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Unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) are becoming the foremost part of rescue teams for protecting human lives from severe disasters and reducing human casualties by informing them about the risks ahead, such as mine detection and clearance. In mine detection, a centralized system is required so that the UGVs can communicate with each other efficiently to disseminate the mine detection messages (MDMs) to incoming vehicles of military and civilians. Therefore, in this piece of research, a novel unmanned ground and aerial vehicle (UGAV)-based mine-detection-vehicle routing (MDVR) protocol has been proposed, mainly for the mine detection and clearance teams using a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). The protocol disseminates the MDMs using UGVs and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in combination to overcome the limitations of only inter-UGV communication. The proposed protocol performs cluster-based multicast communication in real time using UAVs so that the dynamic mobility of UGVs cannot affect the performance of MDM dissemination. Hence, the proposed scheme is adaptable because any failure in message delivery can cause a high level of destruction. The proposed cluster-based scheme can adapt to any real-time scenario by introducing the level-based cluster-head election scheme (LBCHE), which works concerning its assigned priority for reducing the delay incurred in MDMs dissemination. The simulation of the proposed protocol in the network simulator (NS) shows that the overhead and delay are reduced in MDMs dissemination. At the same time, the throughput, packet delivery ratio, and stability increased compared to the other competing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), the vehicles communicate with each other to develop an intelligent transport system (ITS) which provides safety and convenience while driving. The major challenge of VANET is that the topology changes dynamically due to the high speed and unpredictable mobility of vehicles resulting in an inefficient real time message dissemination, especially in emergency scenarios such as in the accident event where it can cause high level of destruction. To the best of our knowledge, there is no such mechanism in existing literature which can handle real time multicast communication in VANET for both urban and highway scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel real time vehicular communication (RTVC) framework which consists of a VANET cluster scheme (VCS) and VANET multicast routing (VMR) to achieve efficient vehicle communication within both urban and highway scenarios. The RTVC framework develops stable communication links and achieves high throughput with low overhead despite high mobility by combining the multicast routing with a unique cluster based scheme. In VCS, the cluster head (CH) is elected upon cluster threshold value (CTV) to disseminate the messages within the cluster members (CMs) and to other cluster heads by intercluster communication, which reduces the network overhead. In addition, the vehicles cluster head election (VCHE) procedure is proposed to reduce the number of CHs and CMs switches which results in lower overhead of maintaining the clusters. Moreover, another novelty of the framework is that the CTV of VCHE can be adjusted by speed adjustment factor (SAF) to achieve the desired cluster stability depending upon the required VANET application. The simulation results illustrate that the proposed framework has achieved the goal of stable, efficient, and real time communication despite highly dynamic environment of VANET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are autonomous and self-configurable wireless ad hoc networks and considered as a subset of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs). MANET is composed of self-organizing mobile nodes which communicate through a wireless link without any network infrastructure. A VANET uses vehicles as mobile nodes for creating a network within a range of 100 to 1000 meters. VANET is developed for improving road safety and for providing the latest services of intelligent transport system (ITS). The development and designing of efficient, self-organizing, and reliable VANET are a challenge because the node’s mobility is highly dynamic which results in frequent network disconnections and partitioning. VANET protocols reduce the power consumption, transmission overhead, and network partitioning successfully by using multicast routing schemes. In multicasting, the messages are sent to multiple specified nodes from a single source. The novel aspect of this paper is that it categorizes all VANET multicast routing protocols into geocast and cluster-based routing. Moreover, the performance of all protocols is analyzed by comparing their routing techniques and approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]