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Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As global mobility surges, Mexico City has emerged as a favored destination for remote-working professionals due to its unique fusion of cultural allure and economic convenience. This paper explores the interplay between macroeconomic trends and quests for self-actualization among lifestyle migrants, informed by interviews and other fieldwork conducted in Mexico City in early 2023. It unravels the complex interplay of factors shaping attitudes, behaviors, and collective identity among these lifestyle migrants and how their conscious embeddedness dissolves as geographic arbitrage imbues them with new privileges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to study storm events that lead to urban flooding and their after-effects in Bosque Chapultepec, an urban forest located in Mexico City. Considering Bosque Chapultepec’s landscape configuration and composition, along with micro-watersheds that drain into the four-sectioned study area, the water depths and velocities were estimated through hydrodynamic models in Iber derived from design storms for different return periods between 2 and 10,000 years. Risk to human safety assessment due to flooding was determined in terms of flow depth and velocity using the Dorrigo classification; and vulnerable zones prone to endanger people to be dragged by the flow were determined and classified following approach proposed by Milanesi, Pilotti, and Ranzi which has an inherent relationship not only to topographic data – since is one of the main data input in hydrodynamic simulations to create flood depth and velocity rasters – but also to human body conceptual model of human stability in a flow. 100-year return period storm events showed that more than 60% of area affected by flooding would not cause damages to light structures, vehicle instability nor reduce people’s ability for wading; and more than 90% on area where people were at risk of being washed away corresponded to very low levels, meaning that people passing by the forest only need to be cautious. Furthermore, in light of the latter, recommendations were proposed to prevent flooding in Bosque Chapultepec and to reduce both flood severity and risk to residents to being washed away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commuting is expensive in megacities of emerging economies. By decreasing work-related trips, teleworking may reduce congestion and commuting time. Taking Mexico City's office workers' as case study, this paper reports findings from a discrete choice experiment (DCE) exploring willingness to see a cut in monthly paycheck in exchange for teleworking two days a week from a shared office. This DCE explores preferences for bike parking spaces at shared office's facilities, and walking commuting time to shared office. This design allows estimation of willingness to pay (WTP) for teleworking across commuting time scenarios. Monthly WTP for teleworking 2 days a week starts at (2019) USD 76.68—if commuting time is zero. As 1 h of commuting time is valued at USD 61.97 on a monthly basis, WTP for teleworking 30 min away from home is USD 45.69. Wealthier respondents report higher value for commuting time and WTP for teleworking. Monthly value of bike parking infrastructure is USD 14.70—reaching USD 30.98 for commuters that walk or (motor-)bike less than 50 min. We illustrate how these stated benefits can inform cost-benefit analysis of transportation, housing, and labor policies that enable teleworking and/or reduce commuting times in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: To date, the 'values' associated with 'heritage buildings' have received little attention in designing technical interventions for energy efficiency. This may be due to a fear that modern interventions for improving energy performance clash with heritage conservation, especially conservation of original features. We argue that energy efficiency interventions and heritage conservation can co-exist if an in-depth understanding of people's heritage values and attitudes is obtained. This paper adds to our limited knowledge of residents' approaches to heritage conservation and energy efficiency. It does so by presenting the first study of its kind in Mexico's City Historic Centre (a World Heritage Site since 1987). The results reveal the type of heritage values that residents assigned to their buildings when seeking to achieve thermal comfort and energy efficiency in heritage buildings. With building construction representing one of the largest sectors responsible for the use of natural resources, retrofitting existing heritage buildings becomes a necessity, albeit a challenging one. The emergence of specific guidance on retrofitting heritage buildings has unveiled more than never the need to understand how residents negotiate, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and heritage conservation decisions. The paper reports the complexity of the decision-making process of residents of heritage buildings in the Historic Centre of Mexico City regarding energy efficiency, intending to improve thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption while preserving heritage values. The study involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with users of heritage buildings that were thematically analysed, complemented by the monitoring of internal environmental conditions and system dynamics analysis. The results show that although the residents perceived the buildings' temperature as poor, passive thermal comfort actions (e.g., wearing more clothes and closing windows) were preferred against invasive retrofitting solutions for thermal comfort due to residents' resistance to a potential loss in the buildings' values and the high cost of changes. The degree of change necessary for maintenance, renovation, and actions for improving the thermal comfort of a heritage building is related to values and to their preservation for future generations. The users' changes were limited to small-scale interventions in floors and ceilings while avoiding touching what they consider essential to preserve and protect (i.e., social and cultural values). Integrating the user into the decision-making process would enhance the long-term continuity and sustainability of retrofitting policies and guidelines, thus avoiding losing heritage-built stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization has transformed more than 50% of the land area and brought the emergence of a new humanized-based ecosystem. In answer to this, urban systems have looked for become resilient. Thus, urban landscapes must enhance their resilience capacities; robustness, adaptability, and transformability. However, there is a necessity of a well performing and easy gathering indicators. In this paper, we propose that bats are a good indicator of city's capacity to be resilient. We used bat permanence, species diversity, and activities to analyze Mexico City resilience capacities. We used citizen science to register bat sounds around the city. From these data we identified bat species and two main activities: passes and hunting buzzes. Data showed that the east and center area of the city had the lower species richness and relative abundance, while south was the richest. This diversity patterns were in response to different habitat characteristics, mainly those related to landscape. However, activities and permanence were strongly related with human presence. The bat permanence modeled, indicated that bat community structure could be shaped under changing scenarios. Due to their differential sensitivity bats are good indicators of habitat changes in urban landscapes. Cities seeking resilience should perform planned-habitat management to achieve a bat-friendly status and promote the ecosystem services that bats can provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While advances in participatory planning have led in many cases to the more inclusive rebuilding of informal settlements, the debate regarding participatory planning has focused largely on the improvement of current informal settlements without asking "what next". Declining living conditions following settlement consolidation, however, provide evidence of the potential shortfalls of temporary participatory approaches. Drawing on an ethnographic case study of a former informal settlement in Iztapalapa, Mexico City, this paper analyses the erosion of resident participation in neighbourhood development over 40 years. Comparisons between residents' accounts of neighbourhood formation, mostly in the 1980s, and contemporary experiences show a gradual decrease in resident engagement. The data collected in 2016–2017 highlight this diminishing local participation and suggest that the disappearance of earlier local practices of engagement is linked in various ways to the failure of formally supported practices of citizen participation. The paper shows what can be learnt from residents' memories of transforming informal settlements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By means of a single-bounded, referendum format contingent valuation, this paper estimates willingness to pay (WTP) for improved air quality among residents of Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). Findings from this paper illustrate heterogeneity in WTP associated with environmental and social attitudes, and family concerns. For instance, WTP is higher than average if respondents state a very high priority to air pollution but smaller than average if respondent's household contains more adults than the sample median. This contingent valuation exercise provides elements to carry out cost-benefit analysis of environmental policies both recently implemented and currently under discussion in the MCMA context. For instance, a cost-benefit analysis using estimates from this paper suggests benefits from improved air quality surpass the costs of investing in hybrid buses. Usefulness of this study is underscored by pointing out recent evidence suggesting that (1) air pollution in MCMA has larger health impacts than in similar cities located in developed countries, and (2) policies tackling air pollution in MCMA have had no impact on pollution levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary appropriation (TA) is a re-emerging concept which occurs in the urban social landscape as a multidimensional phenomenon. Intended as multi-disciplinary and multi-scalar research, the present paper explores the way in which temporary appropriation could be interpreted as an assemblage product of other assemblages within the urban landscape. It, therefore, seeks to unravel and to re-think the nature of temporary appropriation through interconnected theoretical frameworks such as assemblage theory. Derived from the seminal work of Deleuze and Guattari (1989) and developed further by Manuel DeLanda (2016), assemblage theory focuses on the relations produced by the components of a whole rather than the components themselves. Thus, in the present paper, a diverse range of theories is combined together to conceptualise temporary appropriation as part of the urban landscape and as an emerging product of other assemblages such as culture, legal framework and urban design. These approaches are drawn together by illustrating Mexico City Centre as an example of a highly coded city in which these assemblages emerge. A representative sample street was selected as a case-study to analyse TA in relation to the streetscape design through participant observation and image analysis of the visual complexity of the streetscape. The paper concludes that assemblage theory could be used as a theoretical framework investigating urban-social phenomena. In addition, the study identified the visual complexity of the assemblage of the urban landscape that supports the greater diversity of TA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colonia Federal neighborhood in Mexico City presents a striking octagonal urban form. Spread out over 83 hectares adjacent to the international airport, it is home to some 12,000 people. This paper examines the origins of the neighborhood in the city's postrevolutionary zeitgeist, and its development over time amid the vicissitudes of legal battles and infrastructure delays. It further considers changes that have transformed the neighborhood over the past two decades, including upzoning, an aging population, and a growing spate of demolitions to replace single-family homes with apartment buildings. Finally, the paper takes a close look at the subtle navigational affect induced by the neighborhood's diagrammatic form. In the end, despite its extraordinary design, Colonia Federal has developed into a surprisingly ordinary neighborhood, one that began with lofty ambitions for the creation of an instantaneous utopia, but grew through the incremental, adaptive, make-do urban process typical of Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some drivers push for a transition towards sustainable and integrated urban water management while involving the community in decision-making. The Transition Management framework has been used to study how to empower experiments and promote sustainable transitions. However, there is no proper recognition of how to involve the community as part of the transition processes, especially in developing countries. This paper analyses the 2007–2012 Magdalena River restoration project in Mexico City to understand community participation in water management transitions, while recognising how different social groups are involved and react to transition experiments. This research points out the difficulties that influence community participation and the necessity of addressing these difficulties while considering the heterogeneous community character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particularly since the financial crisis of 2008, much has been written about the growing influence of finance in the development of cities in the global North. Today, financial markets also appear to be expanding southwards. A small but growing number of existing studies on the financialization of Southern cities helpfully explore how international investment changes urban development locally. Yet, they say less about the actors, procedures, and hurdles through which global market expansion is forged and expanded in the first place. In this paper, we examine the role of standards and standards-setting organizations in fostering market expansion and financial deepening. In particular, we highlight the efforts of standards-setting organizations in implementing a novel financial tool, green municipal bonds. Green municipal bonds are debt instruments that allow cities to raise capital through the issuance of bonds exclusively for investment in projects certified as sustainable. First employed by European, Canadian, and US cities, the paper traces the processes that led up to the issuance of these bonds in Mexico City, one of the first municipalities in the so-called 'emerging markets' to issue green municipal bonds. Our findings indicate that standards barely impacted project implementation; nevertheless, with the political efforts of standards-setting organizations, standards worked as vehicles through which infrastructures of markets, knowledge, and political support were built, legitimized, and secured. While these processes widened and deepened financialization, they also encountered challenges in terms of the long-term stabilization of these infrastructures and the upkeep of political support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, seismic vulnerability studies in residential Historic Districts have increasingly resorted to simplified assessment methods, which, very often, are grounded on idealized models obtained from the analysis of the most recurring material and geometrical features in a specific area. This paper aims to discuss the procedure to get residential building models appropriate for simplified seismic vulnerability studies at Historic Downtown of Mexico City (HDMC). The models are built based on a comprehensive analysis from post-seismic reports, web-based inspections (i.e. 3D buildings in Google Earth and Street View 2017 panoramic), and existing literature in broad research domains – from history to urbanism, architecture, and conservation studies. From that analysis, it was obtained a set of building models organized into nine material classes (i.e. M1-M9), and four geometric categories (i.e. A, B, C, and D), whose matrix combination enables a final classification of 36 typologies. The neighbourhood of La Merced was selected as a pilot study area to obtain a typological matrix suitable to be applied to other areas of the HDMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, over half of the world's population lives in urban areas and it is projected that, by 2050, two out of three people will live in a city. This increased rural–urban migration, coupled with housing poverty, has led to the growth and formation of informal settlements, commonly known as slums. In Mexico, 25% of the urban population now live in informal settlements with varying degrees of deprivation. Although some informal neighbourhoods have contributed to the upward mobility of the inhabitants, the majority still lack basic services. Mexico City and the conurbation around it form a mega city of 21million people that has been growing in a manner qualified as 'highly unproductive, (that) deepens inequality, raises pollution levels' (available at: https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/making-way-urban-reform-mexico/176466/) and contains the largest slum in the world: Neza-Chalco-Izta. Urban reforms are now aiming to improve the conditions in these slums and therefore it is very important to have reliable tools to measure the changes that are underway. In this paper, we use exploratory factor analysis to define an index of shelter deprivation in Mexico City, namely the Slum Severity Index (SSI), based on the UN-HABITAT's definition of slum. We apply this novel approach to the Census survey of Mexico and measure the shelter deprivation levels of households from 1990 to 2010. The analysis highlights high variability in housing conditions within Mexico City. We find that the SSI decreased significantly between 1990 and 2000 as a result of several policy reforms but increased between 2000 and 2010. We also show correlations of the SSI with other social factors such as education, health and fertility. We present a validation of the SSI using Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features extracted from Very-High Resolution (VHR) remote-sensed satellite images. Finally, we show that the SSI can present a cardinally meaningful assessment of the extent of deprivation compared with a similar index defined by Connolly (Connolly P (2009) Observing the evolution of irregular settlements: Mexico city's colonias populares, 1990 to 2005. International Development Planning Review 31: 1–35) that studies shelter deprivation in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Población is the property of Revista Latinoamericana de Poblacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The interest in changing social ties in urban neighbourhoods has generated sociological debate for decades. This paper contributes to this debate by focusing on the relationship between community and neighbourhood formation in the development of an informal settlement. While informal urbanisation is widely researched, the attention is usually placed on urban planning and development rather than a socio-spatial aspect. Drawing on an ethnographic case study, this paper analyses the transformation of agricultural land to urban settlement following residents’ self-organisation in Mexico City. The case study shows how social ties developed alongside collaboration between residents, highlighting a relationship between the social and spatial processes. Collaborative processes from small neighbour groups to broader neighbourhood-wide projects that contributed to the delivery of basic services and urban infrastructure also enabled the formation of community support networks. The findings highlight the intertwined nature of community and neighbourhood formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Geographer is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There has been academic and policy concern about the financial capacity of administratively fragmented metropolitan areas to implement inclusive development measures and provide public services. Metropolitan public financing is problematic because there is a geographical mismatch between extended functional urban regions and administrative units. While local governments are responsible for implementing policies, spending, and raising revenues, financial capacity tends to differ across jurisdictions in response to economic, social and political factors, resulting in manifold disparities. Such variations can be particularly acute depending on the complexity and size of the metropolitan area, and can lead to major spatial disparities in the life standards of residents. This paper focuses on the local financial condition in Mexico City Metropolitan Area, which is often used to exemplify a fragmented metropolitan area. Official statistics from 1989 to 2018 are used to identify major intra-metropolitan variations in the financial condition of local governments. A novel methodology is used to classify municipalities according to their financial health, and discriminant analysis is used to explore the factors shaping the geography of financial performance. The economic and demographic size of municipalities appear to play a significant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) data recorded during two short-term monitoring surveys in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) at 12th May 2019 and at 22nd May 2020, during conditions of low and high human activity respectively. Results, although they are limited, can be considered as the representative range of exposure to GEM of the inhabitants of MCMA; differences in results reveal the impact of human activities on GEM background levels (2.53 and 3.76 ng m−3, respectively). GEM concentrations and their spatial distribution does not allow for the identification of important industrial sources and do not reach intervention pollution levels. The activity of the Popocatépetl volcano is not likely to have an effect on GEM in the MCMA. In spite the evident decrease in GEM concentrations compared with data previously reported, monitoring must be carried out routinely given Mexico's participation in the Minamata Convention on Mercury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Studies on human behaviour during a seismic emergency in tall buildings are scant. During such emergencies, occupants need to reach a safe place. The purpose of this paper is to address some of the emotional and behavioural responses of the occupants of three multi-storey buildings during the 19 September earthquake that hit Mexico City in 2017. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-sectional and non-probability study was conducted using a questionnaire-based survey; the sample size was n = 352, and the study was conducted from 4 October to 20 November 2017. Findings: (1) In the 11 storey-building, women, age (18–49 years old [yo]) and participants with higher education exhibited flight behaviour, and those of the six storey-building within the age category 18–49 yo also exhibited a similar behaviour; (2) Women and age (18–49 yo) in the six and 11-storey buildings were significantly associated with fear of the earthquake; (3) Women were significantly more fearful and felt more intense the tremors than men in the 11-storey building; (4) Women were significantly more fearful of the 11-storey building collapsing; (5) The taller the building, the more fearful were the occupants of the building collapsing. Research limitations/implications: First, the sample considered in the study was no probability; consequently, the results should not be generalised to the existing high-rising buildings in Mexico City. Second, some of the variables considered herein were of the Likert-type scale but have been assumed as continuous; in fact, some future work could be the design of a valid and reliable questionnaire to address human behaviour during earthquakes in tall buildings. Practical implications: The presented results may be the great value to key decision-makers on how to address the lack of earthquake preparedness during a seismic emergency. Further, the results have shed light on the negative emotions (fear) experienced by the occupants of tall buildings. Social implications: Gaining a better understanding of human behavioural in tall buildings is essential in devising measures to mitigate the impact of earthquake disasters. Originality/value: Research on human behaviour during a seismic emergency in high-rise buildings is scant. To gain a better understanding of human emotional and behavioural response to earthquakes in tall buildings, it becomes necessary to conduct research such as the present case study. This may help decision-makers to devise measures so that the impact of earthquake disasters may be limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this research is to analyse the literature on drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore, considering water supply, institutional organisation and management, and rates so as to propose recommendations for improvement in the water management of the Mexico City. Design/methodology/approach: The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) methodology is used to review the literature on drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore in time periods from 1325 to 2021 and from 1819 to 2021, respectively, emphasising the contemporary part. The information search was realised through different prestigious databases and official documents from the governments of Mexico and Singapore, as well as international organisations. After analysing, 40 documents were included to discuss the results. Findings: There is a contrast between water management in Singapore and Mexico City because Singapore has strong institutions coordinated with each other along with the private and social sectors and has efficient fundraising and infrastructure investment systems. Although they are cities that developed in different circumstances, a comparison between them allowed to glimpse some aspects that may be useful to replicate in Mexico City. Originality/value: This research is novel because there is no comparative analysis like the one presented in the literature, so it is suggested to continue delving into the topics covered in future research to have more elements that allow improving drinking water management in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cities across the Global South, neoliberal urban policies have unfolded through a series of projects that take the streets, plazas and other public spaces of the city as central arenas to booster the neoliberal project. This has entailed the removal and displacement of groups who depend on these spaces for their daily survival, for example street vendors and other participants of the so-called informal economy. This paper draws from and seeks to contribute to work on the urban politics of informality in the Global South. My objective is to broaden our understanding of informality and resistance in cities by recognising difference and de-homogenising so-called informal activities, particularly street vending and vendors. To make this argument, I draw from the experience of resistance movements against displacement carried out by street vendors in Mexico City as a result of the implementation of a series of exclusionary policies implemented by city authorities. I demonstrate that thinking about difference matters to the way in which vendors carried out their resistance strategies and to how the post-policy context materialised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soft clayey soils of the Former Texcoco Lake, a few kilometres north of Mexico City are highly compressible materials that exhibit very low shear strengths and are also characterized by having extremely high water contents. These soils have been studied extensively in the past but a revision of its properties and characteristics in now in order because large infrastructure works are under way or are being planned to operate in the zone in the near future. This paper presents an overview of some of the results of recent research into the dynamic behaviour of Texcoco Clays carried out at the National University of Mexico. We present the results of one way consolidatedundrained cyclic triaxial tests in which we varied cyclic amplitude as well applied stresses using high quality samples retrieved from the site. Results are also expressed in terms of accumulated strains and in terms of the evolution of pore pressure during cyclic loading. We complement the results of these tests with those obtained from torsional resonant column tests in which we assess an analytical model to express the stiffnessstrain and damping-strain characteristics of these materials. We also look at the relationship of small strain stiffnesses obtained in resonant column tests and those found from the results of bender element measurements and from the results of field measurements using the suspension logging technique. We also put forth correlations between the dynamic parameters obtained in the lab and in the field with data from CPT tests. Finally, we discuss the significance of these tests bearing in mind that the site is subjected to regional subsidence due to the exploitation of the aquifers that underlie the clayey strata. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses new tendencies in the construction of Chinese spaces within Mexico City. Traditionally, the Barrio de Dolores (Cuahutemoc borough) is identified as the main Chinese point of reference; however, over time it has become a space dedicated more to exploiting the so-called Chinatown brand for commercial purposes than to fostering a sense of community. Based on a recent pilot study, it is argued that in the Viaducto Piedad neighbourhood (Iztacalco borough), where Chinese immigrants have been arriving since the early 1990s, a different pattern of urban integration has emerged. Members of the community live in the area, where they carry out religious and recreational activities; some of them are business owners or employees, and their children attend local schools. That is why the area can be considered Mexico City's new Chinatown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a spatial and temporal analysis of housing patterns in Mexico City by utilizing an extensive database of 16,000 prices for flats and houses, covering the period from 2000 to 2022. Our findings reveal a striking trend: The average housing prices have quadrupled over a 20-y period, without considering inflation. In contrast, the per capita labor income of Mexican citizens has declined relative to inflation. As a result, the average family encountered four times greater challenges in accessing housing in 2015 as compared to 2005. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that areas that have undergone significant gentrification or super-gentrification contribute to a widespread increase in land value on neighboring zones, leading to the emergence of clusters of highly expensive neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) urgently needs a more sustainable, low-carbon transport system. The objective of this paper is to elicit ways of building sustainable, low-carbon transport futures for such a system. Using stakeholder narratives as basis, this paper identifies the main driving forces shaping sustainable transport futures, develops four plausible transport scenarios for the MCMA; and assesses whether stakeholders frame driving forces in a certain way. Driving forces stakeholders identified focused especially on cooperation among political entities and negotiation levels with internal transport stakeholders. Further driving forces included regulatory framework of vehicle use, recognition of sustainable transport as political priority, and urban growth and planning. Four scenarios based on political cooperation and internal negotiation were generated using stakeholder narratives. Three stand out: Scenario 1 , where both political cooperation and internal negotiation develop positively, leading to low-emission, sustainable transport futures in the city; Scenario 3 , the ‘worst’ scenario, where neither political cooperation nor internal negotiation function, is frequently identified by stakeholders as the way it is now; and Scenario 4 with functioning political cooperation and a lack of internal negotiation is the most unstable scenario and would quickly collapse were it to develop. Overall, stakeholders framed driving forces as more political than technological (e.g. political cooperation was seen as more relevant than upgrading vehicle technologies). Consensus regarding this reached across institutional stakeholder categories. We found that stakeholders’ views gave unique insights regarding how to build sustainable, low-carbon MCMA transport futures, including policy measures and interventions needed. MCMA scenarios developed reveal the need for common political ground as a priority to guide decision making towards sustainable, low-carbon transport futures for the MCMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the inhabitants of Mexico City. With over 9 million people living in 16 districts, infections and mortality rates varied greatly. In this article, demographic and socio-economic factors were analyzed to determine vulnerability and exposure to COVID-19 during the crisis from 27 February 2020 to 10 May 2021. The study revealed that mortality and infections were distributed differently across the districts of Mexico City. The districts with the most confirmed cases did not necessarily have the highest death rates. Many deaths were linked to age and comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Poverty, overcrowding, the lack of space, and basic services contributed to vulnerability and exposure to the disease. Inequalities in the city's development over time resulted in varying degrees of vulnerability and exposure to COVID-19, leading to different patterns of infections and deaths across the districts. The prevalence of infections in the city's southwestern districts can be attributed to the combination of marginalization, poverty, and inadequate services. Conversely, the northwest areas of the city, with a higher concentration of elderly residents, experienced a greater number of fatalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Territorios: Revista de Estudios Regionales y Urbanos is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents the application of a graph-based methodology for the assessment of flood impacts in an urban context. In this methodology, exposed elements are organized as nodes on a graph, which is used to propagate impacts from directly affected nodes to other nodes across graph links. Compared to traditional approaches, the main advantage of the adopted methodology lies in the possibility of identifying and understanding indirect impacts and cascading effects. The application case concerns floods numerically reconstructed in Mexico City in response to rainfall events of increasing return periods. The hazard reconstruction was carried out by using a simplified hydrological/hydraulic model of the urban drainage system, implemented in EPASWMM, the Storm Water Management Model developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The paper shows how the impacts are propagated along different orders of the impact chain for each return period and compares the risk curves between direct and indirect impact. It also highlights the extent to which the reduction in demand of services from consumers and the loss of services from suppliers are respectively contributing to the final indirect impacts. Finally, it illustrates how different impact mitigation measures can be formulated based on systemic information provided by the analysis of graph properties and taking into account indirect impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the study of "new diplomacies", this paper examines the paradiplomacy of cities. It argues that city paradiplomacy distinguishes itself by avoiding being a mere imitation of state diplomacy. Taking a qualitative approach, the case of Mexico City is analysed based on the following research question: to what extent does Mexico City's paradiplomacy incorporate civic binationality into its actions? The argument made is that, in contemporary North America, because of their transnational nature, binational migrants are necessary agents for Mexico City's paradiplomacy. The empirical basis of the analysis is migrant policy and activism in Mexico City and Chicago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore smart city development, with a focus on the modalities of citizen participation, using an institutional logics approach. Taking Mexico City as our case study, we describe the presence and dynamics of several logics influencing smart city development. At an organizational level we identify the bureaucratic and technocratic logics underpinning the practices of the governmental agency leading smart city development. Characterized by centralization and the pursuit of efficiency, and framed by a discourse of austerity and financial control, these logics promote a modality of citizen participation that is limited and unidirectional in nature, with citizens positioned largely as users. At a supra-organizational level, we identify a logic of active citizen participation in urban governance that is formalized in city laws. However, this logic is itself entangled in a logic of clientelism and patronage, manifested through networks of power. These logics work synergistically to limit broader, inclusive citizen participation in, and realization of benefits from, smart city agendas. We conclude that a richer understanding of institutional logics enhances the analysis of the social construction of the smart city in particular, situated contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the modalities and results of the participatory budget, a direct democracy mechanism that has been used in Mexico City from 2011 to 2017. The paper analyzes the organization of this instrument, as well as the items that were submitted for the consideration of citizens so that their authorities could assign a part of the budget to it In the same way, the legal regulation that defines the application of these consultations is presented, as well as the functions performed in this process by the local government and electoral institutions, and also the neighborhood organizations. Finally, the results of these exercises are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares how state-initiated mass housing urbanization has contributed to processes of peripheralization in three very different historical and geopolitical settings: in Paris from the 1950s to the 1990s in Hong Kong from the 1950s to 2010s and in Mexico City from the 1990s to the 2010s. We understand mass housing urbanization as large-scale industrial housing production based on the intervention of state actors into the urbanization process which leads to the strategic re-organization of urban territories. In this comparison across space and time we focus particularly on how, when and to what degree this urbanization process leads to the peripheralization of settlements and entire neighbourhoods over the course of several decades. This long-term perspective allows us to evaluate not only the decisive turns and ruptures within governmental rationales but also the continuities and contradictions of their territorial effects. Finally, we develop a taxonomy of different modalities of peripheralization that might serve as a conceptual tool for further urban research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work is conducted to analyse spatial distribution and possible spatial association between three types of crimes from January 2018 to December 2019 in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. In this study, we consider treating the data as a realization of spatial point processes precisely on street network and propose an equal split continuous kernel estimator to identify particular street segments with higher crime rates than neighbouring segments. The results identify the location of high-risk areas for different kind of crimes and permit to detect individual street where crime rate is higher than the average rate. Additionally, our analysis reveals the existence of clusters with high crime incidence running eastwest across the central part of the urban study area. In that context, the current study suggests a comprehensive overview of road safety metrices for public security system and has important implications for strategic law enforcement. The methodology can be adapted and applied to other urban locations globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to compare, from a technical and financial perspective, the application of biological (methane-capture) and thermal (incineration) treatments of waste in Mexico City in order to generate clean energy. For each alternative, pessimist (50%), realistic (80%), and optimistic (100%) scenarios were considered in terms of the efficiency collection rates of methane and the efficiency of the capacity conversion factor for incineration. For the methane project, the LandGEM model was used to evaluate the potential generation of methane. In order to calculate the electricity output that could be generated through incineration, we relied on two key factors: the total amount of heat that could be generated by burning the waste and the average level of moisture in the waste material. The evaluation resulted in an annual energy generation of 206.09 GWh for methane and 4183.39 GWh for incineration, both in the realistic scenario. Both projects reported positive financial indicators with a discount rate of 12%. Incineration resulted in a net present value of USD 706,377,303 and an internal rate of return of 23% versus USD 4,975,369 and 24% for the methane project. However, the incineration project only became feasible by omitting financing. Incineration resulted in a payback period that was lower by a ratio of 2:1 compared to methane, but the levelized cost of energy resulted in higher figures (USD 216.92). The aim of these findings is to support the decision-making process for the creation and implementation of sustainable energy strategies based on circular economy principles in Mexico and other similar regions across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Mexico City Government's accountability with respect to public debt in the time period 1999-2015. The questions we pose are as follows: To which projects were resources emanating from public debt allocated? Did the accountability mechanisms make it possible to evaluate the projects funded with public debt? Although the laws stipulate that entities are bound to be transparent about their allocation of debt, there is clearly only partial accountability when it comes to all of the funding models, including: private banking, development banking, the stock market, and public-private partnerships (PPP). Moreover, the opacity is total where evaluating outcomes is concerned. Using a cointegration test for debt and public investment, we assert that total public debt has some effect on the behavior of public investment in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the analysis of personal interviews, resident surveys, government documents, newspaper and community accounts, among other relevant data, this paper studies housing movements and organizations in Mexico City, and exemplifies the reach that social mobilizing and organizing may have on cities and their political structures. In this context, mobilizations around detrimental housing conditions provided more than support to low-income tenants and affordable housing production; they contributed to the democratization of the local government. This in turn helped, with the election of a sympathetic government, to consolidate housing programs, norms, and institutions. Thus, and despite limited resources, new local housing strategies set notable standards at the national level. More recently, however, grassroots organizing efforts and community involvement in processes of affordable housing production have lost standing. Furthermore, housing organizations and leaders have become increasingly susceptible to political processes and electoral cycles. As civic groups have ceased to effectively monitor government actions, housing policies and efforts have lost legitimacy among the citizenry and housing unaffordability has remained a significant issue. Yet, although some housing organizations have lost autonomy, they have not necessarily lost their ability to influence local politics and policy. The evolution of these organizations, therefore, provides notable lessons to those that seek to institutionalize their demands and strengthen their ability to shape the growth and development of their cities and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Samples of airborne particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 10 µm (PM10) were collected in 2021 at two households in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. Both sites are in areas with different characteristics (residential or industrial zones). Simultaneous sampling indoors and outdoors was carried out at the two locations, using low-volume samplers. The study aimed to determine the indoor and outdoor gravimetric mass and elemental concentrations, identify emitting sources and possible penetration towards the households enhanced by natural ventilation, and assess risks to human health due to inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption, through hazard quotients. Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Se, and Pb concentrations were measured with X-ray fluorescence. Mass concentrations were higher indoors than outdoors, and most elemental concentrations had similar values in both environments. Cluster analysis was applied to identify possible emitting sources. The results showed a strong penetration of geogenic and industrial emissions at the Iztapalapa site, while only particles of industrial origin entered the interior of the Tlalnepantla dwelling, in both cases caused by the natural ventilation of the households. Health risks due to exposure to particles containing Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mn are not significant, and Pb and Cr only pose a risk via ingestion for men and women, although for children, there is a risk due to ingestion of all these elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a growing number of citizen‐led gardens have appeared in the urban public spaces of large cities across the world. While many of these projects are initially launched informally without any support from the state, they gradually become integrated into the social fabric of the city. To understand the evolution of the formal–informal boundaries of the practice, we argue that we should be paying attention to the specific institutional contexts that frame gardeners' interactions with public authorities. Drawing from a study of citizen‐led gardens in Mexico City, we show that informal urban gardening becomes a disconnected‐from‐the‐state practice. On the one hand, the Mexico City government has shown a growing interest in regulating urban agriculture. On the other hand, gardeners are increasingly trying to find their own ways to formalize and perennate their practice. We suggest that this disconnection between gardeners and the state is best explained by the weakness of the institutional context in which their interactions take place. A top‐down policymaking process, along with the incapacity and unwillingness of the multi‐leveled city government to implement policies effectively, reinforces norms of mistrust and generates low expectations among gardeners as they interact with local authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study examines educational life in a neighborhood in Mexico City, analyzing how discourses have produced the neighborhood, Tepito, as a place "without education." Simultaneously, ethnographic research entangles with theories of radical equality and resistance to explore how education emerges and how certain forms of education circulate throughout the neighborhood. Ultimately, everyday life in Tepito reveals rebellious and playful forms of education that challenge dominant educational discourses and open new understandings of educational possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synchronized indoor and outdoor sampling campaigns of PM10 were performed in two research laboratories and a mechanical workshop in Mexico City, during the dry cold season. The goals were to measure indoor and outdoor gravimetric mass and elemental concentrations, recognize the origin of particles, penetration toward the indoor environments, and assess inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption risks to human health. Concentrations of 18 elements were measured with X-ray Fluorescence; selected samples were studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Mass concentrations were higher outdoors than indoors and elemental concentrations were similar. Enrichment factors identified several geogenic elements. Cluster Analysis recognized common sources of elements and penetration of outdoor particles to indoor environments. Particles emitted indoors could be identified. Exposure to Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb particles produced low health risks; Cr may only cause an ingestion risk. Only outdoor Mn and Ni Hazard Quotients are higher outdoors than indoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Gestión y Análisis de Políticas Públicas, Nueva Época (GAPP) is the property of Instituto Nacional de Administracion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper concerns the use and implementation of penalized maximum likelihood procedures to fitting smoothing functions of the generalized extreme value distribution parameters to analyze spatial extreme values of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation across the Mexico City metropolitan area in the period 2000–2018. The model was fitted using a flexible semi-parametric approach and the parameters were estimated by the penalized maximum likelihood (PML) method. In order to investigate the performance of the model as well as the estimation method in the analysis of complex nonlinear trends for UVB radiation maxima, a simulation study was conducted. The results of the simulation study showed that penalized maximum likelihood yields better regularization to the model than the maximum likelihood estimates. We estimated return levels of extreme UVB radiation events through a nonstationary extreme value model using measurements of ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particles of 10 μm or less in diameter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), relative humidity (RH) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The deviance statistics indicated that the nonstationary generalized extreme value (GEV) model adjusted was statistically better compared to the stationary model. The estimated smoothing functions of the location parameter of the GEV distribution on the spatial plane for different periods of time reveal the existence of well-defined trends in the maxima. In the temporal plane, a presence of temporal cyclic components oscillating over a weak linear component with a negative slope is noticed, while in the spatial plane, a weak nonlinear local trend is present on a plane with a positive slope towards the west, covering the entire study area. An explicit spatial estimate of the 25-year return period revealed that the more extreme risk levels are located in the western region of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper adds to the aging mobilities literature by addressing the need for more empirical studies in the Global South and utilizing the 2017 Household Origin-Destination Survey (HODS 2017) to broadly understand the mobility of older adults in Mexico City. We use descriptive statistics to reveal travel behavior patterns and construct a multinomial logit model to understand variations in mode choice of older adults in Mexico City. Our analysis does provide an emphasis on differences by income class, gender, and neighborhood level access to public transportation. Results uncovered transport-related inequalities as poorer older adults travel for longer periods of time compared to their wealthier peers. In terms of travel behaviors, we found that 40.5% of older adults reported using public and paid transit, 32% walked, 26.5% drove, and only 1.2% biked. Also, we learned that when older adults have access to good public transit infrastructure, they use it, regardless of car ownership status. Also, mobilities resulting from gender differences among older adults showed that older females are less likely to use structured public transit, walking, and biking in comparison to older males. Lastly we outline research limitations and recommendations for future transport policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors discuss the extensive structural pounding observed in Mexico City during the September 19, 2017 earthquake. A critical review of the recommendations available for required separations between adjacent buildings in the seismic codes of Mexico City since 1966 is offered. The reasons why these recommendations have not been effectively enforced since then are also addressed. A parametric study was conducted to understand better the structural pounding phenomena for strong ground motions which have been recorded in soft soils in Mexico City during the 1985 and 2017 earthquakes. For this purpose, equivalent frame models for existing reinforced concrete and structural steel flatslab buildings with nonlinear pounding contacts were used. Some well-known proposed equations for building separations were evaluated based upon the results of these parametric studies for pounding. The evaluated equations were the ABS, SRSS and DDC rules, as well as the absolute difference combination (ADC) rule proposed by the authors. From the obtained results, it was found that the minimum building separation between adjacent buildings established in the seismic code of Mexico City should be raised to avoid strong pounding on soft soils. Also, it was found that both the DDC and ADC rules are promising in defining building separations closer to the one obtained from dynamic simulations. These equations are less conservative than the version of the absolute sum rule currently established in Mexican seismic codes. • 98.9% of the observed pounding in Mexico City occurred in the soft soils gained to the former lakes. • The height difference between adjacent structures where more pounding was observed was ±4 stories. • Gap distances required to avoid pounding in the soft soils of Mexico City could be as large as 170 cm. • The minimum distance between adjacent structures to enforce for the soft soils of Mexico City should be raised to 15 cm. • The DDC and the ADC rules could be used with confidence to assess gap distances to avoid pounding in soft soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a study of the elemental concentrations in PM10 samples collected at a site in southwest Mexico City during 2016 and 2019, are presented. The concentrations of up to 19 elements were measured with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). These analyses were complemented with ion chromatography for eight ionic species (for the samples collected in 2016). The behaviors of the gravimetric mass and elemental concentrations are described for the morning, afternoon, and night-time periods in 2019. The elemental concentrations observed in the PM10 samples did not present significant changes as compared to those published in previous works. It was found that the gravimetric mass concentrations were always below the official standards, except during a contingency period in May 2019. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model was used to identify contaminating sources and their relative contributions to the concentrations of the detected elements. The soil-related factors were the most abundant contributors, with other components associated to traffic, biomass burning, fuel oil, secondary aerosol, and dust resuspension. The occurrence of episodes in 2019 is explained with the aid of PMF and back-trajectories, while the contingency period is due to other chemical species not detected in PM10 with XRF. A comparison with data collected in 2005 in downtown Mexico City is also carried out, as well as with urban areas in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]