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The piezoelectric materials, such as ceramics, crystals, and films, have wide applications in the mechanical industry, medical imaging, electronic information, and ultrasonic devices, etc. Generally, adding oxide dopants, or introducing new solid solutions to form the morphotropic phase boundary of the piezoelectric materials were common strategies to enhance the electric properties. In recent decades, rare-earth elements doped piezoelectric materials have attracted much attention due to their multifunctional performances combining piezoelectric and photoluminescence properties, which has potential applications in ultrasonics, electronics, automatic control, machinery and optoelectronic fields. An overview of the recent investigations and perspectives on rare-earth doped piezoelectric ceramics, single crystals, and films were presented.

A decrease of piezoelectric properties in the fabrication of ultra-small Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)&ndash, x%PbTiO3 (PMN&ndash, x%PT) for high-frequency (&gt, 20 MHz) ultrasonic array transducers remains an urgent problem. Here, PMN&ndash, 31%PT with micron-sized kerfs and high piezoelectric performance was micromachined using a 355 nm laser. We studied the kerf profile as a function of laser parameters, revealing that micron-sized kerfs with designated profiles and fewer micro-cracks can be obtained by optimizing the laser parameters. The domain morphology of micromachined PMN&ndash, 31%PT was thoroughly analyzed to validate the superior piezoelectric performance maintained near the kerfs. A high piezoresponse of the samples after micromachining was also successfully demonstrated by determining the effective piezoelectric coefficient (d33*~1200 pm/V). Our results are promising for fabricating superior PMN&ndash, 31%PT and other piezoelectric high-frequency (&gt, 20 MHz) ultrasonic array transducers.

Ultrasonic methods have been extensively developed in nondestructive testing for various materials and components. However, accurately extracting quantitative information about defects still remains challenging, especially for complex structures. Although the immersion technique is commonly used for complex-shaped parts, the large mismatch of acoustic impedance between water and metal prevents effective ultrasonic transmission and leads to a low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR). In this paper, a quantitative imaging method is proposed for complex-shaped parts based on an ice-coupled full waveform inversion (FWI) method. Numerical experiments were carried out to quantitatively inspect the various defects in a turbine blade. Firstly, the k-space pseudospectral method was applied to simulate ice-coupled ultrasonic testing for the turbine blade. The recorded full wavefields were then applied for a frequency-domain FWI based on the Limited-memory Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (L-BFGS) method. With a carefully selected iterative number and frequency, a successive-frequency FWI can well detect half wavelength defects. Extended studies on an open notch with different orientations and multiple adjacent defects proved its capability to detect different types of defects. Finally, an uncertainty analysis was conducted with inaccurate initial velocity models with a relative error of ±2%, demonstrating its robustness even with a certain inaccuracy. This study demonstrates that the proposed method has a high potential to inspect complex-shaped structures with an excellent resolution.