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Using panel data for Spanish firms, this paper examines the role of firms' regional knowledge environment for commitment to innovation of innovation active firms. The empirical results show that a stronger regional knowledge environment increases the likelihood that an innovator engages continuously in R&D as opposed to occasionally. This positive relationship with the regional knowledge environment is robust and significant in manufacturing and specifically for small firms and for technology-intensive firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for eco-products due to the exigency of friendly and environmental production could affect the employment of the firms. This paper tests whether product and process eco-innovations boost employment in Spain differentiating by the environmental goals (material and energy efficiency and environment responsiveness), by the level of qualification of the workers, and by the dirtiness of the industries. We apply a Green Harrison model, using the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) for Spain from 2008 to 2016. Results show a positive relationship between all types of product eco-innovations and employment, while the influence of process eco-innovations on employment depends on the environmental goals, the level of skills, and the industry. Specifically, distinguishing by industry there is a labour-saving effect in clean industries and a labour-friendly effect for low-skilled employment in dirty industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to determine which configuration of green innovation capabilities (GICs) and organisational dimensions (ODs) leads to achieving green product innovation (GPI). We used data collected through the European Manufacturing Survey (EMS) from manufacturing firms in Spain and Croatia considered to be innovators. After conducting a cluster analysis, we identified a group of firms that still develop conventional product innovations (CPIs) and three groups of firms at different stages of GPI development. The four clusters were characterised using different variables, or determinants of GPI, associated with seven GICs and five ODs that favour GPI. According to the findings, all the GICs and ODs under analysis have a positive impact on GPI development, which results in the consolidation of a framework that organisations could use to manage green innovation. By empirically showing the relevance of applying these constructs, this study makes contributions to the Resource‐Based Theory (RBT), along with its extension to GICs, and points to the need to associate them with the ODs to achieve GPI towards the challenge of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use a panel of manufacturing firms in Spain to examine the extent to which they use internal and external sources of information (customers, suppliers, competitors, consultants and universities) to generate product and process innovation. Our results show that, although internal sources are influential, external sources of information are key to achieve innovation performance. These results are in line with the open innovation literature because they show that firms that are opening up their innovation process and that use different information sources have a greater capacity to generate innovations. We also find that the importance of external sources of information varies depending on the type of innovation (product or process) considered. To generate process innovation, firms mainly rely on suppliers while, to generate product innovation, the main contribution is from customers. The potential simultaneity between product and process innovation is also taken into consideration. We find that the generation of both types of innovation is not independent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how management (organisational and marketing) innovations influence non-R&D technological innovators’ performance. Drawing on Community of Innovation Survey data to examine 5878 non-R&D Spanish firms, results indicate that the joint introduction of management innovations with technological innovations improves technological innovative performance thanks to the creation of complex innovation capabilities. Thus, the joint adoption of management and technological innovations in tandem is linked to a premium effect on performance based on complementarities. Non-R&D technological innovators heavily use organisational and marketing activities in order to compensate for their lack of engagement in R&D activities. This is the first paper that brings the management innovation literature into the non-R&D technological innovators debate, using a resource-based view framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effectiveness of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) as instruments of innovation policy has generated thriving debate among academics, practitioners and policy makers. A gap in the existing literature on STPs is that research mostly does not consider STPs' heterogeneity. The present paper aims at filling this gap, analysing the influence of different STP characteristics on their tenants' performance. Using data on 849 firms and 25 STPs from the 2009 Community Innovation Survey for Spain and a survey of STP managers respectively and after controlling for a wide set of firms characteristics, we find that: (i) firms located in very new or longer established STPs show better innovative performance; (ii) the size of the STP and its management company positively affects the innovative performance of tenants while services provision has no effect on firms' achieving better results; and (iii) firms in less technologically developed regions benefit more from location in an STP. Theoretical, policy and managerial contributions of our research are discussed in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its aim to analyse multinational enterprises' location decisions from the perspective of the knowledge-based firm in an attempt to answer the following questions: Are innovative MNEs more likely to be located in areas with a higher degree of agglomeration? Who benefits to a greater extent − in terms of innovation − from geographical proximity with other agents: national or foreign enterprises? What role does absorptive capacity play in the relationship between agglomeration and innovation? According to this research work, agglomeration differently influences the innovation of MNE subsidiaries – through knowledge spillovers – depending on the types of agglomerated companies. The analysis performed with a sample of firms located in Spain includes local and foreign companies and uses data from a survey conducted by the National Statistics Institute (INE for its Spanish initials) in 2016. The results show that the agglomeration of similar enterprises favours innovation amongst foreign firms, as opposed to local ones, which absorb both positive and negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzes the main determinants influencing environmental innovators (i.e. firms developing or adopting environmental innovations) in Spain with respect to non-environmental innovators. Similarly to other contributions in the literature, our results show that Spanish environmental innovators respond to regulatory stimulus in the form of demand-pull and technology-push instruments. They have a high internal technological capability and combine internal and external information sources, mostly in cooperation with knowledge institutions. Environmental innovators are more concentrated in mature, traditionally highly polluting sectors, but new firms are not more environmentally innovative than incumbents. Most importantly, in contrast to other environmental innovation studies, mostly carried out in a German context, we have not found evidence of a market pull from either the domestic or international markets. Furthermore, cost savings are not found to be a distinctive driver for environmental innovators. These differential results are possibly related to the special features of Spain regarding its national innovation system and the degree of stringency of environmental regulation and environmental consciousness of its consumers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore whether collaborating with public research organizations (PROs) contributes to strengthening the innovation culture of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). We examine to what extent their innovation culture is reinforced by collaborations with research organizations and investigate the type of organizational strategies that enhance this effect of collaboration. The empirical study is based on a survey of firms that collaborate with the largest Spanish PRO, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). Our results indicate that SMEs differ greatly in their capacity to strengthen their innovation culture through collaboration with research organizations. We show also that firms with formal innovation plans that develop internal and external search strategies are more likely to improve their innovation culture as a result of collaboration with PROs. These findings provide managers with new insights into how to strengthen their firms' innovation culture through collaboration with research organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between companies' marketing innovation and environmental orientation and to determine how this relationship differs between manufacturing and service companies. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses secondary data from the Technological Innovation Panel (PITEC) to look at 6,435 Spanish companies during the 2013-2015 period. To examine the contingency effect of the activity sector, the sample is divided into two subsamples: manufacturing companies and service companies. Partial least squares path modeling is used to test and validate the research model and proposed hypotheses. Findings: The results show there is a statistically significant negative relationship between marketing innovation and environmental orientation. Significant differences were also found between manufacturing and service companies depending on the companies' activity sector and size. Practical implications: The analyzed manufacturing and service companies still use traditional marketing and have yet to embrace the "green marketing" or "marketing 3.0" concept. The marketing innovations a company undertakes should be positively, rather than negatively, related to its environmental orientation. In today's companies, the two actions must go hand in hand. Originality/value: Most studies on environmental orientation have focused on its relationship with technological innovation. In this sense, it is important to analyze its relationship with marketing innovation as well, as nowadays, when consumers are deciding between different companies' products, they look for "companies with values." Companies thus need to engage in environmentally oriented marketing innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the influence of external sources of knowledge on innovation in a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms during the period 2002–2015. By differentiating firms according to their family status, our results reveal that the probability of engaging in product and process innovations is higher for family-managed firms involved in R&D cooperation with a varied group of partners. Additionally, our findings provide support for the role of R&D-oriented family-managed firms in easing the flow of knowledge and information for innovation at regional level (i.e. family firm-led knowledge spillovers). Because of their unique social capital and embeddedness in the local setting, family-managed firms contribute to creating a favourable regional environment for innovation for all co-located firms. However, this result holds only when the geographical concentration of R&D-oriented family-managed firms is coupled with technological proximity. Theoretical, policy and managerial implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological change can increase the productivity of the various factors of production in equal terms, or it can be biased toward a specific factor. We directly assess the bias of technological change by measuring, at the level of the individual firm, how much of it is labor augmenting and how much is factor neutral. To do so, we develop a framework for estimating production functions when productivity is multidimensional. Using panel data from Spain, we find that technological change is biased, with both its labor-augmenting and its factor-neutral components causing output to grow by about 1.5 percent per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows that the innovation objectives of firms in the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) industry are multidimensional. These objectives translate into complex innovation modes that in turn condition firms' competitiveness. The ICT industry definition used in this article includes firms from the Content and Media sector, in line with modern delimitations of ICTrelated activities. This article reports the results of an empirical exercise that focused on Spanish ICT firms included in the PITEC database, the source for the Community Innovation Survey, for the period 2004-13. The analysis uses the well-known Cre' pon-Duguet-Mairesse model, which captures the linkages between R&D, innovation, and productivity. The main results indicate strong innovation complementarities, different from those found by previous contributions for manufacturing and service sectors. If these complementarities are not taken into account when analysing the relationship between innovation and productivity, one could conclude that the link between the two is weaker than it really is. This innovation complexity may be one explanation for the productivity advantage of ICT firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]