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This paper exposes a theoretical approach proposal for the analysis of social inequalities through the notions of socialization and subjective experience, from a comprehensive sociology and Schutz's phenomenological perspective. The intention is to emphasize the subjective dimension in the phenomenon of inequality, which refers to the naturalization that occurs through the mental categories that we use to look at and build the social world, and that results in an aspect that strongly adds to structural conditioning of this problem. In particular, it is proposed to study this phenomenon in the context of high school, since it represents a particular period of life in which teenagers appropriate identity categories and in relation to the social order in which they operate. The results, from this approach, propose to rescue the role of the educational institution in the subjective incorporation of this problem, and, with it, address school practices and their objective effects on the lives of students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an account of the development of the sociology of education in the UK, by means of an analysis of papers published in the field's flagship journal, the British Journal of Sociology of Education and its US equivalent, Sociology of Education. In particular, we examine the representation of two contrasting traditions in addressing social inequalities: 'political arithmetic'; and the more recent 'cultural turn'. We find that in the UK, the cultural turn dominates; whilst in the US, it is political arithmetic which does so. In accounting for these contrasting national profiles, we argue that they are underpinned by divergent social infrastructure and organisation. We also discuss some of the implications of the dominance of the cultural turn in the UK, specifically in terms of the relationship between the fields of academic research and policy and the development of a cumulative evidence base to address social inequalities in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper evaluates spatial, behavioural, and material signalling of social class in African contexts, focusing on Kenya and Zambia. In particular, it draws on notions of mode of class signalling and intersectionality and a vignette of an interaction between urban-based Western educated development agents and local participants in rural Kenya to illustrate how social class is implicated in interactions. The paper shows how significant features of class and dimensions of social inequality may be perceived intersectionally so that positionalities in class structures are negotiated in contexts of interaction, thus illustrating how structural conditions of class may be challenged and questioned. The paper concludes that sociolinguistics needs to identify the various ways in which the marginalized challenge social structures of inequality. Otherwise there is a risk that sociolinguistics will work to validate inequalities as permanent and fixed, and victims of unequal treatment as permanently condemned and never able to rise against oppressive social structures that tyrannize them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education is regarded as a core capability, fundamental to enhancing other capabilities and well-being. Yet education capabilities may not necessarily be agency or well-being enhancing if they do not identify and alter the forms of social relations that marginalize young people. This paper departs from a discussion of Robeyns' [2017. Wellbeing, Freedom and Social Justice: The Capability Approach Re-Examined. Open Book Publishers] essential modules of the CA, in which she regards capabilities and functionings as value neutral. Yet, using only the essential modules of the CA can produce knowledge that may not reveal and disrupt inequalities, which are important for scholars using the CA in education. This paper discusses how postcolonial and feminist perspectives can be used to address critiques about the CA related to questions of power and the individualized and decontextualized nature of capabilities. These perspectives offer a relational analysis grounded in historical, social and economic relations that can impede a person from expanding and acting on their capabilities. The paper compares two groups of educational capabilities found in the CA scholarship and how a relational ontology can account for power constituted in social relations and structures. These two groups of educational capabilities are (1) affiliation, social networks, and recognition; and (2) critical thinking/practical reasoning; aspirations; and reimagining alternative futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the processes of gentrification from a somewhat different point of view. It focuses on 'renovation' and 'regeneration projects', as well as the gentrification concept with regard to urban policies that have particularly enriched the holders of capital in the historic neighbourhoods of Istanbul. Gentrification, happening alongside with renovation and regeneration, reveals significant problems in the social structure of the city such as displacement, social polarization, social inequality and damage to the historical environment. This paper contributes to the expansion of the understanding of gentrification concept with a case study that is outside the scope of 'usual suspects', while theorizing the role of the Turkish state during urban transformation processes through the everyday struggles and conflicts that unfold on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances a psychosocial hypothesis in understanding relations between recipients, and providers, of health and social care. In doing so, it draws on psychoanalytically informed work which considers the relation between the internal and external worlds and more generally the wider social context. The particular hypothesis in this paper relates to an understanding of an abusive form of relating underpinned by shame and envy. The paper suggests that exposure to these feeling states is more prevalent in a social world marked by increasing inequalities and environmental failures. This argument is underpinned with reference to qualitative and quantitative research, suggesting that antagonistic relationships are increasing and are part of a significant change in the culture. The argument is illustrated by a single detailed description of an initial consultation in an NHS psychotherapy service. An examination of the social context suggests how unhelpful or abusive relations may be manifest between health care providers and recipients, in care organizations and in the wider social world. This aspect of the argument is constructed with reference to relevant organizational and sociological literature. It is suggested that established relations of this type act to limit development, in this case a social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, one can observe the socioeconomic inequalities in all kinds throughout the world. Many international organizations are dealing with this topic from a broad perspective, analyzing almost every issue within the specific frame of socioeconomic inequalities. Some assume that socioeconomic inequalities and social stratification receive insufficient attention; others think that socioeconomic inequalities, which affect social and economic structures from a multidimensional perspective, both among and within countries, have not been adequately studied. Therefore, we conducted a detailed bibliometric analysis of publications on socioeconomic inequalities and social stratification in the Scopus database. This paper deals first with the numbers and percentages of such publications over time, and then as with their distribution according to the academic discipline. Their changes in number and percentages social stratification the relevant disciplines are also analyzed, along with the universities, research institutions and funding relationships. Finally, the number of citations and citation relationships within the field are discussed. Thus, the research frame of socioeconomic inequalities is analyzed within the framework of a bibliometric analysis, after which the results are discussed with quantitative data. As a result of these analyses, we conclude that there has been an increasing interest in socioeconomic inequalities since the 1970s, an interest that, for the last ten years, has been directed toward the systematic and theoretical analysis of this extremely complex issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to discuss the major trends in changes of regional differences of economic wellbeing and the resulting spatial mobility of population as well as some regional consequences of these processes. The research is based on an empirical methodology, and visual analysis of mapped data is the main research method. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, fast decrease of employment in industry and agriculture has damaged, first of all, peripheral regions and, later, resulted in mass emigration, which is still evident in most Lithuanian municipalities. The decrease of the number of jobs in these sectors and its increase in those located in different places meant that most residents of non-metropolitan regions had to find new jobs outside the localities in which they resided. This resulted in growing mobility of the population, expressed by growing foreign emigration, inner migrations, and commuting, which continue to shape the social structure of the country to the present day, as spatial structures change more slowly than modes of production. Differences in wellbeing, which appeared at the end of the 20th century, played a role in accelerating emigration processes, which are still damaging local labour supply and economic development in many regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I aim to examine some problematic implications of the fact that individuals are prone to making systematic reasoning errors, for resource egalitarianism. I begin by disentangling the concepts of preferences, choices and ambitions, which are sometimes used interchangeably by egalitarians. Subsequently, I claim that the most plausible interpretation of resource egalitarianism takes preferences, not choices, as the site of responsibility. This distinction is salient, since preference-sensitive resource egalitarianism is faced with an important objection when applied to situations in which the empirically reasonable assumption that individuals have different degrees of computational abilities is introduced. I first show that this objection can be raised in cases involving individuals who have incomplete information, but that it ultimately fails for such cases since we can appeal to higher order insurance markets in order to mitigate any initial concerns. I further claim, however, that the objection is much more powerful in cases involving individuals who have different reasoning skills, since the appeal to higher order insurance markets is no longer tenable. Consequently, the ideal principle of justice proposed by Dworkin is met with a new feasibility challenge. Finally, I claim that the problem of reasoning errors and various forms of cognitive biases also affect Dworkin’s non-ideal principle of justice, skewing the outputs of the hypothetical insurance mechanism in an unjustifiable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon a case study of the municipality of Cañar, in Andean Ecuador, this paper examines the conflictive relationship between migration and development to show how current approaches fail to consider the political issues implicit in this link. Instead, the concept of displacement is proposed, which, as argued in this work, implies an action (that of moving to another place) which subjects perform reflexively upon themselves. This challenges the notion of this action as a transitive one, in which the subject exerts the action on an object. Cañar combines two important elements that make it relevant for highlighting this relationship: on the one hand, it is a district with a high indigenous population and, on the other, it has had historically a high rate of immigration to the USA and Spain. These two factors make it possible to confront both the immigrants' practices and the role of nation-states in the construction of structures of exclusion and, thereby, to examine why the result of this confrontation does not necessarily turn into development. From this viewpoint, the paper discerns the role of the nation-state in constructing structures of social, political, cultural, and symbolic exclusion in the locality of origin as well as in the locality of destination of migrants, further presenting the forms of agency used by the migrants to overcome these structures. In other words, it is an attempt to take the analysis into a terrain that escapes the dichotomies between state (structures) and actors (agency). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unequal contributions to social media, whereby a vast amount of content is produced by a limited number of users, need a better, theoretically grounded explanation. The present paper argues that contribution inequality on social media can be considered a symptom of social differentiation, which can be detected via social entropy. A conceptual foundation for this perspective is offered, supported by an empirical example. We use social entropy to detect the evolution of contribution inequality on Wikipedia over a period of 9 years. The paper also offers suggestions for using the conceptual framework for better understanding social media contribution structure and functional roles for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary research on young people and politics portrays their political engagement as: individualised not collectivist; issue-driven not ideology-driven and postmaterialist instead of materialist. This shift towards ‘lifestyle politics’ is assumed to be universal among young people, rather than shaped by traditional social cleavages and structures. This paper investigates these assumptions and asks whether young people's experience of national economic austerity and increasing material inequality shapes the everyday political issues they identify with, and how they understand inequality and the distribution of resources in their societies. The analysis is based on responses to an open-ended question on key political issues of importance, in surveys of representative samples of 1200 young people aged 16–29 in 3 countries: Australia, the UK and the USA. Afterwards, we conducted online discussion groups with 107 young people, in which they were asked to discuss changes in the nature of equality in their societies. The findings show that there is a complex interdependence between individualised, everyday understandings of economic changeandan identity-based politics of equal rights. However, there are nuanced differences in understanding inequality, dependent on young people's national location and socioeconomic background. The implications these findings have for young people's future political engagement are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of forms of inequality in mainland Italy is analyzed for the periods between the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (Recent Bronze Age). Basically about a millennium (ca. 2200-1150 BC) during which a trend towards more structured and hierarchical forms of social and political organization can be observed. In this perspective, the earliest forms of inequality - i.e., based on established forms of economic differentiation, and not only on rank - are visible at the threshold of the Recent Bronze Age in some regions. This paper reconsiders the model developed by Renato Peroni since 1970s, on the basis of the main archaeological evidence of recent years. Although the overall validity of that model is acknowledged, the wealth of recent evidence provides the opportunity to update and integrate the former model in several, substantial aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent work on social injustice has focused on implicit bias as an important factor in explaining persistent injustice in spite of achievements on civil rights. In this paper, I argue that because of its individualism, implicit bias explanation, taken alone, is inadequate to explain ongoing injustice; and, more importantly, it fails to call attention to what is morally at stake. An adequate account of how implicit bias functions must situate it within a broader theory of social structures and structural injustice; changing structures is often a precondition for changing patterns of thought and action and is certainly required for durable change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engel presented a compelling case for a biopsychosocial model of health. This challenged a biomedical model that he saw as reductionistic, physicalistic, and exclusionist. Yet despite its laudable goals and popularity, the biopsychosocial model can be faulted for being incremental, imprecise, and individualistic. Ultimately, this means it is no less reductionist than the biomedical model which it sought to supplant. In this paper, we present a reformulation of this model that foregrounds the capacity for social groups—and the social contexts in which those groups are embedded—to structure psychology and, through this, biology and health. This sociopsychobio model argues that the three elements of Engel's framework are not fixed and immutable but rather dynamic and interdependent. The model is consistent with a range of recent approaches to health that have focused on the important role that social class, social inequality, social structure, and social networks play in shaping health outcomes. In this paper, though, the concrete value of this reformulation is illustrated through a discussion of recent research that focuses on the role of group memberships and associated social identities in shaping the psychology and biology of stress. This review underlines two key points that are central to the general case for a sociopsychobio model of health. First, that groups are a force in the world that shape the psychology and biology of their members (as well as members of other groups) in ways that cannot be reduced to those group members' functioning as individuals. Second, that groups provide their members with a basis for seeking to change the world rather than simply accepting it. In this, group life is not merely an appendage to psychology and biology but is instead a basis for collective experiences that have the potential to unleash new expressions of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to highlight inequality in current adoption processes and procedures in England and Wales. Whilst inequality has been recognised in adoption research, the role of social structures is often neglected. Inequality within social structures plays a role in the process of the permanent removal of children to be adopted and is worthy of further attention. Birth parent voices can contribute to a wider understanding of adoption, but often remain hidden. Empirical research findings highlight how birth parents may find that their adverse experiences are exacerbated by the adoption process, the emotional impact causing existing problems to increase, and through the impact of the adoption process on birth parent's socio-economic status. Findings also illustrate how birth parents' experiences were influenced by ideals of motherhood and ideas about 'risk' to children. The paper contributes to the growing area of research which illuminates the intersection of poverty, deprivation and child protection services and the wider contemporaneous debate concerning adoption in England and Wales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]