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Cognitive enhancement (CE) covers a broad spectrum of methods, including behavioral techniques, nootropic drugs, and neuromodulation interventions. However, research on their use in children has almost exclusively been carried out in high-income countries with limited understanding of how experts working with children view their use in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). This study examines perceptions on cognitive enhancement, their techniques, neuroethical issues about their use from an LMICs perspective. Seven Indian experts were purposively sampled for their expertise in bioethics, child development and child education. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semi-structured topic guide to examine (1) understanding of CE, (2) which approaches were viewed as cognitive enhancers, (3) attitudes toward different CE techniques and (4) neuroethical issues related to CE use within the Indian context. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed before thematic analysis. Findings indicate Indian experts view cognitive enhancement as a holistic positive impact on overall functioning and well-being, rather than improvement in specific cognitive abilities. Exogenous agents, and neuromodulation were viewed with skepticism, whereas behavioral approaches were viewed more favorably. Neuroethical concerns included equitable access to CE, limited scientific evidence and over-reliance on technology to address societal problems. This highlights the need for more contextually relevant neuroethics research in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirical studies of social capital rarely take into account the socioeconomic context of the region in which it operates, indeed as most of this research has been located in high income countries. It is imperative to investigate how development may influence the impact of social capital, especially in developing countries. This paper examines the relationship between social capital and child nutrition using the India Human Development Survey, 2005-2006. Using a multilevel framework and a sample of 6770 rural children under the age of five, it finds that household based bridging social capital, expressed as connections with development based organizations, is positively associated with child nutrition. Bonding social capital, expressed as ties with caste and religious based organizations, has the opposite impact. At the village level, contextual measures of social capital are associated with nutritional status of children, but their influence is conditional on local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Youth-led visual media based participatory action research. • Child-centered visual SWOT analysis. • Youth-led approaches tackling generational differences and power dynamics within the community. • Multi-stakeholder approach to enhance collective accountability. • Building powerful community through youth-led co-creation. In India, 27.5% of the population is youth in the age group of 15–29 years and 67.5% of the Indian population lives in rural and semi-urban areas. Youth civic engagements and youth-led initiatives are crucial for community development. The purpose of this paper is to examine how well youth-led initiatives are creating a positive impact in the community, as well as how these initiatives are recognized by their own community members and key stakeholders. This paper describes how youth-led visual technology and media-based community development processes transformed a nomadic tribal community in India with a focus on promoting child rights. The project "INaGi: A Child-Centered Visual SWOT" (I laingargaludan Na garamum Gi ramamum, Tamil for "Youth with Urban and Rural Areas") was executed by Trust for Youth and Child Leadership (TYCL), a youth-led organization based in Pondicherry, India. The project offered visual technology and media tools to local youth to capture the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the tribal community and provided space for them to reflect, connect, and act for mutual social transformation. This process recognizes indigenous knowledge, co-creation, and the power of young people and new age technology, and it enables local people to innovate local solutions for local problems. Furthermore, this paper discusses a youth-led bottom-up approach for the planning and execution of child-centered community development, as particularly distinct from a donor-driven project approach. Visual-based participatory action research methods were adopted to engage youth, community members, and other key stakeholders of the project. This paper captures the participatory youth-led community development process, its positive outcomes, and lessons learned from the process and put forth recommendations for key stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child labour is a serious problem not just in India but in other developing nations since it harms a child's physical and mental development. Numerous laws have been passed to forbid child labour, but they haven't been successful in putting a stop to the issue. Poverty and Child Labour are linked together, which robs children of their childhood and dignity while also harming their health, education, and, most significantly, their development potential. It is plainly at odds with the notion of human development, which focuses directly on the advancement of human lives and well-being, and is assessed using three criteria: economic well-being, education, and health. Childhood is an important and sensitive stage in human development because it has the possibility for future advancement in every civilization. Every developing or encircling country connects its future to the position of its children. Several interrelated elements impact the risk of Child Labour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students who Dropouts of school often have become a growing concern of the global community over the past few years. in our simulation, we illustrate the manner in which a single factor has an impact on the academic pursuits of students, which increases their tendency to dropouts of school. This new view of child development places an emphasis on child welfare, protection, education, and a healthy prospects for the future as necessary developmental requirements for a. Children have rights such as the right to be granted all three items listed above, the include: the right to life, the right to creation, and the right to take part in it. This involves the state, civil society, non-governmental organisations, and other involved stakeholders taking a greater interest in the needs of children as a way of life goes forward with their well-being. A number of NGOs have done projects in the human development sector, as well. Since there are numerous developing countries around the world, NGOs play a particularly important role in the educational growth of the population in these countries. India has a very high dropout rate for high school dropouts. Additionally, there are various social and economic restrictions on school attendance in Karnataka that account for the large number of dropouts. The current study focused on community-based organisations working to lower the number of students who dropouts of school in Mysore. The results of the study are highlighted in this chapter, which also includes involvement of non-profits in development and the problems and priorities for students who dropouts of school, as well as Indian dropouts in Karnataka, are discussed extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no single best indicator to assess the childhood socioeconomic position (CSEP) in public health research. The aim of the study is to develop and validate a new questionnaire, with adequate psychometric properties, to measure the childhood SEP of the young adults. Methods: The first phase consisted of a qualitative phase to identify the variables to measure childhood SEP through the in-depth interviews among 15 young adults (18-45 years) of rural Kerala. The second phase was a quantitative phase to validate the questionnaire through a cross sectional survey among 200 young adults of Kerala. We did content validity, reliability tests and construct validity by using exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire to demonstrate its psychometric properties. Results: The qualitative analysis reported 26 variables spread across 5 domains to measure the CSEP. Finally, the questionnaire has 11 questions with 3 domains named as value added through paternity, maternal occupation-related factors and parental education. The questionnaire has good reliability (Cronbach's α=0.88) also. Conclusion: We have developed a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure the childhood SEP of younger adults and can be used in various public health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]