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Indonesia has around 4000 wood species, and 10% (400) of species are categorized as commercial wood. One species is kayu kuku (Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites), native to Southeast Sulawesi. This species is considered a fancy wood used for sawn timber, veneer, plywood, carving, and furniture. The high demand for wood caused excessive logging and threatened its sustainability. In addition, planting P. mooniana has presented several challenges, including seedling production, viability and germination rate, nursery technology, and silviculture techniques. As a result, the genera of Pericopsis, including P. elata (Europe), P. mooniana (Sri Lanka), and P. angolenses (Africa), have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix. Based on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, P. mooniana is categorized as Vulnerable (A1cd). This conservation status has raised issues regarding its biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability in the near future. This paper aims to review the conservation of potential and endangered species of P. mooniana and highlight some efforts for its species conservation and sustainable use in Indonesia. The method used is a systematic literature review based on P. mooniana's publication derived from various reputable journal sources and additional literature sources. The results revealed that the future demand for P. mooniana still increases significantly due to its excellent wood characteristics. This high demand should be balanced with both silviculture techniques and conservation efforts. The silviculture of P. mooniana has been improved through seed storage technology, improved viability and germination rates, proper micro and macro propagation, applying hormones, in vitro seed storage, improved nursery technology, and harvesting techniques. P. mooniana conservation can be conducted with both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. In situ conservation is carried out by protecting its mother trees in natural conditions (i.e., Lamedae Nature Reserve) for producing good quality seeds and seedlings. Ex situ conservation is realized by planting seeds and seedlings to produce more wood through rehabilitating and restoring critical forests and lands due to its ability to adapt to marginal land and mitigate climate change. Other actions required for supporting ex situ conservation are preventing illegal logging, regeneration, conservation education, reforestation, agroforestry system applied in private and community lands, and industrial forest plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Forestry Review is the property of Commonwealth Forestry Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Islamika is the property of Center for the Study of Islam & Society of UIN Jakarta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Social forestry (SF) has long been implemented in production and protected forests in Indonesia. SF is considered to be a win–win solution for occupied and cultivated forest areas. The aim of this paper was to review the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia and its strengths and challenges. The secondary purpose was to synthesize the lessons learned and recommendations for the government about designing SF that can integrate the objective of forest biodiversity conservation and the social welfare of the surrounding communities. The study used a systematic literature review (SLR) of international and national peer-reviewed articles. The results of the study indicate that SF is intended to achieve benefits in three main areas: social, economic, and ecological. However, the review found that the ecological aspects of biodiversity conservation often receive less attention compared to the social and economic goals. A strong point of SF implementation is increasing community access to forest land use, while a challenge that must be resolved is that including communities in forest management can result in fragmentation and changes to animal habitats; thus, there is the potential for population decline and extinction. This study advises policymakers to pay more attention to ecological functions to ensure forest sustainability in SF development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizanthes is a holoparasitic plant of the Rafflesiaceae, and, just like Rafflesia, its host is Tetrastigma (Vitaceae). Unlike Rafflesia, very little research has been conducted on Rhizanthes other than a few studies focusing on its taxonomy and anatomy, and limited studies on its propagation, despite some ethnomedicinal uses in several regions of Indonesia. Wild populations of Rhizanthes are declining due to deforestation and overharvesting by locals. Artificial pollination and possible seed spread, which are similar to Rafflesia, may be useful for future propagation-based studies, which are generally very difficult and challenging for members of the Rafflesiaceae. This paper emphasizes the cultural and ethnomedicinal importance of Rhizanthes and seeks to define a conservation road-map that incorporates a scientifically-based approach to research while also seeking a four-pronged approach to the conservation of Rhizanthes: 1) conventional and biotechnology-based conservation; 2) germplasm multiplication and preservation; 3) reintroduction into the wild and conservation of wild populations; 4) policy-based protective measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a time of increasing land enclosures sparked by large-scale environmental initiatives and agricultural expansion, this paper examines local and global contestations over the value of forest on an Indonesian forest frontier. Engaging with recent debates on carbon forestry, the paper problematises the emerging initiatives of ' Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation' known as REDD+ in the province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The paper argues that the general rush to implement REDD+ without intimate knowledge of the political landscape of resource struggle is in danger of generating new enclosures of land that may be easily appropriated by local elites, thus excluding less fortunate sections of local society. The paper shows how divergent interpretations of REDD+ are triggering land disputes, and how powerful actors readily appropriate REDD+ discourses as a tool to support divergent claims of land ownership. Government and villagers, through overlapping and contradictory engagements, negotiate REDD+ initiatives with global environmental actors and private plantation companies. The paper highlights the implications of these local realities for the successes of REDD+. The Kalimantan case highlights some of the dilemmas of carbon mitigation initiatives experienced in frontier regions throughout Southeast Asia, places that have become prime battlefronts of large-scale climate change initiatives and agrarian expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil fertility is the most crucial aspect of the sustainability of agricultural land productivity. As an agricultural country, Indonesia is closely related to agricultural activities and soil fertility. This scientific paper analyzed the boundary of subak, soil fertility condition, which will later be used as a guide for agriculture land conservation. Subak is a traditional Balinese farmer organization that aims to manage water irrigation and rice cropping patterns in paddy fields. Boundary subak agricultural land is determined by participatory mapping method, involving farmers. Soil fertility data were analyzed through field and laboratory surveys. The condition of the limiting factors for soil fertility in each mapping unit is then used as the basis for managing and conserving agricultural land. The result showed that area of subak in agriculture land is 2,177.33 ha divided into 65 Subaks. Soil fertility status in each Subak is grouped into two soil fertility statuses (medium and high). Therefore, it is necessary to carry out integrated soil conservation, such as returning plant residues into the soil periodically and adding organic matter and fertilizers containing P and K elements in single fertilizers and compound fertilizers. Adding P and K compound fertilizers is needed to support optimal land productivity and increase the CEC value of the soil. Types of organic matter can be applied to the soil by returning crop residues, manure, and composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kangean islands are a biologically poorly known archipelago situated in the Java Sea, Indonesia, 120 km directly north of Bali and 124 km off East Java. These islands host an avifauna comprising at least 13 endemic subspecies, two of which have by some sources recently been considered species. We combine historical published literature with our own surveys of the archipelago in 2007-2008, 2010 and 2023 to produce an updated list of the islands' birds (n=140 species) and their distribution across the islands. We evaluate in more detail the conservation status of all endemic taxa, as well as several others we consider to be of concern. Despite its current listing as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, the endemic Kangean Tit-babbler Mixornis prillwitzi is common in highly degraded habitats, including scrub, and is probably one of the islands' least threatened birds. However, because of trapping, the archipelago's endemic taxon of Red-breasted Parakeet Psittacula alexandri kangeanensis, and its populations of Green Junglefowl Gallus varius and Common Hill Myna Gracula religiosa are likely at risk of extirpation. The endemic taxon of White-rumped Shama Copsychus malabaricus nigricauda, sometimes afforded species rank as 'Kangean Shama', may already be (at least functionally) extinct in the main archipelago, with no record since 2007-2008. We recommend longer and more detailed surveys of the islands' birds, and that an effective protected area is established on the main Kangean island, which hosts the largest area of remaining forest in the archipelago and most of its endemic taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aims to distil the experience from several conservation projects in Java, Indonesia, into a summary of methods in an attempt to arrive at some suggestions for best practice for the preservation of cultural heritage items in a tropical country. The related projects concerned a museum of contemporary art, traditional puppet theatre materials, a museum of traditional art and an archive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional knowledge of sunggau rafters for Apis dorsata nesting is essential for livelihood and forest conservation. We determine the plant species needed to support the conservation of A. dorsata in Belitung Islands, Indonesia, by investigating the distribution of the sunggau in the three types of forests, the traditional knowledge regarding the plant species used for sunggau, and the vegetation structure of forests in which the sunggau is installed. Distribution of sunggau were explored on heath, swamp heath, and mangrove forests. We conducted a vegetation survey in those forests and an ethnobotanical survey by interviewing bee farmers regarding the plants used for sunggau and other uses. We found 95 sunggau distributed in the heath, swamp heath, and mangrove forest. Based on interviews, we recorded 65 plant species for sunggau and six other uses, including bee forages. Calophyllum sp., Cryptocarya sp., Melaleuca cajuputi, and Syzygium urceolatum are the most important plants according to bee farmers. The last two species dominate all forests, except mangroves, which are dominated by Lumnitzera littorea, according to vegetation surveys. However, the availability of several plants for sunggau is declining. Therefore, the conservation of A. dorsata needs the sustainability of sunggau and bee forage plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the escalating demand for blue swimming crabs (BSC) and the consequential impact on their habitat and population, this study advocates for sustainable management through a holistic approach. Our comprehensive framework integrates ecological conservation, socioeconomic well-being, and governance principles, aiming to establish a policy framework for the sustainable management of BSC in the Eastern Coast of Lampung. The research emphasizes the urgent issue of overexploitation, with an exploitation rate of 0.71, requiring immediate attention to prevent stock depletion and maintain ecosystem health. Findings reveal that male BSC, measured by carapace width, typically reaches the length at first catch (Lc50) at approximately 118.69mm, while for females, it is about 122.70 mm--indicating that BSC is often caught larger than the 10 cm legal requirement set by the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries of Indonesia. Economic analysis demonstrates the profitability of the blue swimming crab business on Lampung's east coast, with a favorable crab capture per trip (4.63) and total costs ratio (1.18). The study area, featuring an extensive mangrove forest, hosts a crucial crustacean population, contributing significantly to BSC's diet. Beyond ecological significance, mangrove conservation enhances our understanding of environmental sustainability, particularly in carbon stock contributions. Addressing sustainability challenges requires a multi-faceted approach, including precise fishing technologies, effective regulation enforcement, and improved monitoring. Collaborative efforts among government authorities, fishing communities, and conservation groups are essential for balancing economic interests with the longterm ecological health of BSC populations in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regeneration of players, singers, and keroncong orchestra groups is happening in various regions in Indonesia until now. This condition indicates the process of inheritance of keroncong music between generations continue. This also happened in Bumijawa, Tegal Regency, which has the O.K Waseso. The problem discussed in this paper is how to preserve keroncong music carried out by O.K Waseso in Bumijawa, Tegal Regency. The research was conducted with qualitative methods. Data was collected using observation, interviews, and documentation. The data validity techniques were carried out by triangulation, and interactive model analysis. The results showed that the conservation efforts carried out by O.K Waseso for keroncong music were depicted through three activities, namely the protection, development, and utilization of keroncong music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development encompasses three fundamental dimensions, including the sociocultural, economic, and ecological. Agroforestry seeks to achieve multifunctional, efficient, and environmentally sustainable production by replicating forest-like circumstances and employing management strategies that align with the cultural values of local people. The successful execution of this strategy is facilitated by the improvement of soil and microclimate conditions, which positively impact agricultural results. The Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) is an officially declared national park in the Central Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The location plays a crucial role in conserving Sulawesi Island's rich array of biological diversity. The research findings indicate that the flora variety within the TNLL region encompasses a wide range of botanical species, including diverse trees, resin-producing plants, rattan, orchids, and medicinal plants. The agroforestry patterns seen in the buffer region of the TNLL can be categorized as the agrisilviculture model. This model represents an agroforestry system that integrates plant and agricultural components, specifically nonwood species. The pattern under consideration encompasses several components, including tree plants such as cocoa, durian, cloves, and candlenuts, alongside agricultural components like corn, vegetables, and tubers. The historical trajectory of land utilization commenced with the indigenous communities who exercised stewardship over the vicinity surrounding TNLL, employing their indigenous knowledge and practices as a consequence of their successful adaptation to the prevailing natural circumstances. The utilization of natural resources by indigenous groups within national park regions for their daily necessities is frequently perceived as exerting strain on the protected landscape's ecological integrity and long-term viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explain the involvement of an istighosah community in environmental conservation in Indonesia. The data were obtained through the method of observing religious activities and conservation actions, interviewing the community leaders, and documenting the existence and activity of worshipers. The finding confirmed three aspects. First, the implementation of Sufism teachings is an alternative in nature conservation, not only aiming to meet the spiritual needs of pilgrims, but also fostering awareness of pilgrims to prevent damage to nature. Second, what is shown by pilgrims is very closely related to the human urge to always realize its basic capacity as a leader for nature. The forest is considered as a brother that the sustainability must be guarded, preserved, and guaranteed. Third, the teachings of Sufism become the basis for the group to act to be involved in caring for nature. This doctrine is inherited through formal media such as recitation and carried out in the form of direct action. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the involvement of other religious organizations in the effort to conserve the environment in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is an underutilized crop but plays a crucial role in food security of small and marginal rural families. For centuries, local farmers have planned agricultural production while conserving natural resources by adopting traditional knowledge (TK). This study aims to documents the importance of TK on water yam diversity, conservation and farming practices from the East Javanese community, a case study in Tuban Regency, Indonesia. The data collection was using a purposive sampling through interviews and direct participatory activities. Results showed that at least seven water yam local varieties were recognized with high tuber morphological variations, namely Uwi Bangkulit, Uwi Putih, Uwi Legi, Uwi Ungu, Uwi Sego, Uwi Klelet, and Uwi Randu. The variety naming mostly reflects distinct morphology and perceptual characteristics. The farmer's reasons to cultivate variety are related to the economic value and consumable preference. Three farming systems were identified including home garden, dry land agriculture and agroforestry. The cultivation patterns are adjusted to the climatic and seasonal changes for many years, with good management practices from seed and soil preparation, planting and crop maintenance, to tuber harvest, storage and marketing. Miscellaneous uses of water yam are also documented for their sustainable livelihoods. This study can serve as a framework for decision-making at local and national level for conservation efforts and further development in cultivation management and utilization of water yam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation efforts in Indonesia in the last decade have been using many strategies to integrate Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK). Recognition of the role of local communities and indigenous peoples is part of efforts to mitigate climate change and the current biodiversity crisis. The mapping of the contribution of local ecological knowledge in forest management approaches for biodiversity conservation is very important. This study aims to describes the contribution of local ecological knowledge (LEK) adaptation in conservation programs in Indonesia. This research method uses a qualitative approach with an ethnoecological strategy. The research locations were in three local communities in Indonesia, namely: the Nusa Lembongan community in Bali, the Tobelo community in Halmahera, Maluku, and the Urang Kanekes/Bedouin community in Lebak, West Java. Local ecological knowledge contributes to resilience in the face of climate change, and how indigenous peoples ensure harmony between social capital, the forest environment, and forest use can be of particular concern to face the challenge of achieving zero hunger. This is related to forest ecosystems managed by indigenous peoples showing better results in sustainability based on environmental and social sustainability principles. This study shows that forest management processes based on local ecological knowledge (LEK) can be an alternative approach to biodiversity conservation. Local ecological knowledge shows an emphasis on the ongoing process of experience-based knowledge in communities that utilize the environment. The contribution of studies on LEK adaptation as dynamic knowledge can be used as a more flexible conservation approach and evaluation of forest conservation programs in Indonesia in relating to ecosystem adaptation. The finding of this study was important to LEK integration into the conservation program so it will become more adaptive and flexible to the changes. Understanding the dynamic characterization of LEK has benefit to conservation program that is based on community and participatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetative based soil and water conservation is most commonly done by the community to contribute to income improvement at the volcanic slopes in Java Island, Indonesia. Coconut and Mahogany plants have been cultivated as intercrops in most dry-land agricultural fields by many people for different purposes of income generation. The differences in canopy characteristics between the two plants significantly affect the production of runoff. Field evidence is needed to support it as a suitable plant for soil and water conservation efforts. The study was conducted using a field survey method equipped with soil characteristic measurements in the laboratory. The data collection process began with a study of the landscape of the research area which was divided into three zones, namely residual, erosion, and deposition. In each zone, coconut and Mahogany plants were selected with the ideal morphology for measurement of interception, throughfall, and stemflow during rain events. Soil sampling under the plant canopy was used to measure texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, macro pores, initial soil moisture, and organic matter. Coconut plants are considered better for the purpose of vegetative soil and water conservation than Mahogany. However, Mahogany must be arranged at the upper plot and Coconut at the lower plot to enhance runoff reduction. Coconut can reduce the volume of surface runoff significantly so that the erosion rate becomes smaller. Coconut roots function to stabilize the physical properties of soil which can ensure continuous infiltration and percolation processes during rain events so that the amount of water stored in the soil increases. Those two trees may be planted along the natural drainage canal that is usually located at the edge of dry-land agricultural fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Genetika (0534-0012) is the property of Serbian Genetics Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Conservation efforts are often prioritized on a large spatial scale because information about local ecosystems is frequently lacking. Therefore, comprehensive spatial classification of a region's environmental characteristics is essential for effective marine conservation. This study aimed to construct geophysical and chemical environmental delineation of the Lesser Sunda Islands which are located in Indonesia. This area is an ecoregion in the coral triangle that has been a primary concern of global biodiversity conservation strategies. METHODS: This study utilized eleven global environmental variables that were accessed from global marine databases. After performing a principal component analysis, a fuzzy C-means clustering technique was used to classify the region into groups based on environmental characteristics in term of seasonal variability. It was expected that the areas within each group would have identical attributes and ecological processes. FINDINGS: The results suggested that the marine environmental factors in Lesser Sunda can be simplified using a principal component analysis technique: 6 principal component factors explained 81.06 percent of the overall raw data variability for the wet season, and 7 principal component variables explained 84.51 percent of the overall raw data variability for the dry season. Then, the area can be delineated into 5 groups (wet season) and 10 groups (dry season) with different environmental characteristics. This method's classified groups principally inferred the Indian Ocean and Bali Sea, Savu Sea and Flores Sea, and Banda Sea as distinct clusters. In particular, the group that included the Indian Ocean had characteristics including lower nitrate and sea surface temperature concentrations, as well as higher potential hydrogen salinity and distance from the shore. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that the single marine conservation area in Lesser Sunda is not sufficient to adequately represent the physicochemical dynamics in the area. The proposed delineation result will supplement the existing bioregion classification of marine areas, such as the Marine Ecoregions of the World. Moreover, it is also consistent with existing conservation programs, including the notable national marine protected areas of the Savu Sea. Nevertheless, the acknowledged biogeographic group of the Indian Ocean indicates that countries must work together to successfully manage marine protected areas and achieve their conservation objectives. This work serves as a baseline for both academic research and ecological assessment, and it will contribute to marine protected areas strategies and conservation efforts in the Lesser Sunda Islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban areas are rapidly expanding into natural habitats worldwide. When species are threatened with habitat loss, it is vital to understand how they will respond or adapt to the change in their environment. One primate species threatened by habitat loss is the fully arboreal Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus). This non-leaping species not only relies on canopy continuity but is also subject to capture for illegal wildlife trade, especially in anthropogenic landscapes where they are easier to catch. We examine the use of urban areas by Javan slow lorises in terms of habitat use as well as feeding and terrestriality behaviours in the municipality of Cipaganti in West Java, Indonesia. For this study, we observed Javan slow lorises from May 2018 to April 2020 for two dry periods and two wet periods. We combined home ranges and core areas with a land cover classification of the area to understand the composition of the loris habitat. We also included feeding and terrestriality data to determine the ratio of these activities within each land cover class. We found that approximately half of their territory falls into natural areas (bamboo patches: 45–60%), and the other half is in human land use areas (agriculture, shade gardens, urban areas, and fallow land). Urban areas ranged from 0 to 54% of an individual loris's habitat, with the proportion of urban land cover being higher in some individuals' core areas than in their home ranges. Only urban areas showed a variation between periods, with p-values of 0.06 and 0.002 for home ranges and core areas, respectively, showing a significant increase usage during dry periods. Of all feeding observations, 4% occurred in urban areas with nectar being the most common feeding item. We recorded thirteen different food species in urban areas with Calliandra calothrysus being the most frequent. We found that 7% of terrestriality events occurred in urban areas. The findings from this study show that human land use areas cover a significant portion of the Javan slow lorises habitat in this region, further emphasising the need to consider the needs of these Critically Endangered primates when developing natural habitats into those of human managed landscapes. The same principles are true for the large number of species that are able to persist in urban areas in a world increasingly dominated by humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on land cover and land management changes in relation to food security and environmental services in a semi-arid area of East Nusa Tenggara (ENT), Indonesia. The study was conducted in the Central Sumba District of ENT province. A classification and regression tree (CART) for land cover classification was analyzed using machine learning techniques through the implementation of the Google Earth Engine. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) survey followed by in-depth interviews was conducted for primary data collection, involving a total of 871 respondents. The socio-economic data were statistically analyzed descriptively using non-parametric tests. The study showed that (1) there has been a substantial change in land use during the devolution era that has both positive and negative implications for food security and environmental services; (2) there has been population pressure in fertile and agricultural land as a direct impact of the development of city infrastructure; and (3) national intervention through the Food Estate program has fostered and shaped land use change and land management in the Central Sumba District. The study highlights the importance of the devolution spirit in aiding the management of limited arable/agricultural land in predominantly semi-arid areas to ensure food security and environmental services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vector-borne diseases spread from wild animals and their associated ectoparasites to humans and domesticated animals. Wildlife markets are recognized as important areas where this transfer can take place. We assessed the potential for spreading vector-borne diseases in two live and wet markets in Myanmar (Mong La, on the Myanmar-China border) and Indonesia (Sukahaji in Bandung on the island of Java) by making an inventory of all live and freshly killed wild mammals for sale. For eight mammal families, we quantified the number of animals on offer, and we used a heatmap cluster analysis to map vector-borne diseases that these families may carry. In Myanmar, we observed large numbers of wild pigs and deer (potentially carrying West Nile and various encephalitis viruses) whereas in Indonesia we observed Old World fruit bats (potentially carrying Chikungunya and encephalitis viruses) and squirrels (potentially carrying West Nile and encephalitis viruses). The trade in Indonesia was dominated by live mammals offered for sale as pets, and only Old World fruit bats and squirrels traded for traditional Asian medicine were killed in the markets. The trade in Myanmar was more geared towards wild meat (e.g., wild pigs, deer, primates) and traditional Asian medicine (squirrels). The combined risks of vector-borne diseases spreading from traded animals to human health highlight the need for an integrated approach protecting public health, economic interests and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nusantara architecture has become master in its own house. In Indonesia, attempt to realign the understanding of traditional architecture into the Nusantara architecture proven effective disseminating the virus in preserving traditional houses. Even more, preserving Nusantara Architecture is not only about maintained the tradition physically, but also the value. One of them is gotong royong (mutual cooperation), the motor in reviving community architecture. Amid the insistence of modernity, Nusantara style gradually eroded, despite the fact of plenteous values on it as references for modern architecture. Furthermore, economically, added value for the region by ecotourism. This paper proposes recent review about conservation on Nusantara Architecture in Indonesia, with describing currently conservation efforts which being intensively carried out in various regions in Indonesia to reconstruct some rotten inhabited traditional houses. Examples described taken from Waerebo, Ratenggaro, Ngata Toro, and the exploration of vanished Tolakinese house. Overall, the process of participatory in planning and implementation is the key factors of these programs today, prove that gotong royong still exist. Academia also entangled, with students involved helping the community. Thus, the real learning process and transfer of knowledge at the same time sustaining at once. On the other hand, ex-situ conservation efforts also taken into consideration when attempt to push the equalization of protecting effort race against time. Conservation a la Europe becomes important once seeing the vast spread of custom/traditional houses in Indonesia and lacking attention from the government to drive faster. While, the occupants were unable to sustain maintenance and refrain of the clamour of modern life. Open-air museum might be the only solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the Adiwiyata schools' development program has implemented environmental education. These schools have a responsibility to preserve the environment, especially around school grounds. One of the elements of the Adiwiyata schools' conservation program is the conservation of the Brantas watershed area which is currently experiencing degradation due to human activities. This study aimed to explain how environmental education in schools contributes to students' knowledge, and to examine the efforts made by the Adiwiyata schools in the conservation of the Brantas watershed area. This research used quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative method was carried out through a survey of 254 students at Adiwiyata schools through an online questionnaire. Qualitative data were collected through observations of school programs and policies as well as semi-structured interviews with teachers, students, and principals. The results of this study indicated that environmental education in Adiwiyata schools contributes to strengthening students' cognitive and affective competencies towards the conservation of the Brantas watershed but not yet in the psychomotor domain. The Brantas watershed conservation efforts carried out by the Adiwiyata schools consist of monitoring river water quality, restoring riverbanks, and cleaning the river from pollutant waste. The realization of these efforts is the result of collaboration between the school and external parties, namely the Environment Agency, Jasa Tirta, the Tunas Hijau NGO, and the JKPKA Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional beliefs based on religion have served as a direction for people's lives in interpreting life. Life guidelines received from good education might represent wise methods of dealing with nature. This study aimed: (1) to examine the tradition of using cave water in the Mandati and Wanci tribes, (2) to examine the traditional value and meaning to develop sustainable ecotourism. The research used a qualitative descriptive method with an ethnographic approach to explain facts, meanings, and traditional values of using cave water. Data were obtained through participant observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and literature study. Data were analyzed using triangulation. Informants were selected from various groups: traditional leaders, government, community leaders. The reseach revealed that there are four traditions that use water go for traditional purposes, namely: (1) Ufe Karia Mbo'u Mbo'u, (2) Ufe Karia Ntooge/Hoporuku, (3) Ufe Heraha Kuni, and (4) Ufe Kafi (Wedding traditional water). The tribes believed that cave water was highly beneficial for healing, bringing blessings and health, fortune, and for the soul. The cave water is specifically used for Ufe Karia, which symbolizes native behavior in keeping the cave's culture, rituals, and water resources. The community used this tradition to purify, protect and baptize Wakatobi children in preparation for adulthood. Moreover, the wisdom in this tradition aimed to support ecotourism in Wakatobi Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's seagrass habitats play an important role in the fight against climate change since they store a significant portion of the world's blue carbon. Despite progress in conservation efforts and increasing number of Indonesia's marine protected areas (MPAs), these habitats are generally still under multitude of pressures leading to declining condition. Thus, there is a growing need to improve the conservation management of seagrass habitats, especially within MPAs in Indonesia. Here, we identify five challenges on managing seagrass meadows in Indonesia's MPAs: (1) Achieving societal awareness on the importance of seagrasses in Indonesia' MPAs; (2) Achieving fair recognition from the management authority of Indonesia's MPAs; (3) Obtaining political initiatives related to laws and regulations on seagrass management; (4) Providing empirical data on seagrass habitats at national level repeated over time; and (5) Enhancing capacity to conduct community-based management of seagrasses. Then, we propose a series of solutions to solve these challenges. We believe that all stakeholders need to work collaboratively to secure the future of Indonesia's seagrass habitats and maintain their capacity to deliver significant ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Wildlife trade, just like other trade, is moving online; this also includes wildlife that cannot be traded legally. To assess the extent to which the illegal wildlife trade has moved online, we focused on the bird trade on the Indonesian islands of Java, Bali and Lombok, where there is widespread access to the Internet and where social media is widely used. We conducted a five-year study (2016–2021) on the raptor trade in traditional bird markets, on Instagram and on Facebook and assessed seizures and successful prosecutions over this period. We found close to 1000 birds of prey for sale (29 species), and evidence of 47 seizures of 131 birds of prey. The five most common birds of prey were similar in all four datasets. Smaller species were more common in the bird markets, whereas the larger ones were more abundantly offered online. In the seizure reports, social media was frequently mentioned, and only five of the seizures led to a successful prosecution. Our study confirms that wildlife trade has indeed shifted from the physical marketplace to online and shows that enforcement is insufficient to curb this illegal trade. Monitoring illegal wildlife trade and how the modus operandi of traders changes over time is of vital importance to mitigate the negative effects this trade can have on wild populations. We focused on the trade of birds of prey in Indonesia (2016–2021) in bird markets (12 markets, 194 visits), on Instagram (19 seller profiles) and on Facebook (11 open groups). We link species prevalence and asking prices to body size, abundance and geographic range. Smaller species were more traded in bird markets and less so online. Abundance in trade is in part linked to their abundance in the wild. Asking prices (mean of USD 87) are positively correlated with size and negatively with their abundance in the wild. Authorities seize birds of prey according to their observed abundance in trade, but only 10% of seizures lead to successful prosecutions. The trade is in violation of national laws and the terms and conditions of the online platforms; the low prosecution rate with minimal fines shows a lack of recognition of the urgency of the threat that trade poses to already imperilled wildlife. The shift of trade from physical bird markets to the online marketplace necessitates a different strategy both for monitoring and enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shark‐like rays (Order Rhinopristiformes) are among the most threatened families of marine fish, yet little is known about their populations. These rays are normally taken as opportunistic catch in fisheries targeting other species and are thus poorly reported. One exception is the Indonesian tangle net fishery, which targets shark‐like rays.Market surveys of Muara Angke landing site in Jakarta, north‐western Java were conducted between 2001 and 2005, and the landed catch from the tangle net fishery was recorded (the Muara Angke landing site includes landings from more than one fishery).In total, 1,559 elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) were recorded, comprising 24 species of rays and nine species of sharks. The most abundant species landed were the pink whipray Pateobatis fai and the bottlenose wedgefish Rhynchobatus australiae, the latter being the main target species.Catch composition varied based on differences in species catchability and may also be indicative of localized declines. The fishery was highly selective for larger sized individuals, while smaller size classes of many ray species, including the target species, were also caught in other Indonesian fisheries, resulting in fishing pressure across all age classes.The decline of tangle net vessels in the fishery and the potential shift in catch composition in the Indonesian tangle net fishery increase concerns about the status of shark‐like rays and stingrays in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a long story in the documentation of the richness of fish genetic resources. Identifying and documenting the diversity of fish species showing the country has around 1700 species. However, Fishbase records only 1258 species (10% contribution to the world) indicating around unrecorded 442 species (26%) in the site. Significant pressures on fish genetic resources and its habitat, small new species documentation/loss of existing species, a decreasing percentage of species at the global level, and un-optimal utilization seems to be essential issues. To deal with these issues, the re-inventory of Indonesia's freshwater fish genetic resources needs to be conducted with concern on unrecorded data in FishBase and threatened species. The government needs to increase awareness on establishing fisheries status through the implementation of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) for better fisheries management programs. Improvement of preservation and utilization programs for potential native fish species is also essential to provide alternatives species for aquaculture development and its conservation and the last is habitat rehabilitation through nature reserves empowers rules and strengthens regulation. To achieve action plan targets, cross-sectoral coordination is needed in which institutions involved in policy authority, scientific authority, and management authority must synchronize their programs and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional ceremonies are one of cultural representation that is passed from generations. The public interest in traditional ceremonies was decreased by the time, especially for the younger generation. This study aimed to describe traditional ceremony activities in the Tengger tribe as sustainable tourism objects. The research method is descriptive qualitative using field survey. Data is collected through literature review, observation, and interviews . In-depth interviews were conducted with key informants with extensive knowledge and experience about the research object. The research object is traditional ceremonies such as Kasodo, Karo, and Unan-Unan. Triangulation method was used to test the validity and reliability of research data. The result found that the Yadnya Kasodo is a spiritual ceremony aimed to purify nature and carried out as gratitude to God by offering agricultural goods (sajen) and ongkek. The agricultural goods managed by the community to be used in the ceremony are flowers, fruits, vegetables, and livestock products. This traditional procession is closely related to the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park spatial layout. Traditional ceremonial activities could become objects of sustainable tourism and are supported by sustainable resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation programmes are always limited by available resources. Careful planning is therefore required to increase the efficiency of conservation and gap analysis can be used for this purpose. This method was used to assess the representativeness of current ex situ and in situ conservation actions of 234 priority crop wild relatives (CWR) in Indonesia. This analysis also included species distribution modelling, the creation of an ecogeographical land characterization map, and a complementarity analysis to identify priorities area for in situ conservation and for further collecting of ex situ conservation programmes. The results show that both current ex situ and in situ conservation actions are insufficient. Sixty-six percent of priority CWRs have no recorded ex situ collections. Eighty CWRs with ex situ collections are still under-represented in the national genebanks and 65 CWRs have no presence records within the existing protected area network although 60 are predicted to exist in several protected areas according to their potential distribution models. The complementarity analysis shows that a minimum of 61 complementary grid areas (complementary based on grid cells) are required to conserve all priority taxa and 40 complementary protected areas (complementary based on existing protected areas) are required to conserve those with known populations within the existing in situ protected area network. The top ten of complementary protected areas are proposed as the initial areas for the development of CWR genetic reserves network in Indonesia. It is recommended to enhanced coordination between ex situ and in situ conservation stakeholders for sustaining the long term conservation of CWR in Indonesia. Implementation of the research recommendations will provide for the first time an effective conservation planning of Indonesia's CWR diversity and will significantly enhance the country's food and nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquilaria malaccensis and Gyrinops versteegii are agarwood producing plant species that is widely used because of its fragrance. Gyrinops versteegii has not been much cultivated and along with the decreasing population of G. versteegii in its natural habitat. This study aimed to assess scarcity status of Gyrinops versteegii based on distribution records from both herbarium and field exploration to assist the formulation of its conservation policy. Distribution data were obtained from online database and also from field exploration in Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores Islands to obtain the population information. Area of Occupancy (AOO) and Extent of Occurrence (EOO) were calculated using GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool) and IUCN status recommendation was discussed. The estimated EOO was 868,422,919 km², exceeding the value required for the threatened category. Based on EOO, it is included in the Least Concern (LC) category, but the EOO covers a large area of the ocean so the AOO was 116 km² as meets criterion B (AOO<500 km2). It can be categorized into endangered (EN). Population data and conservation status of G verstegii are very important to provide recommendations on the quota wild-harvesting of agarwood by stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nepenthes clipeata is a Critically Endangered plant species with the population at its only location in the wild, Gunung (Mount) Kelam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, under threat – its nutrient relationships have not been studied. To improve understanding of the autecology of N. clipeata by assessing the current population and providing information on its mineral nutrient relationships. A survey was undertaken in 2019 when population numbers and habitat preferences of N. clipeata were recorded. Nutrient concentrations in soil, leaves and pitcher fluid were analysed and compared with those in other Nepenthes species. Eighteen individuals of N. clipeata were found on Gunung Kelam (only one of which was female). Seven other Nepenthes species were found and hybrids with two of these and N. clipeata were observed. Although the foliar nutrient concentrations ('ionome') of N. clipeata appeared distinct from that of other Nepenthes species, with N. clipeata having greater nutrient concentrations, particularly nitrogen, potassium and calcium, nitrogen limitation was still prevalent. N. clipeata still persists in the wild but with very low numbers, indicating that conservation actions are required. Along with other species of Nepenthes, it is limited by soil nitrogen concentrations although it has a distinct ionome derived from high foliar nutrient concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the progress and issues of Indonesia's marine protected area establishment and control. It addresses the legal framework and issues, such as unclear mandates, lack of coordination, and local stakeholders' involvement in their establishment and control. The legal framework discussion aims to explain the complicated issues of the new Local Government Act promulgation. Furthermore, it provides alternative solutions through amending several provisions of the new Local Government Act associated with marine and coastal control. Firstly, inserting provisions regarding the Archipelagic County. Secondly, altering several articles related to the authority to manage marine resources. Thirdly, inserting provisions related to the jurisdiction of the Central Government in determining the classification and categorization of marine resource management. Fourthly, amending the articles in the new Local Government Act related to foreign affairs arrangement in the border area. In addition, this article concluded that a proper legal framework encourages sustainable marine and coastal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, the methods of preserving traditional performing arts have undergone a transformation in many states ofSoutheast Asia. In that, the performing art societies in Indonesia and Thailand have also made a shift in their conservation strategy from organizing the performing arts as a sacred rite with few participants to massive shows to entertain biggeraudiences. This research intendedto review the role of Maecenas (art protector) in enforcing the existence of Ramayanaperforming arts inthree destinations in Indonesia and Thailand, namely Uluwatu’s Kecak Ramayana in Bali and Prambanan’s RamayanaBallet in Central Java, both located in Indonesia, and Khon Theater in Bangkok, Thailand. The research used a qualitative descriptive method with functional theory approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentreview, following which they were analysed through interpretation. The result of the research showed that the aesthetical transformation of Ramayana performing arts in Indonesia and Thailand is determined by three factors, namely locality, time, and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is home to the Javan Leopard (Panthera pardus melas) and the Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi), both of which are threatened by habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict issues and the illegal wildlife trade. Leopards and clouded leopards are threatened by the illegal wildlife trade across their range, however, very little is known of the illegal trade in these two species in Indonesia, or of the efforts made to tackle this crime. Both the Javan Leopard and Sunda Clouded Leopard are protected species in Indonesia and both species are listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), meaning commercial international trade is generally prohibited. To better understand the trade, and efforts to end this trade, we collected records of seizures and prosecutions relating to Javan Leopards and Sunda Clouded Leopards in Indonesia for the period 2011-2019. Despite both species being protected by law, this study reveals the prevalence of extensive poaching, illegal domestic trade and international trafficking of both species. A total of 41 seizure records were obtained from 2011 to 2019, which was estimated to amount to approximately 83 animals, which likely represents only a fraction of the total number of cases and therefore the risk may be substantially greater. Approximately half of the cases resulted in successful prosecution and of these, the highest sentence given was 2 years in jail and a fine of IDR50mil (~USD3300). The majority of the penalties handed down for these crimes were far below the maximum potential penalties and are unlikely to be effective deterrents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An understanding of cetacean distribution is necessary to gain insights into crucial ecological processes for species conservation management. However, cetacean habitat preference and distribution in the northern Savu Sea, Indonesia, are still poorly understood. We use maximum entropy modeling with five environmental predictors to describe habitat preference and distribution of seven cetacean species in the northern Savu Sea. Our study confirms that static predictors are the most important variables in explaining habitat preferences of seven cetacean species in the northern Savu Sea. Seasonally, each cetacean species has a different environmental preference. Globicephala macrorhynchus prefers the open nearshore areas adjacent to deep waters. Stenella attenuata is associated with nearshore habitats and higher productivity areas. Stenella longirostris prefers nearshore habitat during coastal upwelling events. Tursiops truncatus prefers nearshore sheltered habitat. Grampus griseus habitats are highly related to depth and steep gradients around the isobaths of 200–1,000 m. Feresa attenuata are associated with deep waters and cooler sea temperature. Pseudorca crassidens prefers protective bays with productive waters. This study provides important information for reviewing marine spatial plans of the northern Savu Sea, specifically on managing species fisheries interaction, optimizing surveillance, and regulating marine traffic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the tourism industry in Indonesia has encouraged innovation in the sector as each business competes to attract domestic and foreign tourists. At the same time, however, this growth is having a negative impact of environmental damage such as water pollution and soil pollution, and also producing a perceived community loss. One option is to reduce the negative impact of tourism is by encouraging the development of ecotourism activities. For example, nearby communities could be encouraged to participate in the management of mangrove conservation ecotourism areas. This study considers how such communities can work with local governments on these projects. This complements traditional beliefs within the Indonesian culture which held that ancestors entrust natural wealth to their descendants to be guarded and utilized wisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, 60 million people live within 1 km of state forest. The government of Indonesia plans to grant community titles for 12.7 million hectares of land to communities living in and around forests. These titles allow for using nontimber forest products, practicing agroforestry, operating tourism businesses, and selective logging in designated production zones. Here, we estimate the early effects of the program's rollout. We use data on the delineation and introduction date of community forest titles on 2.4 million hectares of land across the country. We find that, contrary to the objective of the program, community titles aimed at conservation did not decrease deforestation; if anything, they tended to increase forest loss. In contrast, community titles in zones aimed at timber production decreased deforestation, albeit from higher baseline forest loss rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent availability of high spatial and temporal resolution optical and radar satellite imagery has dramatically increased opportunities for mapping land cover at fine scales. Fusion of optical and radar images has been found useful in tropical areas affected by cloud cover because of their complementarity. However, the multitemporal dimension these data now offer is often neglected because these areas are primarily characterized by relatively low levels of seasonality and because the consideration of multitemporal data requires more processing time. Hence, land cover mapping in these regions is often based on imagery acquired for a single date or on an average of multiple dates.The aim of this work is to assess the added value brought by the temporal dimension of optical and radar time series when mapping land cover in tropical environments. Specifically, we compared the accuracies of classifications based on (a) optical time series, (b) their temporal average, (c) radar time series, (d) their temporal average, (e) a combination of optical and radar time series and (f) a combination of their temporal averages for mapping land cover in Jambi province, Indonesia, using Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2 imagery.Using the full information contained in the time series resulted in significantly higher classification accuracies than using temporal averages (+14.7% for Sentinel‐1, +2.5% for Sentinel‐2 and +2% combining Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2). Overall, combining Sentinel‐2 and Sentinel‐1 time series provided the highest accuracies (Kappa = 88.5%).Our study demonstrates that preserving the temporal information provided by satellite image time series can significantly improve land cover classifications in tropical biodiversity hotspots, improving our capacity to monitor ecosystems of high conservation relevance such as peatlands. The proposed method is reproducible, automated and based on open‐source tools satellite imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has potential ecotourism spots that are needed to be utilized as well as to increase the value of forest benefits from the aspect of environmental services. The utilization must be carried out carefully while maintaining the function of the area. However, there are constraints in managing natural tourism in conservation areas according to the concept of sustainable tourism. This study adopts the basic concept of evaluating the management of natural tourism as stipulated in the Regulation of The Ministry of Tourism Number 14 of 2016 on Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Destination. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of sustainable nature tourism management applied in Taman Wisata Alam Telogo Warno Telogo Pengilon (TWA TWTP). The data were collected under three main techniques: a direct interview with related stakeholders, field measurement and direct observation, and grey literature. The management forms a partnership between the Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Jawa Tengah (Central Java Natural Resources Conservation Office; BKSDA) and PT. Alam Indah Bonbin Lestari (AIBBL) as the holder of Izin Usaha Penyediaan Sarana Wisata Alam (Business License for the Provision of Nature Tourism Facilities; IUPSWA). The results showed improvement in the management of TWA TWTP. However, several issues that require immediate improvement remain. In general, all of the aspects are categorized into four scopes: (1) management of effective sustainable tourism destination, (2) the optimization of economic benefits for local communities, (3) the optimization of cultural preservation for the communities and visitors, and (4) environmental conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim: Our aim was to collect sightings data on oceanic manta rays (Mobula birostris) within the Raja Ampat Archipelago to better understand their population dynamics within the region. These data were compared with environmental variables to seek correlates that may explain any variations in observed sightings frequency. Combined, it is hoped this knowledge will be used to aid effective management of this species in the region. Location: Raja Ampat Archipelago, West Papua, Indonesia. Methods: We collected and catalogued photo‐identification of individuals to create a sightings database. To generate estimates of abundance, survival, sighting probability and recruitment to the population, we used a POPAN mark–recapture model. We considered time‐varying and fixed values for each parameter and possible covariate relationships of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sex. Results: A total of 588 individuals were identified over six years, of which 72.4% were female, and 28.2% of individuals were resighted. There was an exponential increase in sightings during the 2015–2016 ENSO event despite constant effort; significant correlation was found between sightings and the multivariate ENSO index and with sea surface temperatures but not with chlorophyll‐a. Mark–recapture analysis shows a clear relationship between ENSO and entry probability, and the most parsimonious model estimated a superpopulation size N of 1875 individuals. Main conclusion: Oceanic manta ray distributions appear to be impacted by ENSO‐related climate phenomena. Our findings on the relationship of ENSO to manta sightings and distribution indicate that oceanic manta rays are likely sensitive to large‐scale climatic variability. This illustrates the potential impacts of climate change on oceanic manta populations and the need to consider climate impacts in developing management strategies. Continued photo‐ID, tagging and population genetics would greatly enhance knowledge and help develop management strategies that bolster conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tengger Settlement in Ngadas and Ranu Pani villages is a unique settlement as a part of BromoTengger Semeru National Park (BTSNP). But the conversion of its land has become a problem in the management and can threaten the existence of its yard. This study aims to analyze the facade of the yard, as well as formulate its preservation model based on Tengger cultural wisdom. The research method applied in this study is rationalistic approach of quantitative and qualitative mix. Data were collected by applying explorative survey methods and interviews. Index of cultural significance from Turner is employed in analyzing the utilization of plant species quantitatively. The result indicates that yard performances in these two villages are categorized into narrow and medium size, with an average area of 104 m2. Back and side zones are functioned as cultivation of food crops, horticultures, herbs, spices and starches (carbohydrate sources). Plants of strata I and II dominate the yards of these villages and correlate with the carrying capacity of narrow garden yards. The management of the yard in Ngadas and Ranu Pani villages through the conservation and realization of local wisdom has great potential in the preservation of the BTSNP landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the use of payments for environmental services to support a wildlife corridor between two Priority Tiger Conservation Landscapes in central Sumatra, Indonesia. Several hundred smallholders operate within a Protection Forest linking the Tiger Conservation Landscapes. This study explores the willingness of these smallholders to accept a payment requiring them to forgo access to their land for five years. In addition to asking households directly what they would be willing to accept (WTA), we also ask them to infer what their neighbour would accept. The study finds evidence of hypothetical bias in the conventional WTA values, with a statistically significant difference between what people say they would be willing to accept when surveyed, compared to what they say would actually be willing to accept in a 'real life' situation. We show how inferred valuation techniques can mitigate against this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's deforestation is a crisis of global proportions. Its causes are highly complex, spanning local social and community dynamics to national political hierarchies and global corporate politics, current and historic. Development plays a key role, with global neo-liberal imperatives leveraged, resisted and competing with myriad multi-level agendas and actors. Gramscian analysis of logics and ideology, which combine to construct a global and local "common sense," helps to explain the mixed messages of policy and conservation, which themselves make Indonesian deforestation and its solutions so complicated. Solutions to forest destruction, presented in the form of payment for ecosystem services, multi-stakeholder initiatives, improved governance and transparency within a neo-liberal market framework, have had limited success. The reason for this limited success lies in the notion, encouraged by multilateral and development thinking, that commodification of communities and nature will also conserve forests. Drawing on fieldwork in Indonesia and the United States, this article argues that discrepancies in development and economic policy, which lead to ecologically destructive outcomes like tropical deforestation, cannot be patched up by innovative market tools. Rather, they reflect irreconcilable flaws in contemporary political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dayak individuals and groups engage in plural ecologies -- characterized by different ways of integrating humans and non-humans and by different conceptions of "nature", "land", and "development". Two struggles for the maintenance of customary rights in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, exemplify this engagement. One is a rather forlorn dispute over land with a coal mining company, and the other a promising attempt to secure customary rights to a forested mountain area. Focus on individual and collective actors in these struggles allows consideration of how people appropriate and engage with different and partly contradictory ontological assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A gaharu (Agarwood) nursery programme in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, failed mainly because the multiple ecologies of members of an environmental organization and indigenous people conflicted. The former believed that the trees that produced gaharu should be protected for their role in storing carbon emissions, and that the nursery programme should provide a "cultivated" income opportunity. In contrast, for Punan Murung, searching for and trading in heartwood embedded with resin offers the possibility of economic gain and of autonomy, while also serving as a marker for an indigenous seminomadic identity. Consideration of the varied relationships of actors with the environment, as these relations are intertwined with multifocal power structures, can further understanding of failures in participatory forest management programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation of rare ungulates requires reliable population size estimates and distribution maps for prioritizing investments and assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures. We used both camera trapping and a random encounter model approach, and faecal pellet group counts, to update the range and population size of the Bawean deer Axis kuhlii in the Bawean Island Nature Reserve and Wildlife Sanctuary, Indonesia. We studied 2-month periods to fulfil the assumption of population closure. Both methods provided similar population density estimates (higher in the dry season) of c. 227–416 individuals. The estimated range of the species is significantly narrower than previously reported. The main threats (habitat loss as a result of illegal logging, and disturbance by dogs and hunters) are ongoing. Based on these results we suggest that the species should retain its Critically Endangered status on the IUCN Red List. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid conversion of private land for agricultural and urban use has raised concern worldwide over the loss of ecological services. To inform conservation policy, we model privately optimal land use decisions using a real options framework that assumes both the ecological and commercial values of land are stochastic and that land conversion is irreversible. We analyze permanent and temporary land conservation policy incentives using this dynamic framework to guide policy makers interested in designing efficient payment mechanisms to achieve ecological preservation goals. We find that while the financial cost of temporary policy incentives is generally much lower than permanent policy incentives, this difference is very small in scenarios with high discount rates and lower uncertainties in conversion returns and lower expected trend in conservation returns. Alternately, the financial cost of temporary conservation is substantially lower than that of permanent conservation when the expected trend in conservation returns and uncertainties in conservation and conversion returns is high and the discount rate is low. Comparison with net present value and single-source uncertainty models indicates that the presence of a second uncertainty increases the option value of delaying conversion, and shows that permanent and temporary policy incentives based on either of the two simpler models can be seriously misguided if multiple uncertainties are present. We illustrate the analytical results with a case study of tropical deforestation in Indonesia where private landowners can either conserve forests and earn carbon credits, or convert to palm oil agriculture and earn profits from the sale of palm oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]