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To address sustainability challenges, photovoltaics (PV) are regarded as a promising renewable energy technology. Decreasing PV module costs and increasing residential electricity prices have made self-consumption of PV-generated electricity financially more attractive than exporting to the grid. Organic photovoltaics (OPV) are an emerging thin-film PV technology that shows promise of greatly improving the environmental and economic performances of PV technologies. Previous studies have estimated the current and future costs of OPV technologies, but the attractiveness of investing in OPV systems has not been evaluated under real market conditions, especially under PV self-consumption schemes. In this study, we investigate the self-consumption of electricity generation from conventional and organic PV systems installed at residential houses in two different countries, Denmark and Greece, under current PV regulatory frameworks. We then focus on modelling and assessing the cost-competitiveness of organic PV technologies based on cost estimations for existing pilot-scale (kW-range), and projected scale-up (100MW) and industrial-scale (100 GW) manufacturing capacity levels. Our generic results applying to all PV technologies show that PV systems installed at residential houses in Greece perform economically better than those in Denmark do in terms of self-sufficiency and gross electricity bill savings (i.e. excluding PV costs). Using the two country cases, which present very different settings, we characterise and discuss the influence of three key parameters of the economic performance of PV systems, namely the PV regulatory scheme, the solar irradiation level and the temporal match between the electricity consumption and solar irradiation profiles. Focusing on organic PV systems developed in an industrial-scale cost setting (1.53 €/Wp), we find that they deliver significant electricity bill savings for residential houses in Greece (38%) under current conditions, while they may not be sufficiently attractive for residential houses in Denmark (6.5%) due to mainly the different PV regulatory schemes. Based on these findings, we therefore recommend investors interested in renewable energy technologies to pursue scaling up the manufacturing capacity of OPV technologies, as well as assess a large number of countries to identify and prioritise financially attractive settings for PV self-consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the degradation of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells in both indoor and outdoor environments. Eight different research groups contributed state of the art OPV cells to be studied at Pomona College. Power conversion efficiency and fill factor were determined from IV curves collected at regular intervals over six to eight months. Similarly prepared devices were measured indoors, outdoors, and after dark storage. Device architectures are compared. Cells kept indoors performed better than outdoors due to the lack of temperature and humidity extremes. Encapsulated cells performed better due to the minimal oxidation. Some devices showed steady aging but many failed catastrophically due to corrosion of electrodes not active device layers. Degradation of cells kept in dark storage was minimal over periods up to one year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of substrates and superstrates prepared by scalable roll‐to‐roll methods is reviewed. The substrates and superstrates that act as the flexible carrier for the processing of functional organic electronic devices are an essential component, and proposals are made about how the general availability of various forms of these materials is needed to accelerate the development of the field of organic electronics. The initial development of the replacement of indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) for the flexible carrier materials is described and a description of how roll‐to‐roll processing development led to simplification from an initially complex make‐up to higher performing materials through a more simple process is also presented. This process intensification through process simplification is viewed as a central strategy for upscaling, increasing throughput, performance, and cost reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active layer crystallization during roll-to-roll coating of organic solar cells is studied in situ. We developed an X-ray setup where the coater unit is an integrated part of the small angle X-ray scattering instrument, making it possible to control the coating process while recording scattering measurements in situ, enabling us to follow the crystal formation during drying. By varying the distance between the coating head and the point where the X-ray beam hits the film, we obtained measurements of 4 different stages of drying. For each of those stages, the scattering from as long a foil as possible is summed together,with the distance from coating head to scattering point kept constant. The results are average crystallographic properties for the active layer coated on a 30 m long foil. With this insight into the dynamics of crystallization in a roll-coated polymer film, we find that the formation of textured and untextured crystallites seems uncorrelated, and happens at widely different rates. Untextured P3HT crystallites form later in the drying process than expected which may explain previous studies speculating that untextured crystallization depends on concentration. Textured crystallites, however, begin forming much earlier and steadily increases as the film dries, showing a development similar to other in situ studies of these materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Potential of organic PV (OPV) in residential electricity self-consumption is studied. • We perform a combined assessment of profitability and environmental impacts of OPV. • We assess cost-effectiveness of OPV systems in/excl. batteries for Greece and Denmark. • Environmental gains are strongly dependent on battery storage and grid mix composition. • We provide recommendations for future development of OPV technology and energy policy. Recent economic developments have signalled that self-consumption of photovoltaics (PV)-generated electricity could be financially more attractive than exporting it to the grid in many countries. As an emerging PV technology, organic photovoltaics (OPV) have been recognized as potential bearer of economic and environmental gains. Yet, could OPV deliver a profitable investment and environmental impact reductions in the context of residential electricity self-consumption? Here, we conduct a study of unprecedented scoping that combines both economic analysis and life cycle assessment to gauge OPV self-consumption with or without battery storage for household settings. The upscaling of OPV technologies from pilot- to industrial scale was modelled, and we used the two contrasting cases of Denmark and Greece to identify potential patterns. Our economic results indicate that the addition of battery storage is not financially viable unless battery costs are reduced by more than 10% for Greece and 30% for Denmark. Furthermore, we identify OPV cost thresholds of 0.9 €/Wp for Denmark and 1.6 €/Wp for Greece, below which OPV-battery systems are more cost-effective than OPV systems without battery. Building on the economic analysis, we find that battery storage can improve the environmental performances of OPV systems under certain conditions on the battery costs, the capacity of the cost-optimal OPV-battery system, and the environmental impacts of the battery. Furthermore, the composition of the electricity grid mix in the country studied was found to be an important factor to determine where OPV self-consumption was environmentally beneficial. These findings can support energy policy-makers in their development of energy strategies as well as OPV technology developers, who should adopt a systemic approach and integrate battery storage and the balance of system within their development phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]