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Texture is a fundamental soil property for multiple applications in environmental and earth sciences. Knowing its spatial distribution allows for a better understanding of the response of soil conditions to changes in the environment, such as land use. This paper describes the technical development of Colombia's first texture maps, obtained via spatial ensemble of national and global digital soil mapping products. This work compiles a new database with 4203 soil profiles, which were harmonized at five standard depths (5, 15, 30, 60, and 100 cm) and standardized with additive log-ratio (ALR) transformation. A stack with 83 covariates was developed, including both quantitative and qualitative covariates, and harmonized at 1 square kilometer of spatial resolution. The top explanatory covariates were selected for each transformation in all standard depths through a recursive feature elimination. Ensemble Machine Learning (EML) algorithms (MACHISPLIN and landmap) were trained to predict the distribution of soil particle fractions (SPF) (clay, sand, and silt), and a comparison with SoilGrids (SG) products was performed. Finally, a spatial ensemble function was created, which identified the fewest prediction errors between EML and SG, then selected the better of these algorithms for each pixel and standard depth. The results of EML algorithms show that the accuracy of MACHISPLIN and landmap were very similar in the SPF at each standard depth, and both were more accurate than SG. The amount of variance explained (AVE) was between 0.12 and 0.35 for EML, and -0.17 and -0.01 for SG; the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was between 0.32 and 0.54 for EML, and 0.04 and 0.16 for SG. The best EML performance was found for the two superficial layers (5 and 15 cm). The accuracy of the spatial ensemble was higher compared to the other algorithms at all standard depths, but the largest improvement was found at the first layer, where AVE values increased between 0.04 and 0.13, and CCC values between 0.04 and 0.10. EML predictions were frequently selected for each PSF and depth in the total area; however, SG predictions were better when increasing soil depth in some specific regions such as Orinoquía and Amazonía. The final error distribution in the study area showed that sand fraction presented higher absolute error values than clay and silt fractions, specifically in eastern Colombia. The spatial distribution of soil texture in Colombia is a potential tool to provide information for water related applications, ecosystem services and agricultural and crop modeling. However, some aspects must be attended in future efforts to accurately map soil texture; for example, the treatment of abrupt changes in the texture between depths, unbalanced data, and compositional data consistency in spatial ensemble products. Our results and the compiled database (Varón-Ramírez and Araujo-Carrillo, 2021; Varón-Ramírez et al., 2021) provide new insights to solve some of the aforementioned issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite efforts to extend Universal Health Coverage in Colombia, rural and remote populations still face significant challenges in accessing equitable health services. Social innovation has been growing in Colombia as a creative response to the country's social problems including access to healthcare. This paper presents the findings of a social innovation case study, which was implemented in the rural area of Sumapaz in Colombia, with the purpose of holistically addressing the health needs of the local population and enhancing health service access. Methods: A case study methodology was used to investigate and understand the process by which the Model of Integral Health Care for Rural Areas was developed and how the various strategies were defined and implemented. Qualitative methods were used in the data collection and all data was analysed using Farmer et al. staged framework on grassroots social innovation which includes growing the idea; implementing the idea; sustainability and diffusion. Results: The social innovation model was designed as a co-learning process based on community participation. The model was implemented adopting a holistic health approach and considerate of the conditions of a rural context. As a result of this process, access to quality health services were enhanced for the vulnerable rural community. The model has also provided outcomes that transcend health and contribute to individual and community development in different areas eg. agriculture. Conclusion: The Model of Integral Health Care for Rural Areas is a social innovation in health that demonstrates how Universal Health Coverage can be achieved for vulnerable populations through a series of creative strategies which fill systemic voids in access and co-ordination of care, as well as in addresings upstream environmental factors responsible for ill-health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a nonlinear fractional-order chikungunya disease model that incorporates asymptomatic infectious individuals is proposed and analyzed. The main interest of this work is to investigate the role of memory effects on the dynamics of chikungunya. Qualitative analysis of the model's equilibria showed that there exists a threshold quantity which governs persistence and extinction of the disease. Model parameters were estimated based on the 2015 weekly reported cases in Colombia. The Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method was used to numerically solve the proposed model. We investigated the role of asymptomatic infectious patients on short- and long-term dynamics of the diseases. We also determined threshold levels for the efficacy of preventative strategies that results in effective management of the disease. We believe that our model can provide invaluable insights for public health authorities to predict the effect of chikungunya transmission and analyze its underlying factors and to guide new control efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has disrupted long-standing educational practices. In Colombia, online learning depends on academic and non-academic factors, and this dependence makes e-learning even more difficult. This paper aimed to study the students' viewpoint of Anatomy teaching at Universidad del Norte, Colombia, during the Covid-19 pandemic. One hundred sixteen students answered a questionnaire about their opinions on several topics related to online learning of Anatomy. The strongest correlation observed showed that the students agree that online anatomy classes make the subject more difficult to learn when compared to face-to-face lectures. Negative attitudes toward motivation, lack of personal contact with classmates, and complaints about being taught without laboratory sessions with cadavers were among the principal negative attitudes in students. After almost one year, motivation to participate in online classes went down; however, students improved their judgment about remote anatomy learning and their views about using authentic anatomy images during online sessions and substituting real anatomy images for apps. Anatomy sessions will have to adapt their learning tools to e-learning as time constraints allow, creating a new environment for students to participate, learn, and take advantage of this change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colombian government presented to Congress, the National Development Plan (PND) 2018-2022 "Pact for Colombia, Pact for Equity," which was approved by Law 1955 of 2019. The reflections and proposals included in this paper refer to the main components of the PND, the reforms proposed, the Multi-Annual Program of Investments that accompanies it, as well as to its apparent omissions. The paper does not intend to cover all the topics in the PND. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the changes in real hourly wages in Colombia along the recovery phase from March 2009 to March 2014. The research starts from the fact that the distribution of wages at trough looks like translations to the left of recovery distribution. This paper sheds light on those procyclical translations through a sequential decomposition on the change of wages in 1) cyclical demand and supply factors; 2) changes in the workers' attributes; 3) changes and spillover effects of the minimum wage, and 4) residual. As the literature suggests, this paper confirms that real hourly wages procyclicality is associated, mainly, with shifts on labor demand and supply factors, and to skills updating --usually linked to the wage distribution secular trend. As a novelty, evidence suggests that there is a positive spillover from monthly minimum wage on hourly wages, explaining 25% of the divergence between distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the profile required by a chief risk officer (CRO) in large companies in Colombia, based on knowledge of the traits, skills, aptitudes and knowledge that are necessary to achieve adequate performance, so that it contributes the achievement of objectives. The study is carried out under a qualitative methodology of descriptive scope. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with risk managers of large Colombian companies in different sectors, and experts. In the results found it can be evidenced the importance to the chief risk officer and as well as to develop their profile both in technical aspects and in the soft skills they require. This is due to the fact that from their performance they add value to the company with their expertise and provide a prospective vision on the risk situations to which they may be exposed. This paper contributes to the knowledge about CRO that requires further academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present preliminary results from the field program Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC), with measurements during August and September of 2019 using the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream V over the tropical East Pacific and Southwest Caribbean. We found that active convection in this region has predominantly bottom‐heavy vertical mass fluxes, while decaying systems exhibit top‐heavy fluxes characteristic of stratiform rain regions. As in other regions that have been studied, a strong anti‐correlation exists between the low to mid‐level moist convective instability and the column relative humidity or saturation fraction. Finally, the characteristics of convection as a function of latitude differ greatly between the Southwest Caribbean and Colombian Pacific coast on one hand, and the intertropical convergence zone to the west. In particular, the strongest convection in the former is to the south, while it is to the north in the latter, in spite of similar latitudinal sea surface temperature distributions. Plain Language Summary: Understanding and modeling the physics of tropical atmospheric convection still poses a big challenge. Things are complicated over the tropical oceans because there is no easy way to gather data. Field projects such as the one presented in this paper, Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC2019) are of great importance to our scientific community for this reason. During OTREC, 22 research flights were performed over East Pacific and Southwest Caribbean gathering data from 13 km to surface. This paper presents early results that will help us understand the physics of convection and improve our weather and climate models. Key Points: Thermodynamic parameters instability index and saturation fraction show anti‐correlation, as explained by moisture quasi‐equilibrium theoryVertical mass flux profiles are generally bottom heavy for developing convection and top heavy for decaying convectionStrong differences exist between convection in the East Pacific ITCZ and in the Caribbean and Pacific coast of Colombia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper analyses the success factors and barriers of sustainable continuous improvement practices in terms of company's maturity level. The key factors are necessary to establish strategies that reduce the risk of improvement failure and increase the company's maturity level. Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents a multi-case analysis of the success factors in the implementation of continuous improvement. This lead to comparison between the factors identified from the literature review and the practice of the continuous improvement programs in four large successful companies located in Bogota, Colombia applying Bessant's maturity model. Findings: The results identified five success factors and three barriers that companies should consider while implementing sustainable continuous improvement programs. The key success factors are availability of resources; management commitment; employee participation in improvement task identification; clear and realistic objectives; and, finally, existence of a leader. The major barriers are lack of alignment between organizational and continuous improvement objectives; lack of motivation in the team; and, resistance to change. The results confirm that, in spite the high maturity, it is necessary to align the organizational and continuous improvement objectives. Research limitations/implications: Since this research is a multi-case study, it is limited in terms of results generalizability for companies of different sizes, sectors and context. The academic and practical contribution of this paper is providing a better understanding of sustainable continuous improvement practices in Latin-American emerging economies. Originality/value: The present research provides an integral analysis of the key success factors, the barriers, the level of maturity and the behaviours that the companies should implement to achieve the sustainability of continuous improvement in emerging economies such as Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to estimate the impact of price and oil production shocks on macroeconomic variables such as public debt, real exchange rate, and Colombian economic activity. This country depends to a large extent on oil exports, which could lead to different obstacles in macroeconomic management when prices and oil production record fluctuations. The paper first describes the importance of oil in Colombia, which went from being a completely-importing country in 1976 to an oil-exporting economy in 1986. The empirical analysis uses a time-varying vector autoregressive methodology, which assumes that the relation between prices and oil production with macroeconomic variables changes dynamically. The results confirm that there are different stochastic volatility patterns of the variables included in the model. According to the impulse response functions, positive oil price shocks did not cause significant effects on the real exchange rate or on government debt. However, the negative price shock in 2015 led to a real depreciation and an increase in public debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015 the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) initiated a 4-yr study, the Second Wind Forecast Improvement Project (WFIP2), to improve the representation of boundary layer physics and related processes in mesoscale models for better treatment of scales applicable to wind and wind power forecasts. This goal challenges numerical weather prediction (NWP) models in complex terrain in large part because of inherent assumptions underlying their boundary layer parameterizations. The WFIP2 effort involved the wind industry, universities, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the DOE's national laboratories in an integrated observational and modeling study. Observations spanned 18 months to assure a full annual cycle of continuously recorded observations from remote sensing and in situ measurement systems. The study area comprised the Columbia basin of eastern Washington and Oregon, containing more than 6 GW of installed wind capacity. Nests of observational systems captured important atmospheric scales from mesoscale to NWP subgrid scale. Model improvements targeted NOAA's High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model to facilitate transfer of improvements to National Weather Service (NWS) operational forecast models, and these modifications have already yielded quantitative improvements for the short-term operational forecasts. This paper describes the general WFIP2 scope and objectives, the particular scientific challenges of improving wind forecasts in complex terrain, early successes of the project, and an integrated approach to archiving observations and model output. It provides an introduction for a set of more detailed BAMS papers addressing WFIP2 observational science, modeling challenges and solutions, incorporation of forecasting uncertainty into decision support tools for the wind industry, and advances in coupling improved mesoscale models to microscale models that can represent interactions between wind plants and the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This theoretical work addresses the maturity models related to innovation processes that can be applied in critical industries such as the aerospace-defense sector in Colombia. It responds to the need to articulate the local industry, technical and innovation capabilities, regulatory aspects, scalability and the observed market. It proposes a model to measure an innovation process's readiness level in these sectors, applicable to decision-making processes, development centers, and the country's leading sectors. It offers a theoretical basis and a tool to be applied in the decision-making process to help minimize the inherent risks to the innovation process in the sector. The method used was mixed; first, a review of the state-of-the-art and a scientometric analysis was carried out to determine factors subsequently validated by experts, which gave rise to variables with a high degree of relevance in generating innovative products or services. These were modeled through structural equations considering variables covering the innovation cycle, considering market, industry, and technology criteria, which minimize risk until integrating the absorption of the innovative product. Finally, the model was refined through exercises with experts related to the sector from academia, industry, research centers, innovation and the end user of the innovation products. The paper proposes a theoretical measuring model of technological maturity of innovation and a flow chart that could serve as a tool for measuring technological readiness. The model could be a tool for an organization's decision-making, as it visualizes technology, market and regulation as critical factors in the innovation cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of foreign exchange (FX) communications on FX markets in Colombia and Mexico. Our estimations follow the calendar-time portfolio approach using daily data between 2000 and 2019 on exchange rates and known risk factors. We find an asymmetric effect of such communications: while there is strong evidence indicating that communications aimed at weakening the local currency affect the exchange rate level in the intended direction, there is no evidence of impact when examining communications intended to strengthen it. These results are consistent with fear of appreciation and with previous evidence from developed economies. • Monetary authorities use foreign exchange communications (FXC) to influence the exchange rate. • FXC in Colombia and Mexico are evaluated during the 2001-2019 period. • The calendar-time portfolio approach is used to evaluate FXC in both countries. • FXC aimed at weakening the domestic currency affect the exchange rate, while those intended to strength it have no impact. • Results are consistent with fear of appreciation and previous evidence from advanced economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of countries and regions consider the bioeconomy transition a strategic policy priority. When approached through the lens of a circular economy perspective, investments in bioeconomy have the potential to enhance resource utilisation efficiency, preserve biodiversity and ecosystems, and foster sustainable development with low emissions. At the same time, if requirements and contextual factors of bioeconomy strategies are not formally analysed, bioeconomic investments might lead to unintended negative consequences. This paper proposes a decision support procedure to design, assess, prioritise, and monitor bioeconomy investments and policies. The flexibility and scalability of our decision support procedure is tested in Colombia to foster a regional and local transition to bioeconomy initiatives that consider the local capital assets and the stakeholders' views. The heterogeneous character of the Colombian environment, economy, society and culture represents an ideal condition to test the strength of the decision support procedure to promote bioeconomy in low and middle-income countries. Our empirical results highlight the benefit of adopting a formal assessment framework that includes strategic national indicators, regional features and stakeholders' views. In terms of the Colombian regional bioeconomy ambitions, we highlight the need for expanding knowledge hubs and participatory stakeholder networks and buttressing appropriate financial mechanisms. • Bioeconomy transition needs to be framed in an extended circular economy framework. • Bioeconomy strategies need to consider local context and stakeholders' engagement. • Scalable and replicable decision support procedures should guide bioeconomy implementations. • Balance sheet approach inform all stages of bioeconomy policies and projects. • Application of the balance sheet approach in Colombia highlights diverse local priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SDG15 indicators of forest extent are complemented with those of forest quality. • Indicators include naturalness, forest structure, fragmentation, and connectivity. • High quality forests were lost faster than forest extent during 2002–2021. • Indicators of forest quality improve SDG15 reporting. The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goal 15, termed Life on Land, is monitored by indicators and sub-indicators that largely deal with forest extent. In countries with structurally complex and species-rich forests, indicators and sub-indicators of forest quality are also needed to effectively monitor and sustain ecological integrity. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the use of complementary sub-indicators of forest quality for SDG15 reporting and conservation planning. Our objective is to apply these sub-indicators within Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru and evaluate spatial patterns and trends over time as a basis for revealing how the results complement the official indicators of forest extent and forest extent in protected areas in informing conservation. The sub-indicators of forest quality quantify naturalness, riparian forest, forest structure and integrity, forest fragmentation, and forest connectivity. We quantified change during 2000–2021 in these metrics and highlighted insights gained from the complementary sub-indicators of forest quality relative to the official sub-indicators based on forest extent, Forests covered about 60–70% of the forested ecoregions in each country in 2000 and this proportion declined in all three countries by approximately 4% by 2021. Only a subset of the forested area was of high forest quality. Natural forests represented about 40% of forests in Colombian and Ecuador in 2000 and 50% in Peru. Those proportions declined: by 6.3% in Colombia, 6.5% in Ecuador, and 3.4% in Peru. Even less of the forested area was Core Forest in 2013; less than 28% among countries. During 2013–2021, the proportion of forest that was Core decreased by 2.3% in Colombia, 4.5% in Ecuador, and 6.7% in Peru. Connected Forests were about 17–22% of forests among the countries in 2013 and declined 10.4% in Colombia, 1.6% in Ecuador, and 3.8% in Peru by 2021. Forests high in forest structure were 10–18% of forests in 2012 among the countries and increased by 1.1–2% by 2021. Forests of high integrity were 7–13% of forests in 2012 and increased by1.4–2% by 2021. Riparian forests represented less than about 7–9% among the countries and declined by 0.6–1.3% by 2021. Thus, the area of highly quality forest across the countries was substantially less than full forest extent and high-quality forest declined at a higher rate than forest extent during 2000–2021. Forest structure and integrity did increase slightly over this time period. Our results for trends in forest naturalness, riparian association, within stand structure, fragmentation, and connectivity demonstrate how consideration of forest quality provides a much stronger basis for evaluating success in meeting SDG15 targets than consideration of forest extent alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the SW flank of the Doña Juana Volcanic Complex, Colombia, the dynamic geomorphic system responds to the complex interaction between volcanic, climatic, and tectonic driving forces, where the recent landscape (last ~20 years) is being shaped as a function of denudational processes. Despite the rapid rates of landforms development, the geomorphology of this area is poorly documented. To overcome the lack of information we mapped the area using a GeoSAR DEM and an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle based DEM. This paper presents two maps, a 1:25,000 scale map and a 1:5,000 detailed map of landforms along the Humadal Creek. Detailed categorization of landforms (at 1:5,000) allowed us to identify geomorphic processes in the village of Las Mesas and rural areas that triggered hazards for the communities. The morphologic evolution interpretation of this volcanic tropical area serves as a tool for future geohazard assessment in inhabited areas with important information gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a dialectological and ethnographic approach, this study describes and analyzes a number of cultural stereotypes held by the Colombian peasantry regarding witchcraft. Based on the Atlas lingüístico etnográfico de Colombia (1954-1983), this paper contrasts the linguistic materials of sound archives and linguistic maps. It makes use of the concept of ethnotexts to delve into the discursive logic of oral sources on popular culture and cultural stereotypes to discuss various peasant experiences and meanings of witchcraft in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water culture is determined by customs, attitudes and values, both individual and socially shared, that people adopt with respect to water. In this paper, we analyse the water culture transmitted in 20 Spanish and Colombian textbooks designed for students aged 14-15 years old. To this end, a taxonomic instrument was developed based on the differences between the New Water Culture and the traditional one. This instrument was useful in characterising the Teaching-Learning Units identified in the textbooks. The results indicate a high dispersion in the cultural image of water in both Spanish and Colombian textbooks, although overall there is a timid tendency towards the more traditional culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the credibility of monetary policy in Colombia and its evolution after the adoption of the inflation targeting system. To do so, a non-linear Phillips curve is estimated based on unemployment for an open economy, which incorporates the direct effect of past inflation rate on price formation and a prospective component. It shows a deeper trade-off between inflation and unemployment and lower inflationary persistence. Consequently, the country could emphasize the greater responsibility of the central bank in economic growth and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the relationship of the perception of corruption and lack of transparency with voting preferences and protests. It examines the case of Colombia using data from the 2015 Latinobarómetro Survey and a multinomial logistic model that assumes a simultaneous choice of participation type (or a combination of types), which allows us to establish whether the preference for protest substitutes or complements the preference for voting. A positive relationship was found between the perception of corruption and lack of transparency with the preference to protest in addition to voting. If citizens perceive greater corruption or doubt government transparency, they are more willing to participate in demonstrations, without reducing their support for electoral participation. This suggests that there is a general acceptance of formal democratic participation despite the shortcomings of the political regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper examines the arguments of the Constitutional Court of Colombia in a sentence declaring that Pentecostalism represents a threat to indigenous cultures and to the country’s cultural diversity. The sentence was issued in 1998, a few years after the political Constitution (1991) declared that Colombia is a pluralist nation that protects the cultural diversity of the country and the right to religious freedom. Methodology: A qualitative and hermeneutical study of the sentence was implemented to understand the arguments presented by the Court. Subsequently, a critical analysis of those arguments was carried out, questioning the pluralist presuppositions related to key categories such as “indigenous cultures,” “religion,” and “diversity.” Conclusions: The pluralist institution has been unable to recognize the dynamic and manifold realities of lived religion, as well as the problems related to the double marginalization of a religious minority within an ethnic minority. Furthermore, the pluralist imperative to protect cultural diversity places limits upon alterity and promotes new forms of exclusion. Originality: The jurisprudence under scrutiny is not studied in its legal or ethical dimensions—as it has been done in the past—but as the implementation of a pluralist ideology grounded in a certain worldview. Thus, pluralism is critically examined in its ontological, axiological, epistemological, and praxeological principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper aims to analyze the academic perspectives with which the concept of sustainability has been approached in the fields of administration and organizational studies. Methodologically, it consists of a review of 130 documents published in 22 scientific journals recognized by Publindex-Minciencias in the organizational field and related disciplines in Colombia, focusing on the period 2010-2020. As a result, 28 thematic categories and qualitative analyses of the conceptual perspectives that underlie them are presented. It was identified that these concepts are used indiscriminately in the literature and that three thematic approaches coexist: 1) sustainability as a strategy for economic durability, 2) sustainability as a conscious economic developmental perspective and 3) sustainability as a sociocultural and political project of universal transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Estimate an optimal policy for the blood platelets supply chain distribution problem using a vendor-managed inventory problems approach. Methods and materials: This paper uses an integrated simulation-based optimization model to develop a Vendor- Managed Inventory approach for blood platelets. Simulation is used to estimate the performance of a defined inventory policy. On the other hand, a genetic algorithm finds optimal or near-optimal inventory policies. This approach is evaluated using a case study inspired by a real blood center in Colombia. Results and discussion: Using the proposed approach, key indicators in the blood supply chain such as total cost and outdated units are significantly improved while maintaining the service level. In terms of costs, the VMI model shows a 19.19% advantage over the non-VMI solution. Moreover, the proposed VMI solution can reduce by 42.25% the number of expired platelets. Conclusions: Using a VMI-based distribution system and a simulation-based optimization approach with genetic algorithms offers promising results in the proposed use case. This mixed methodology allows for flexible system configurations without the need for complex changes in the algorithm, and it does so without the need for excessive computational resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thie main objective of this paper is the conceptual study and characterization of slow journalism from an academic and professional perspective. As a methodological process, a total of 76 files have been analyzed, of which 58 correspond to publications of authors from the academic world and 18 to journalism professionals. Thie publications come from the academic world on information and journalistic quality, on digital journalism and narrative journalism, as emerging journalistic routines with potential and creative dynamics in the media sector. Thie other part of the analysis corresponds to 18 professional journalism experts. Among the most outstanding results is the preeminence of the academic world when it comes to studying the phenomenon, given that among those who practice journalism there is less production of works in this regard compared to those coming from the university environment. Also in academia there is a greater profusion of denominations to refer to the phenomenon in Spanish, although both in academia and in the journalistic profession itself the most commonly used term is the Anglo-Saxon term slow journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research-creation is a methodological proposal still under construction. It is surprising how the field of communication has been inserted in this discussion, although it was the faculties of arts, architecture and design who, at least in Colombia, initiated the debate that culminated with its institutional recognition. Thiis article makes a state of the art of research-creation in the Colombian audiovisual field, based, first, on a literature review and, second, on a look at the offer of postgraduate training in the country. For the review of scientific publications, the EBSCO and SCOPUS databases were used to retrieve documents in Spanish that included the terms "research + creation". Preference was given to publications containing reflections on the method or the conceptualization of research-creation itself. The final list contemplates a corpus of 65 documents, in which the levels that define the discussion are identified: epistemological, methodological and creative. For the review of the postgraduate offerings, the database of the National System of Higher Education Information -SNIES- was used, where the postgraduate programs that declared some component or emphasis on research-creation were selected. The analysis shows the approaches registered in the identified graduate programs. In sum, this paper aims to contribute to the discussion on the place of communication in the construction of research-creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagioscion magdalenae is the most important fish resource of the El Guájaro reservoir, Colombia, and its riparian inhabitants, fundamental for subsistence fisheries in the region, which has led to its overexploitation. This paper describes and evaluates the reproductive aspects of P. magdalenae in this reservoir. Ten monthly collection samplings were made between April 2018 and January 2019, in order to cover each moment of the flood pulse. We calculated sex ratio, gonadosomatic ratio (RGS), fecundity, oocyte diameter and minimum and mean size at sexual maturity (L50). We analyzed 207 specimens and established seven size intervals; 126 individuals were males and 81 were females, with an overall sex ratio 1:1.6 (female-male). The RGS indicated that this fish has several reproductive peaks, the main ones being in July and September. Absolute fecundity was 1909 oocytes for falling water, 1590 for low water, 2435 for rising water and 2132 for high water; with an average oocyte diameter of 0.29 mm. Males matured earlier than females and their mean size at sexual maturity was below the mean catch size (30 cm), reflecting that legal regulations are well stipulated, but there is no strict control for fishing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the presence of students from the National University among the readers of the National Library during the first half of the 1870s. Although some contemporary observers considered the library to be inoperative, the institution was an active agent in the circulation of books in Bogotá: a space of student sociability and a place of university knowledge. Methodology: First, the paper examines the institutional relationship between the library and the university. Then, it characterizes the students and their readings at the library. Finally, it analyzes the recorded readings in relation to the programs of courses taught at the National University, the academic performance of students, the presentation of public speeches, and library attendance by students from regions other than Bogotá and its surroundings. Originality: In a scenario of educational reforms promoted by liberal governments during the 1870s, the National Library was described as “anachronistic” and “useless” by the agents themselves of the nineteenth century. These critical judgments have become a commonplace in historiography. The analysis of new documents, especially library reader records—an unpublished source—, enriches the field of reading appropriation and offers empirical elements that vindicate the institution’s centrality at a time of political and ideological struggles. Conclusions: The article demonstrates that young students at the National University used books from the public repository in academic spaces of professional training, which calls into question the idea of its inoperative character as well as the reasons that originated this liberal criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents preliminary results in the discursive reconfiguration of the concepts of nation and citizen within the framework of a research study that explores social representations and identities based on the circulating discourses of the educational policy of bilingualism in Colombia. The postulates of the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) allow to undertake a conceptual and methodological approach from a corpus which incorporates sections from some editions of the Altablero newspaper and from documents related to the subject of bilingualism policy that have been published online by the Colombian Ministry of Education (MEN). The paper especially analyses textual fragments that promote a socio-cultural assimilation that is discursively represented in the conception of the bilingual nation as a legitimate aspiration and a cultural asset that requires bilingual citizens as a fundamental condition of belonging and acceptance both in the projected nation and in the global community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: Colombia has experienced multiple land-cover changes derived from socio-economic policies that have reduced the high biodiversity of the country. Knowledge gap: In the Orinoquía region, the pressure to expand the agricultural frontier is increasing, without considering the importance of its natural resources. Purpose: This paper aimed to analyze the land-cover variations associated with agricultural practices, in the department of Vichada, with a special interest in vulnerable ecosystems, such as the Bita's river basin, using Geographic Information System [GIS] analysis of historical images taken by a remote sensor from the United States Geological Service [USGS] Earth Explorer portal. Methodology: Documental review and an analysis of satellite images from 1985 to 2017. Results and conclusions: The results showed that in Vichada, during a 32-year period, there was a transition from forest to cropland and pastures, in which 60% of the forest cover got lost. Moreover, areas of natural savannas were also replaced with pastures for livestock production. These land-cover changes were associated with government policies that fomented illegal occupation of land, monocultures, and nonnative plantation forests. Bita's river basin also lost a significant part of forest cover because of agribusiness development in the municipality of Puerto Carreño (Vichada). These land-cover changes have an impact on the ecological integrity of significant ecosystems and in their functionality in the region, that is why, conservation measures must be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic growth is not always related to social welfare. Therefore, this paper takes the case of the Colombian economy that has a strong dependence on commodity exploitation to identify the impacts of different commodities such as oil, coffee, coal, and nickel over economic variables. The results show that the increase in prices of commodities generates significant impacts on economic activity in variables such as GDP and investment. Also, there are no significant impacts on variables that provide welfare to individuals as total consumption or the unemployment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm interspecific hybrids Elaeis oleífera × Elaeis guineensis (O × G) are grown across approximately 68,000 hectares in Colombia. To address the limited natural pollination capacity of O × G hybrids and the difficulties associated with assisted pollination regarding the timing of E. guineensis pollen application, the Colombian Oil Palm Research Center (Cenipalma) conducted studies on induction of parthenocarpic fruits. Cenipalma confirmed that application of 1,200 ppm of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at different phenological stages enabled the formation of parthenocarpic fruits. This technological advance was termed artificial pollination. This paper presents the results from a research study aimed at assessing the labor productivity for two methods of NAA application (NAA in solid mixture and NAA in liquid suspension). From a methodological standpoint, a time and motion study was conducted to assess labor productivity for each NAA application method, with time data collected using the software Cybertracker on a mobile platform (smartphone). The results indicated that a worker can cover 3.9 hectares in a working day and sprinkle 303 inflorescences in a working day when applying NAA in solid mixture. On the other hand, when applying NAA in liquid suspension, the worker can cover 3.2 hectares and sprinkle 315 inflorescences (i.e. in a working day). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze and reflect on the current crisis of multilateralism and its general principles of conduct --ideas, discourses and practices-- which may represent a scenario of opportunities and threats to respond to the complexity of the world drug problem and the crisis of its dominant paradigm whose strategy, primarily military, represents an anachronistic worldview regarding security reduced to the prohibitionist approach. Likewise, there are debates on the dominant development paradigm, built on global agreements and their general principles of conduct --ideas-- that have determined and constrained a multidimensional approach in the case of Colombia and Peru. In this way, the worldview has been determined by the dialectical vision of the internal world --harmony-- and external --anarchy-- according to the rationalist approaches which, from the critique of reflective approaches in International Relations, poses more than an explanation (causality), the understanding (interpretation) and coconstitution of reality and current phenomena, such as the world drug problem and development for the consolidation of alternative paradigms in Colombia and Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides evidence of the importance of liquidity constraints in a tuition-free post-secondary education setting in Colombia. We exploit exogenous variation in the relative cost of tuition-free vocational education from a nationwide cash transfer program. We show that eligibility for a USD 136 grant every other month increases enrollment by up to 12 percentage points. We also show that men with larger returns to education are more affected by the availability of grants, which is consistent with the presence of liquidity constraints. However, we do not find the same for women. This paper highlights the importance of non-tuition costs and discusses whether individuals under-invest in their human capital when free education is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In Colombia, organochloride, organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides are broadly used to control Aedes aegypti populations. However, Colombian mosquito populations have shown variability in their susceptibility profiles to these insecticides, with some expressing high resistance levels. Materials and methods: In this study, we analyzed the susceptibility status of ten Colombian field populations of Ae. aegypti to two pyrethroids; permethrin (type-I pyrethroid) and lambda-cyhalothrin (type-II pyrethroid). In addition, we evaluated if mosquitoes pressured with increasing lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations during some filial generations exhibited altered allelic frequency of these kdr mutations and the activity levels of some metabolic enzymes. Results: Mosquitoes from all field populations showed resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin. We found that resistance profiles could only be partially explained by kdr mutations and altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that other yet unknown mechanisms could be involved. The molecular and biochemical analyses of the most pyrethroid-resistant mosquito population (Acacías) indicated that kdr mutations and altered metabolic enzyme activity are involved in the resistance phenotype expression. Conclusions: In this context, we propose genetic surveillance of the mosquito populations to monitor the emergence of resistance as an excellent initiative to improve mosquito-borne disease control measures. Author summary: The main method of preventing Aedes-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya is by targeting the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, with insecticides. However, the success of these vector control strategies is jeopardized by the widespread development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti are still not well understood, resulting in limited resistance mitigation and management strategies. In this paper, we found that resistance to some pyrethroid insecticides in different Colombian cities is associated with three allelic substitutions V419L, V1016I, and F1534C, on the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, known as kdr ('knock-down resistance') mutations, with all three mutations present in mosquitoes resistant to pyrethroids. The data also showed that kdr mutations are important in conferring low resistance levels, but after around 10-fold intensity, the allele frequencies don't change, indicating that other mechanisms contribute to the resistance. Thus, we found that mosquitoes under selective pressure with insecticides present also altered enzymatic activities such as esterases and mixed-function oxidases, indicating that kdr mutations and metabolic enzymes are involved in the resistance expression. The findings on the extent of insecticide resistance and the molecular mechanisms underpinning the problem will impact the surveillance, selection, and rational use of insecticides by local health authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Perry disease (or Perry syndrome) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by parkinsonism, neuropsychiatric symptoms, central hypoventilation, weight loss and distinct TDP‐43 pathology. It is caused by mutations of the DCTN1 gene encoding an essential component of axonal transport. The objectives were to provide the current state of knowledge on clinical, pathological and genetic aspects of Perry disease, as well as practical suggestions for the management of the disease. Methods: Data on new patients from New Zealand, Poland and Colombia were collected, including autopsy report. Also all of the published papers since the original work by Perry in 1975 were gathered and analyzed. Results: Parkinsonism was symmetrical, progressed rapidly and was poorly responsive to L‐Dopa; nonetheless, a trial with high doses of L‐Dopa is warranted. Depression was severe, associated with suicidal ideations, and benefited from antidepressants and L‐Dopa. Respiratory symptoms were the leading cause of death, and artificial ventilation or a diaphragm pacemaker prolonged survival. Weight loss occurred in most patients and was of multifactorial etiology. Autonomic dysfunction was frequent but underdiagnosed. There was a clinical overlap with other neurodegenerative disorders. An autopsy showed distinctive pallidonigral degeneration with TDP‐43 pathology. Genetic testing provided evidence of a common founder for two families. There was striking phenotypic variability in DCTN1‐related disorders. It is hypothesized that oligogenic or polygenic inheritance is at play. Conclusions: Perry disease and other DCTN1‐related diseases are increasingly diagnosed worldwide. Relatively effective symptomatic treatments are available. Further studies are needed to pave the way toward curative/gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the Venezuelan migratory crisis, recent opinion polls show an increase in discriminatory or xenophobic attitudes towards the Venezuelan population in Colombia. This paper presents an adjusted conceptual framework to understand the Venezuelan migrant crisis without appealing to the traditional concepts of race or language. Using a qualitative approach, we also study migrants' perceptions of discrimination, in their interaction with host communities and the Colombian state. Evidence suggests that while Venezuelan migrants interviewed do not express suffering direct discrimination generally, they or their fellow conational constantly encounter indirect discrimination. This type of discrimination is highly mediated by social status and economic resources and is observed when interacting with the state or by stereotypes pushed forward by the media. Simply put, this means that apparently neutral norms or processes, involve more difficulties for Venezuelans simply because they are Venezuelan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research shows that irregular immigration can worsen perceptions of security. However, the real effect of irregular immigration on crime rates remains unknown. In this paper, we analyze the effect of irregular immigration inflows on crime in the recipient country. For this, we build a dataset of Venezuelan irregular immigration in Colombia and crime rates at municipal level between 2016 and 2018. Our specification is based on an IV strategy using the exogenous variation in distance to the borderline as an instrument for immigration. We find that the immigration shock caused a slight increase in two types of theft in the short run and no significative changes in violent crime. These results are robust when using different instrumental variables, applying special autocorrelation corrections, and including controls for police capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of education, age, access to ICTs and physical and financial assets, as well as other personal and socioeconomic characteristics on the probability of being a formal or informal own-account worker. In order to achieve this purpose, information will be used at the urban level for the twenty-one main cities in Colombia from the Great Integrated Household Survey 2010 (GISH), by the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) and the Colombian Longitudinal Survey of the University of the Andes 2013 (CLS). Based on these data, models that have a qualitative binomial and multinomial dependent variable are employed, correcting for selection bias. As main results, it was found that physical assets and access to credit have a positive marginal effect on the probability of being an own-account worker. On the other hand, the marginal effect of education was negative; the lower the educational level, the greater the probability of self-employment, especially regarding the informal work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper characterizes the labor market of youth in Colombia from 2008 to 2017. We estimate labor market indicators for individuals aged between 14 and 28 years using microdata from Colombia's household surveys over the study period. Our estimates document the main patterns and trends in the labor market of youth in labor force participation, employment, unemployment, informality, and earnings. We compare these statistics with the same indicators of adults (individuals aged between 29 and 65 years), and explore differences in characteristics within youth such as gender, region, educational attainment, socioeconomic status (SES), and experience. Results indicate that participation rate of young Colombians have increased in recent years, but are mainly employed in low-quality jobs namely unsalaried and informal. We also document marked inequalities in labor market outcomes across youth characteristics. We provide a series of recommendations to guide future youth labor policy based on these estimates as well as the critical analysis of recent youth policies in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miocene deposits of South America have yielded several species-rich assemblages of caviomorph rodents. They are mostly situated at high and mid- latitudes of the continent, except for the exceptional Honda Group of La Venta, Colombia, the faunal composition of which allowed to describe the late middle Miocene Laventan South American Land Mammal Age (SALMA). In this paper, we describe a new caviomorph assemblage from TAR-31 locality, recently discovered near Tarapoto in Peruvian Amazonia (San Martín Department). Based on mammalian biostratigraphy, this single-phased locality is unambiguously considered to fall within the Laventan SALMA. TAR-31 yielded rodent species found in La Venta, such as the octodontoid Ricardomys longidens Walton, 1990 (nom. nud.), the chinchilloids Microscleromys paradoxalis Walton, 1990 (nom. nud.) and M. cribriphilus Walton, 1990 (nom. nud.), or closely-related taxa. Given these strong taxonomic affinities, we further seize the opportunity to review the rodent dental material from La Venta described in the Ph.D. volume of Walton in 1990 but referred to as nomina nuda. Here we validate the recognition of these former taxa and provide their formal description. TAR-31 documents nine distinct rodent species documenting the four extant superfamilies of Caviomorpha, including a new erethizontoid: Nuyuyomys chinqaska gen. et sp. nov. These fossils document the most diverse caviomorph fauna for the middle Miocene interval of Peruvian Amazonia to date. This rodent discovery from Peru extends the geographical ranges of Ricardomys longidens, Microscleromys paradoxalis, and M. cribriphilus, 1,100 km to the south. Only one postcranial element of rodent was unearthed in TAR-31 (astragalus). This tiny tarsal bone most likely documents one of the two species of Microscleromys and its morphology indicates terrestrial generalist adaptations for this minute chinchilloid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifaceted 21st-century security challenges, such as terrorism, pandemics, illegal migration, and drug trafficking, permanently question the adequacy of both state and global organizations to guarantee general wellbeing, the rule of law, and the protection of human rights. In this sense, the United Nations (UN) has received the brunt of the criticism despite its growing responsibilities, the complexity of the threats, and its decision-making structure's limitations. This paper examines the UN's effectiveness in addressing Colombia's major security challenges, suggesting that providing adequate assistance to build state capacity is key to reducing power vacuums that foster both deviant globalization and embryonic security challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of implementing Demand Response (DR) programs in large consumers have been widely documented. However, it is still necessary to explore in more detail the impacts of the implementation of these programs in residential users on the benefits of the distribution system operators. In this paper, we determine the effects of Demand Response (DR) on the reconfiguration of a distribution system considering the consumption characteristics of residential users in Colombia. For this purpose, the demand curve of a typical residential user was constructed for Bogotá D.C., and measurements were taken to estimate the participation of this user in a DR program. In addition, an algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization is used as a solution strategy for the reconfiguration problem. The results show that a distribution system reconfiguration could significantly increase the revenues obtained by a Network Operator. However, it is shown that the reduction of energy losses obtained from the DR would not provide sufficient incentives for them to promote the participation of residential users in this kind of programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lean construction philosophy has been welcomed by numerous companies in Colombia for a little more than a decade. The Last Planner System (LPS) is among the implemented tools found, a planning and control system that seeks to accomplish a continuous workflow. The system implementation results vary from one company to another, and there is no investigation to date that shows the diagnosis of the adoption of this tool in the country. This paper aims to illustrate the degree of implementation and functioning of the LPS from different perspectives found in sixteen Colombian construction companies. Data collection was carried out through non-participant observation during the weekly planning meetings, surveys conducted to construction professionals, supervisors, subcontractors and labor, and a semi-structured direct interview with the managers of the Lean area in the companies. Analysis of compiled information shows multiple ways of applying this tool, conceptual and practical failures, and a lack of training and permanent feedback that does not allow to be a part of the corporate culture were all identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper characterizes the labor market of youth in Colombia from 2008 to 2017. We estimate labor market indicators for individuals aged between 14 and 28 years using microdata from Colombia's household surveys over the study period. Our estimates document the main patterns and trends in the labor market of youth in labor force participation, employment, unemployment, informality, and earnings. We compare these statistics with the same indicators of adults (individuals aged between 29 and 65 years), and explore differences in characteristics within youth such as gender, region, educational attainment, socioeconomic status (SES), and experience. Results indicate that participation rate of young Colombians have increased in recent years, but are mainly employed in low-quality jobs namely unsalaried and informal. We also document marked inequalities in labor market outcomes across youth characteristics. We provide a series of recommendations to guide future youth labor policy based on these estimates as well as the critical analysis of recent youth policies in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of water availability and its important role in the agricultural sector, specifically in the cultivation of coffee, which has historical, cultural, and economic importance for Colombia, requires a study of the water footprint in this country. This paper presents the results of a study of the water footprint of coffee production (cultivation and wet processing) in Colombia by the traditional and ecological wet-processing methods. To this purpose, the Water Footprint Network methodology was followed according to the Water Footprint Assessment Manual (2011). The green water footprint of coffee production in Colombia was 8,746 m³ t-1 and does not have a blue water footprint as it does not require irrigation, while the gray water footprint was 7,000 m³ t-1. When the traditional wet-processing method is used, the blue water footprint is 4 m³ t-1 and the gray water footprint is 3,200 m³ t-1, while if the ecological Becolsub® technology is used, the blue water footprint is 0.60 m³ t-1 and the gray water footprint is 1,739 m³ t-1. For the Ecomill® technology, the blue one is 0.55 m³ t-1 and had no gray water footprint because it does not generate any water discharge and the little leachate that it produces is reincorporated into the process. This implies that the Becolsub® ecological processing method reduces the water footprint by 45.7% and 99.9% with the ecological Ecomill® process (no wastewater discharge) compared to traditional wet processing technology. Compared to other countries, Vietnam has the lowest green footprint in coffee cultivation, followed by Colombia, Ethiopia, Brazil, Peru, and Indonesia. The water footprint of coffee depends on the climate and yields, consequently, the water footprint of the coffee crop varies significantly between locations and the evaluation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an approach to the way in which the State takes shape in the margins of the Colombian nation. It also inquires about the way the law work in such spaces, in postpeace agreement contexts. It is based on the testimony of two men who were actors in the Colombian armed conflict. The information was collected under the methodological approach of Multi-Sited Ethnography. Our conclusion is that the so-called post-conflict is a stage where alternative legal orders emerge as embodiments of State institutions. This means that the margins are spaces where the State has not consolidated effective and stable forms of social regulation. This situation opens a space for the emergence of local actors who play a role as intermediaries and no formal personifications of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, modern families are coping with different stressful situations. The family studies are focused on the conceptual perspective, political perspective and methodological topic and they leave aside the familiar dynamics and functioning. This paper was interested in describing and comparing indicators of family resilience and family welfare of 442 Colombian families. This study had three hypotheses: The first one is focused on differences in well-being family dimension per location; the second hypothesis was focused on significant differences in family resilience per location, and the third one was interested in significant relations in family resilience and family well-being. The theoretical support to this research is the McCubbin and Patterson's resilience model called Double ABCX and Family Adaptation and Adjust Response Model by Patterson. The family well-being is considered a result of internal family functioning and is measured by the family member perception about the concern about health problems, fears, anger and sadness. Family resilience is understood as the capacity to recover from adversity. This capacity strengthens families and improves their resources. In this theoretic resilience approach the resilience is a dynamic result to the adaptation phase and the family well-being is the final adjustment. The design was cross-sectional analytical with a convenience sample. The families were interviewed in their homes, from each family both parents and a child between 9 and 17 years old participated. They are located geographically in Bogotá (n = 196), Santa Marta (n = 81) and Cali-Palmira (n = 145). Families completed the Family Member Wellbeing Index (FMWB) and the Family Regeneration and Adaptation Index (FIRA-G) to assess resilience. Families residing in Bogotá showed significant differences with those of Cali-Palmira in the dimension of family wellbeing, family stress and support from friends and family. While families located in Santa Marta showed differences with respect to the families located in Cali-Palmira in family stress and in community and social support. The father correlations between the family resilience index and the well-being family index is strong and inverse with the family stress and the family well-being summarized. The mother well-being family perception is significant associated with family resilience, and these correlations was strongest with family well-being summarized. The family stress index, strains and distress exposed moderate and inverse relations with the positive resilience family summarized. The discussion deals with family resilience as a product of the dynamic interaction in the hole family system and is oriented to the fact that the presence of support from family and friends reduces the burden of family stress, promotes support in the face of crisis and, in general, improves the well-being and family adaptation. In general, the differences reflect varied resilience trajectories that depend on the challenges posed by the close context of the city where they live. An approach to this result leads us to think as a hypothesis not yet widely explored, in the mobility factor of cities, which limits contact with close family networks. In big cities like Bogotá, its internal mobility compromises the times and spaces of daily life, and thus allows or prevents families from organizing their relationships in the different areas of their social life. Resilience occurs through positive adaptive family resources that included social support and family coherence and allow families to reduce stress and meet the demands of the environment. On the other hand, the presence of the two parents in families without clinical indicators shows that the burden of shared stress helps family resilience, which is also fed by the presence of external aids to the family nucleus, such as the support of the community, family and friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, research and studies about commodities focus on price trends, analysis in terms of international competitiveness, market position structure, rate of net exports, market share, and concentration index. This paper has developed an analysis of the most influential agricultural commodities traded from Colombia to European Union, which are bananas, coffee, and palm oil. Analyzing the economic and commercial effects in two traditional agricultural commodities from Colombia (bananas and coffee) with the rise of palm oil as a commodity in the trade relation with its partner; the European Union. The structure draws from the overview of general aspects and the behavior of Colombian foreign trade, as diversification of export products and trade partners, to focus on the characteristics of the trade relationship between the European Union and Colombia. The aim is analyze the proportional relation between bananas, coffee, and palm oil exported to the EU, according to three indicators, the volume of production, exports share, and trade value, from 2008 until 2019, identifying the trends before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Finally, with the coefficient correlation, determine the agricultural commodity that has the strongest and positive relationship with the total agricultural exports value from Colombia to the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the problems that technology programs face in Colombia, which are classified into legislative, comparative, and sociocultural aspects. It also identifies a conceptual confusion that has created a circular problem between imprecise legislation and a cultural bias against this kind of programs. Consequently, this paper suggests reconsidering technology programs as heterogenous systems of actions and practices composed of agents, artifacts, different types of knowledge, norms, and values. Furthermore, it proposes to understand different technology programs in Colombia (technician, associate, and bachelor's) as practices to develop specific competencies for designing, innovating, operating, maintaining, or repairing particular technology systems within a framework of norms and values. Finally, it presents an epistemic framework to characterize the levels of technology programs in a qualitative scale that relates types of knowledge (explicit/implicit or representational/operational) to innovation and design capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the decentralization policy on the education sector of the Department of Huila. It uses panel data on fiscal, administrative and political decentralization, as well as educational coverage and educational quality of all its municipalities in the period 2005-2015. The results show that educational coverage has a positive relationship with administrative decentralization, and that fiscal, administrative and political decentralization contribute to improving the quality of municipal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]