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The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which originated in the city of Wuhan, China, has rapidly spread to various countries, with many cases having been reported. Some existing antiviral agents showed positive results to inhibit the infection and transmission of the novel corona virus 2019 (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Covaxin is India's first indigenous COVID-19 vaccine. In this paper, we introduce the Gourava and hyper-Gourava polynomials of a graph. We compute the Gourava and hyper-Gourava polynomials of some specific class of graphs. Further, we obtain the Gourava and hyper-Gourava polynomials of some chemical structures viz., chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir and theaflavin which were used in the treatment of COVID-19. The Gourava and hyper-Gourava indices are investigated for the aforesaid antiviral drugs using polynomial approach. The Indian Council of Medical Research and Bharat Biotech announced that Phase 3 results of covaxin, developed by them, have shown an interim vaccine efficacy of 81 percent. So, the results obtained may be useful for finding the design of new medicine for the treatment of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CCOVID-19 was first reported in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and spread throughout the world like a pandemic. The population all over the world used lots of medicinal plants for prevention purposes. India has been blessed with cultural wisdom. Social health practices across the country have been utilizing integrative treatments to fight against mild fever and cold flu-like infections. Herbal and Ayurveda medicines have shown their impact on treating such infections in the early stages. The impact of herbal medicines on Covid infection is quite evident and several drug tests and trials have proved its worth of it in treating mild to severe infections. The majority of these plants are used to treat respiratory diseases having the same signs and symptoms as coronavirus symptoms or other flu infections. Our body can fight infections only when immunity is strong and for that herbal drugs as immunomodulators work well. It has worked in boosting the immunity of the patients and normal people to fight against Corona. The paper analyzes such research studies on Covid-19 treatment by herbal medicines. It makes a point that herbal medicine-based treatments and social health practices will play a complementary role in managing Covid-19 and Post-Covid health emergencies. New-Normal social ethics will evolve through such an integrative social health culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global healthcare sector has been dealing with a situation known as a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) since the end of 2019. Covid-19 is an acronym for Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease- 2019). It causes a respiratory infection that includes cold, sneezing and coughing, and pneumonia. In the case of an animal, it causes diarrhea and upper respiratory diseases. Covid-19 transmitted human to human via airborne droplets. First Covid-19 emerged in Wuhan market China and it spread rapidly throughout the World. As we know nanoparticles are a novel drug delivery system. They have various advantageous effects like increasing the efficacy of the drug, safety, etc. In this review, we study about the nanoparticles and summarize how it is effective during drug delivery system in Covid-19. Chitosan is a much focused biopolymeric nanoparticle. It delivers drugs to the specific target site. In a recent health crisis, chitosan nanoparticles are one of the ways to release drugs of Covid-19, and specifically in the lungs of the affected patients. We studied and extracted our data from various research papers, review papers, and some other articles. The main goal is to study the nanoparticles and their future aspects which is an effective drug delivery system in Covid-19. The bibliographic search was done through a systematic search. The terms "Nanoparticles", "Covid-19 ", "Drug delivery" etc. were used to search the databases/search engines like "Google Scholar", "NCBI", "PubMed", "Science Direct" etc. These databases and search engines used here perform the limited criteria of search to conduct a systematic literature survey for the study and report writing. All the text from the articles and research papers were studied and analyzed. The various articles and research papers were used in writing this report and all of which are mentioned in the reference section of this report. Our current studies reveal that nanoparticles may prove very helpful in the delivery of drugs for Covid-19 treatment. Many cases showed that patients, where drugs are delivered with the help of nanoparticles, produced very few side effects. [Display omitted] • Almost every antiviral pharmaceutical system can be nano-scaled to improve its properties. • Nanoparticles as delivery vehicles can improve the effectiveness of drug delivery. • Nanomedicines and Nano- drug delivery system have shown promising effectiveness against the Covid 19 as treatments. • Numerous subsidies to advance the nanoparticular antiviral field are provided for public health and financially. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic, also known as the COVID-19 pandemic, is an ongoing virus. It was first identified on December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and later spread to 192 countries. As of now, 251,266,207 people have been affected, and 5,070,244 deaths are reported. Due to the growing number of COVID-19 patients, the demand for COVID wards is increasing. Telemedicine applications are increasing drastically because of convenient treatment options. The healthcare sector is rapidly adopting telemedicine applications for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Most telemedicine applications are developed for heterogeneous environments and due to their diverse nature, data transmission between similar and dissimilar telemedicine applications is a difficult task. In this paper, we propose a Tele-COVID system architecture design along with its security aspects to provide the treatment for COVID-19 patients from distance. Tele-COVID secure system architecture is designed to resolve the problem of data interchange between two different telemedicine applications, interoperability, and vendor lock-in. Tele-COVID is a web-based and Android telemedicine application that provides suitable treatment to COVID-19 patients. With the help of Tele-COVID, the treatment of patients at a distance is possible without the need for them to visit hospitals; in case of emergency, necessary services can also be provided. The application is tested on COVID-19 patients in the county hospital and shows the initial results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan in China before it spread to the entire globe. It causes coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) where mostly individuals present mild symptoms, some remain asymptomatic and some show severe lung inflammation and pneumonia in the host through the induction of a marked inflammatory 'cytokine storm'. New and efficacious vaccines have been developed and put into clinical practice in record time, however, there is a still a need for effective treatments for those who are not vaccinated or remain susceptible to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. Despite this, effective therapeutic interventions against COVID-19 remain elusive. Here, we have reviewed potential drugs for COVID-19 classified on the basis of their mode of action. The mechanisms of action of each are discussed in detail to highlight the therapeutic targets that may help in reducing the global pandemic. The review was done up to July 2021 and the data was assessed through the official websites of WHO and CDC for collecting the information on the clinical trials. Moreover, the recent research papers were also assessed for the relevant data. The search was mainly based on keywords like Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, drugs (specific name of the drugs), COVID-19, clinical efficiency, safety profile, side-effects etc.This review outlines potential areas for future research into COVID-19 treatment strategies. • More than one year to the COVID-19 pandemic, still no effective drug treatment exists so far. • We have summarized the drugs showing both positive effect and negative effects for their future application. • Veklury (Remdesivir) is the only FDA-approved drug for adult and pediatric patients • Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, colchicine and Ivermectin has been removed from the list of potential drugs. • Tocilizumab and Sarilumab has been proven to work and are currently under trials. • Though, Remdesivir has been licensed for emergency and provisional use in different countries, it is not terribly effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Photobiomodulation (PBM) can reduce lung edema, cytokines in bronchoalveolar parenchyma, neutrophil influx. • PBM reduces TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, ICAM-1, MIP-2 and Reactive oxygen species. • Transthoracic approach is the direct methods for reducing lung inflammation. • Intravenous approach increases the oxygenation of red blood cells. COVID-19, as a newly-emerged viral infection has now spread all over the world after originating in Wuhan, China. Pneumonia is the hallmark of the disease, with dyspnea in half of the patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in up to one –third of the cases. Pulmonary edema, neutrophilic infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine release are the pathologic signs of this disease. The anti-inflammatory effect of the photobiomodulation (PBM) has been confirmed in many previous studies. Therefore, this review study was conducted to evaluate the direct effect of PBM on the acute lung inflammation or ARDS and also accelerating the regeneration of the damaged tissues. The indirect effects of PBM on modulation of the immune system, increasing the blood flow and oxygenation in other tissues were also considered. The databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar were searched to find the relevant studies. Keywords included the PBM and related terms, lung inflammation, and COVID-19 -related signs. Studies were categorized with respect to the target tissue, laser parameters, and their results. Seventeen related papers were included in this review. All of them were in animal models. They showed that the PBM could significantly decrease the pulmonary edema, neutrophil influx, and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), reactive oxygen species (ROS), isoform of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2)). Our findings revealed that the PBM could be helpful in reducing the lung inflammation and promoting the regeneration of the damaged tissue. PBM can increase the oxygenation indirectly in order to rehabilitate the affected organs. Thus, the infra-red lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are recommended in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]