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1. ‘Scientific Strabismus’ or two related pandemics: coronavirus disease and vitamin D deficiency

Author

Vincenzo Ricci, Levent Özçakar, Murat Kara, Özgür Kara, Timur Ekiz, and Ke-Vin Chang

Subjects
Acute respiratory syndrome, medicine.medical_specialty, Pneumonia, Viral, Medicine (miscellaneous), vitamin D deficiency, Betacoronavirus, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Pandemic, Global health, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Vitamin D, Pandemics, Nutrition and Dietetics, Respiratory tract infections, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, Food fortification, Dietary Surveys and Nutritional Epidemiology, COVID-19, Outbreak, Full Papers, Vitamin D Deficiency, medicine.disease, Coronavirus, Death, Insufficiency, Europe, Strabismus, Quarantine, Coronavirus Infections, business, Demography
Abstract

The WHO has announced the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak to be a global pandemic. The distribution of community outbreaks shows seasonal patterns along certain latitude, temperature and humidity, that is, similar to the behaviour of seasonal viral respiratory tract infections. COVID-19 displays significant spread in northern mid-latitude countries with an average temperature of 5–11°C and low humidity. Vitamin D deficiency has also been described as pandemic, especially in Europe. Regardless of age, ethnicity and latitude, recent data showed that 40 % of Europeans are vitamin D deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels

Published
2020

2. COVID-19 and gender differences: lights and shadows.

Author

Ciarambino, Tiziana, Rotunno, Sara, Bizzi, Emanuele, and Lorenzi, Federica

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS, EMERGENCY medicine
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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3. Hypovitaminosis D and COVID-19.

Author

Vassallo, Gabriele A., Fiorino, Sirio, Mori, Simone, Dionisi, Tommaso, Augello, Giuseppe, and Gioia, Angelo Cosimo

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, VITAMIN deficiency, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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4. Vasculitis and COVID-19: what do we have to know?

Author

Tamburello, Antonio, Castelnovo, Laura, Bizzi, Emanuele, and Caso, Francesco

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS, VASCULITIS
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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5. Management of COVID-19 in comorbidities.

Author

Cardamone, Chiara and Donatiello, Iginio

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, COMORBIDITY, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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6. Approach to complexity in the COVID-19 era: what are the internist's tools?

Author

Tangianu, Flavio and Capello, Fabio

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, INTERNISTS, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
Full Text
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7. Diagnostic dilemmas in COVID-19 patient.

Author

Coppola, Maria Gabriella and Panizon, Emiliano

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS, EMERGENCY medicine
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
Full Text
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8. COVID-19 coagulopathy: towards the understanding of pathogenesis.

Author

Carrara, Davide

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, VITAMIN D deficiency, PANDEMICS, EMERGENCY medicine
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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9. Pulmonary involvement and cytochemical storm: beyond SARS-CoV-2 pneumoniae.

Author

Para, Ombretta, D'Agostino, Mariangela, and Mezzasalma, Fabrizio

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, PANDEMICS, VITAMIN D deficiency
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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10. The next future of COVID-19 epidemic in Italy.

Author

La Regina, Micaela and Tartaglia, Riccardo

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, PANDEMICS, VITAMIN D deficiency, EPIDEMICS
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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11. Hospital discharge and return to the community: is it so simple?

Author

Lillu, Mattia

Subjects
MEDICAL personnel, COVID-19, HOSPITAL admission & discharge, PANDEMICS, VITAMIN D deficiency
Abstract

As the main title 'COVID-19 revolution: a new challenge for the internist' states, the global coronavirus infection disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic represented a new challenge for the internists. This paper is part of a series of articles written during the difficult period of the ongoing global pandemic and published all together in this fourth issue of the Italian Journal of Medicine, with the aim of sharing the direct experiences of those who were the first to face this severe emergency, expressing each point of view in the management of COVID-19 in relation to other diseases. Each article is therefore the result of many efforts and a joint collaboration between many colleagues from the Departments of Internal Medicine or Emergency Medicine of several Italian hospitals, engaged in the front line during the pandemic. These preliminary studies therefore cover diagnostic tools available to health care personnel, epidemiological reflections, possible new therapeutic approaches, discharge and reintegration procedures to daily life, the involvement of the disease not only in the lung, aspects related to various comorbidities, such as: coagulopathies, vasculitis, vitamin D deficiency, gender differences, etc.. The goal is to offer a perspective, as broad as possible, of everything that has been done to initially face the pandemic in its first phase and provide the tools for an increasingly better approach, in the hope of not arriving unprepared to a possible second wave. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
Full Text
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12. Reasons to avoid vitamin D deficiency during COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Rodrigo Nolasco dos Santos, Sergio Setsuo Maeda, José Roberto Jardim, and Marise Lazaretti-Castro

Subjects
Vitamin, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, vitamin D, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology, vitamin D deficiency, Pulmonary function testing, respiratory infections, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Vitamin D, Pandemics, Osteomalacia, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, COVID-19, RC648-665, Vitamin D Deficiency, medicine.disease, Coronavirus, immune system, Systematic review, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Dietary Supplements, Medicine, Secondary hyperparathyroidism, business
Abstract

The effects of vitamin D on the musculoskeletal system are well established. Its deficiency causes osteomalacia, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and an increased risk for fractures and falls. However, clinical and experimental evidence points to extra-skeletal actions of vitamin D, including on immune and respiratory systems. Thus, during this COVID-19 pandemic, a possible deleterious role of vitamin D deficiency has been questioned. This paper aims to present a brief review of the literature and discuss, based on evidence, the role of vitamin D in the lung function and in the prevention of respiratory infections. Relevant articles were searched in the databases MEDLINE/PubMed and SciELO/LILACS. The mechanisms of vitamin D action in the immune system response will be discussed. Clinical data from systematic reviews and meta-analyses show benefits in the prevention of respiratory infections and improvement of pulmonary function when vitamin D-deficient patients are supplemented. At the time of writing this paper, no published data on vitamin D supplementation for patients with COVID-19 have been found. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended during this period of social isolation to avoid any deficiency, especially in the context of bone outcomes, aiming to achieve normal values of 25(OH)D. The prevention of respiratory infections and improvement of pulmonary function are additional benefits observed when vitamin D deficiency is treated. Thus far, any protective effect of vitamin D specifically against severe COVID-19 remains unclear. We also emphasize avoiding bolus or extremely high doses of vitamin D, which can increase the risk of intoxication without evidence of benefits.

Published
2020

13. Vitamin D: A Potential Mitigation Tool for the Endemic Stage of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Author

Daniela, Briceno Noriega and Huub F J, Savelkoul

Subjects
SARS-CoV-2, vitamin D deficiency, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, COVID-19, Celbiologie en Immunologie, vitamin D, Vitamins, immunomodulation, Cell Biology and Immunology, Dietary Supplements, WIAS, Humans, vitamin D supplementation, endemic, Pandemics
Abstract

The impact of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and associated development of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 have presented an enormous global impact on our health care systems, public health and economy. To date several observational epidemiological studies consistently found that vitamin D deficiency, measured as low levels of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, certain cancers, autoimmune diseases and many infectious diseases, including acute respiratory infections. Since vitamin D is not merely immunosuppressive but also acts as an immunomodulator in tolerance and homeostasis, many experts have considered a role of vitamin D in the prevalence and severity of immune mediated inflammatory diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, adding to the evidence of the importance of vitamin D in the immune response against viral respiratory infections and reinforcing the need for targeted vitamin D supplementation, with a focus on high-risk populations and a high-dose supplementation treatment for COVID-19 hospitalized patients. The expected transition to endemicity of SARS-CoV-2 even further corroborates as a potential of vitamin D as an potential mitigation tool for the prevention of COVID-19. The aim of this paper is to analyse the current evidence regarding vitamin D and present a hypothesis of its potential role in the current COVID-19 pandemic and in the future as a potential preventive measurement in public health.

Published
2022

14. Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Viral Infections

Author

Nadin Younes, Hana A. Abdulrahman, Asmaa Althani, Hadi M. Yassine, Maheen Siddiqui, Gheyath K. Nasrallah, Judhell S. Manansala, and Maria K. Smatti

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Vitamin, Pneumonia, Viral, Population, vitamin D, lcsh:TX341-641, Review, vitamin D deficiency, Betacoronavirus, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Immune system, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Immunologic Factors, hepatitis, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Pandemics, Hepatitis, education.field_of_study, Nutrition and Dietetics, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Vitamins, deficiency, Vitamin D Deficiency, medicine.disease, Influenza, COVID-19 Drug Treatment, AIDS, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Virus Diseases, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Immune System, Dietary Supplements, Immunology, Coronavirus Infections, business, Covid-19, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, Food Science
Abstract

Viral infections have been a cause of mortality for several centuries and continue to endanger the lives of many, specifically of the younger population. Vitamin D has long been recognized as a crucial element to the skeletal system in the human body. Recent evidence has indicated that vitamin D also plays an essential role in the immune response against viral infections and suggested that vitamin D deficiency increases susceptibility to viral infections as well as the risk of recurrent infections. For instance, low serum vitamin D levels were linked to increased occurrence of high burdens viral diseases such as hepatitis, influenza, Covid-19, and AIDS. As immune cells in infected patients are responsive to the ameliorative effects of vitamin D, the beneficial effects of supplementing vitamin D-deficient individuals with an infectious disease may extend beyond the impact on bone and calcium homeostasis. Even though numerous studies have highlighted the effect of vitamin D on the immune cells, vitamin D’s antiviral mechanism has not been fully established. This paper reviews the recent mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates the immune system, both innate and adaptive systems, and reflects on the link between serum vitamin D levels and viral infections.

Published
2020

15. Vitamin D3 and K2 and their potential contribution to reducing the COVID-19 mortality rate

Author

Simon Goddek

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, coronavirus, mortality rate, Wiskundige en Statistische Methoden - Biometris, law.invention, immunology, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Case fatality rate, 030212 general & internal medicine, Vitamin D, Cholecalciferol, Mortality rate, Vitamin K2, Vitamin K 2, General Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Coronavirus Infections, Metabolic Networks and Pathways, Microbiology (medical), Vitamin, medicine.medical_specialty, 030106 microbiology, Pneumonia, Viral, Immunology, vitamin D deficiency, Article, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, Coronavirus, medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Immunologic Factors, lcsh:RC109-216, Intensive care medicine, Pandemics, Mathematical and Statistical Methods - Biometris, WIMEK, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Public health, medicine.disease, Vitamin D Deficiency, chemistry, Dietary Supplements, business
Abstract

Highlights • Vitamin D serum levels above 35 ng/ml seem to correlate with the mortality rate of COVID-19 patients. • The majority of the Western population is deficient in Vitamin D. • Vitamin D3 supplementation also requires additional vitamin K2 intake. • The immunoregulating function of vitamin D is promising and might decrease the global epidemic mortality., The world is desperately seeking for a sustainable solution to combat the coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Recent research from Asian scholars indicated that optimizing Vitamin D blood levels could offer a solution approach that promises a heavily reduced fatality rate as well as solving the public health problem of counteracting the general vitamin D deficiency. This paper dived into the immunoregulatory effects of supplementing Vitamin D3 by elaborating a causal loop diagram. Together with D3, vitamin K2 and magnesium should be supplemented to prevent long-term health risks. Follow up clinical randomized trials are required to verify the current circumstantial evidence.

Published
2020

16. Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity

Author

Sreedhar Subramanian, Jonathan M. Rhodes, Eamon Laird, and Rose Anne Kenny

Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Pneumonia, Viral, Population, vitamin D deficiency, Latitude, Betacoronavirus, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Vitamin D and neurology, Humans, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Vitamin D, education, Pandemics, education.field_of_study, Hepatology, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Gastroenterology, COVID-19, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Vitamin D Deficiency, medicine.disease, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Seasons, Coronavirus Infections, business, Demography
Abstract

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Al‐Ani et al and Garg et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15779 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15796 .

Published
2020

17. Letter: Covid-19, and vitamin D

Author

Alba Panarese and Endrit Shahini

Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Pneumonia, Viral, Letter to the Editors, 03 medical and health sciences, Betacoronavirus, 0302 clinical medicine, Pandemic, Vitamin D and neurology, Medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Vitamin D, Pandemics, biology, Hepatology, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Gastroenterology, COVID-19, Vitamin D Deficiency, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Letters to the Editors, Pneumonia, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, business, Coronavirus Infections
Abstract

LINKED CONTENT This article is linked to Tian et al and Tian and Rong papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15764 .

Published
2020