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The lightweight design of electric heavy quadricycle (L7e) vehicles has contributed to energy savings and sustainable mobility. This study proposes an optimization methodology to design a monocoque sandwich structure under operating conditions for an L7e using a finite element model via HyperWorks. Woven fiberglass fabrics and high-density PVC foam are assigned as the face and core to construct the sandwich structure, respectively. Free-size optimization based on weight minimization is applied to obtain the suitable initial thickness of face and core structures in all components. Multi-objective size optimization is then performed by minimizing both mass and material cost to determine the optimal thickness of each layer. Finally, shuffle optimization is used to modify the stacking sequence for each component to maximize structural stiffness. The results indicate that the core thickness in the passenger compartment is sufficient to maintain stiffness while maintaining the structure's lightweight. However, shuffle optimization is insignificant for the current monocoque model, as the structural stiffness is only marginally improved after the process. Additionally, this study examines the optimized models for structural stiffness and discusses suitable procedures for designing a lightweight and safe electric vehicle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal management system of batteries plays a significant role in the operation of electric vehicles (EVs). The purpose of this study is to survey various parameters enhancing the performance of a heat pipe-based battery thermal management system (HP-BTMS) for cooling the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), including the ambient temperature, coolant temperature, coolant flow rate, heat generation rate, start-up time, inclination angle of the heat pipe, and length of the condenser/evaporator section. This review provides knowledge on the HP-BTMS that can guarantee achievement of the optimum performance of an EV LIB at a high charge/discharge rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the use of hemp/glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites for designing automotive front bumper beams, focusing on crashworthiness and pedestrian safety. The composite bumper beam model is evaluated through low- and high-velocity crash simulations and pedestrian leg form impact tests using LS-DYNA software. Optimal stacking sequences are analyzed, with high-strength glass fibers positioned on the outer layers to bear impact loads and low-density hemp fibers in the middle. The hybrid hemp (H)/glass (G) fiber composite laminate can absorb up to 90 % of the impact energy absorbed by a glass fiber composite, with a ± 45° fiber orientation, showing exceptional energy absorption capabilities. The [G(±45°) 4 , H(±45°) 4 ] S composite bumper beam offers superior impact performance, safety, and a weight reduction of 49.2 % compared to a commercial steel bumper beam. This study highlights the potential of natural fiber composites as sustainable alternatives in automotive design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]