participants:102 children (50 stunted and 52 non-stunted).Results:Proportions of children exposed to aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2 and aflatoxin M1 were higher in the pre-harvest (8, 33 and 7, respectively) compared to post-harvest season (4, 28 and 4, respectively). The proportion of children exposed to any aflatoxin was higher in the pre-harvest than post-harvest season (51 % v. 41 %). Fumonisin exposure ranged from 0 % to 11 %. In joint statistical tests, aflatoxin exposure was associated with serum biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, α-1-glycoprotein) and protein status (transthyretin, lysine, tryptophan), IGF-1 and linear growth (all P < 0·01). However, exposure to specific aflatoxins was not significantly associated with any biomarkers or outcomes (all P > 0·05).Conclusions:Aflatoxin exposure among rural Ethiopian children was high, with large variation between seasons and individual aflatoxins. Fumonisin exposure was low. There was no clear association between aflatoxin exposure and protein status, inflammation or linear growth. A larger study may be needed to examine the potential biological interactions, and the assessment of aflatoxins in food is needed to determine sources of high exposure.
- Published
- 2021
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