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Private schools have long played a crucial role in male elite formation but their importance to women's trajectories is less clear. In this paper, we explore the relationship between girls' private schools and elite recruitment in Britain over the past 120 years – drawing on the historical database of Who's Who, a unique catalogue of the elite. We find that alumni of elite girls schools have been around 20 times more likely than other women to reach elite positions. They are also more likely to follow particular channels of elite recruitment, via the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, private members clubs and elite spouses. Yet such schools have also consistently been less propulsive than their male-only counterparts. We argue this is rooted in the ambivalent aims of girls elite education, where there has been a longstanding tension between promoting academic achievement and upholding traditional processes of gendered social reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes how design review panels operate in England, focusing on three panels operating in Cambridge. It considers two questions: whether design review panels contribute to improving the quality of the built environment, and whether they are an important element of the design process. The analysis focuses on the quality and process of urban design, based on face-to-face qualitative interviews with planners, developers and panel members. In conclusion, despite the several shortcomings, the paper argues that the panels contribute to better dialogue between the different actors of the process, and hence can improve the quality of built environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the challenges of tackling multiple uncertainties in strategic plan implementation. Through a case study of a planned urban extension in the east of England, the paper examines the approaches that were adopted to tackle different types of uncertainties, including value uncertainties, organisational uncertainties and external uncertainties. The findings suggest that strategic, sub-regional plans are particularly vulnerable to external uncertainties, and that it is difficult to address external uncertainties through contingency plans, given the impact of political changes on the legitimacy of value assumptions underpinning each plan period. Nevertheless, the findings indicate the importance of mature, multi-actor partnership arrangements for development plan-making and implementation, which can facilitate the mitigation of organisational uncertainties following implementation failure. This implies that effective plan implementation is less about the circumvention of undesirable uncertainties, and more about the capacity to deal with the ongoing, recurring emergence of multiple uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue for the epiphenomenality of functional properties by means of thought experiments and general principles. General principles suggest that an object's causal powers nomologically supervene on its intrinsic properties and that its functional role does not. This implies that it is possible for an object to lose its functional role without undergoing any change to its intrinsic properties or causal powers. Nor is it difficult to conceive of such scenarios. Various thought experiments are introduced for just this purpose. But properties that can vary independently of an object's causal powers in this way are epiphenomenal, for their instantiation by an object at a time makes no difference to the causal processes the object is involved in at that time. The same processes would have occurred even if such properties hadn't been instantiated. The intrinsicness thesis is controversial, but it is not controversial that it is true of productive causation, and many believe that productive causation is the only form of mental causation worth having. Nevertheless, in the paper's final section I consider dependence-based accounts of causation, which do not presuppose the intrinsicness of causal powers, and show that they too have difficulties accounting for the efficacy of functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concordance-based cloze (henceforth ConCloze) tests have rarely been researched over the past two decades. This paper explores some potentially practical applications of their manifold item formats to language testing. The formats can range from response-selected to response-constructed ones, all embracing Read's (Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) context-dependent vocabulary assessment and likely tapping into multiple aspects and components of Nation's (Learning Vocabulary in another Language. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001) word knowledge. These applications imply a fine-grained approach to vocabulary teaching and learning as well as word-knowledge profiling and evaluation in that the viability of this item type calls for attention to complex word-knowledge components rather than merely the usually recognized form-meaning dimension. This could in turn carry a broad implication for language-pedagogical paradigms in general and vocabulary assessment in particular. Moreover, as the ConCloze item formats may be constructed with the aid of corpus and concordance markings, the other implication is that corpora should be built purposively, and concordances annotated specifically yet multidimensionally. This will enable these corpus-linguistic tools to accommodate computer-based test construction and delivery of the ConCloze item type as well as other item types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consensus of opinion among biological anthropologists is that cribra orbitalia is a skeletal indicator of chronic anemia in an individual. There has been debate as to whether any type of anemia will cause it, or only specific etiologies such as iron deficiency. A number of papers have proposed that the widespread occurrence of cribra orbitalia in past populations may be due to chronic intestinal parasite infection, as parasites often cause anemia today. Our aim is to investigate whether there is any association between intestinal parasite infection and cribra orbitalia in the medieval population of Cambridge, UK. The individuals under study were excavated from the Augustinian Friary and the All Saints by the Castle parish cemetery. We undertook parasite analysis of the pelvic sediment and control samples of 43 burials with intact orbital roofs. Human roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and/or whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) were identified in the pelvic sediment of 19 individuals, and cribra orbitalia was noted in 11 individuals. Chi square test showed no association between parasite infection and cribra orbitalia (p=.921). Although roundworm and whipworm infections are known to cause anemia in modern populations, we found no association between infection and cribra orbitalia infection in this medieval population. It is possible that only parasites that cause marked anemia (such as hookworm, schistosomiasis or malaria) may cause cribra orbitalia, while less marked anemia from roundworm and whipworm may not do so. However, our findings do not support the hypothesis linking intestinal parasite infection and cribra orbitalia formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Post-Medieval Archaeology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines the legacy of George Pryme's original lectures on political economy that began in the University of Cambridge in 1816. It discusses Pryme's role in promoting the first established chair of political economy in Cambridge, and it outlines some of the highlights of the Pryme Collection of Economic Literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the rationale for using museums as alternative settings for initial teacher education in the primary sector by identifying the significance of transferring the pedagogical strategies characteristic of museum settings to primary art education. To illustrate our points, we examine the case of the "Take One Picture" initiative (hereafter as TOP) by drawing upon evidence from the TOP Cultural Placement pilot project in Cambridge. We call attention to "dialogic teaching" as a valuable pedagogical principle that trainee teachers can take away and build upon to inform their day-to-day practice. Our reflections on the TOP project reaffirm the distinctive role of the museum context in teacher training and the importance of dialogue in engagement with art. In addition, the TOP project showcases how fine arts can be taught from a Visual Culture Art Education (VCAE) perspective that incorporates socio-cultural contexts. We also put forward a "repertoire" approach that connects the various dimensions in art education, including appreciating, making and displaying art. This small case study enriches the current literature by highlighting that museums can be turned into exemplary settings for raising awareness of dialogic teaching and for teachers and educators to practice, design, and improve their own strategies of dialogic teaching. In response to the limitations of the TOP program, we propose that trainee teachers could be encouraged to make art works during their training and that future practices can incorporate a "Take One Object" (TOO) approach to complement the employment of visual stimulus in art education with material objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will argue that the current historiography considers the 'public school experience' of the First World War too narrowly, and will emphasise that boys from a wide range of establishments experienced the war in a similar fashion to those at elite public schools. It will do this through a case study of the alumni of the Perse Grammar School, Cambridge. By approaching the experience of Perseans in a thematic fashion it will shed new light on how the alumni of schools just below and developing towards full public-school status were affected by the war, an area hitherto not fully explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a brief history of the project to correct the spherical aberration of the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) that started in Cambridge (UK) and continued in Kirkland (WA, USA), Yorktown Heights (NY, USA), and other places. We describe the project in the full context of other aberration correction research and related work, partly in response to the incomplete context presented in the paper “In quest of perfection in electron optics: A biographical sketch of Harald Rose on the occasion of his 80th birthday”, recently published in Ultramicroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 21 January 1684/5, Thomas Man, a thirty-year-old Fellow, made a substantial donation of manuscripts to Jesus College, Cambridge. These included a substantial number of books from medieval institutional collections, including at least thirty-one from Durham cathedral priory. The essay ascertains the extent of the donation, a discussion intertwined with that of librarianship at Jesus College. It also offers information about the collection activity of Man's father, also Thomas, who assembled the collection, and points to several Man books now preserved elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In tests on known individuals macroscopic sex estimation has between 70% and 98% accuracy. However, materials used to create and test these methods are overwhelming modern. As sexual dimorphism is dependent on multiple factors, it is unclear whether macroscopic methods have similar success on earlier materials, which differ in lifestyle and nutrition. This research aims to assess the accuracy of commonly used traits by comparing macroscopic sex estimates to genetic sex in medieval English material. Materials and Methods: Sixty‐six individuals from the 13th to 16th century Hospital of St John the Evangelist, Cambridge, were assessed. Genetic sex was determined using a shotgun approach. Eighteen skeletal traits were examined, and macroscopic sex estimates were derived from the os coxae, skull, and os coxae and skull combined. Each trait was tested for accuracy to explore sex estimates errors. Results: The combined estimate (97.7%) outperformed the os coxae only estimate (95.7%), which outperformed the skull only estimate (90.4%). Accuracy rates for individual traits varied: Phenice traits were most accurate, whereas supraorbital margins, frontal bossing, and gonial flaring were least accurate. The preauricular sulcus and arc compose showed a bias in accuracy between sexes. Discussion: Macroscopic sex estimates are accurate when applied to medieval material from Cambridge. However, low trait accuracy rates may relate to differences in dimorphism between the method derivative sample and the St John's collection. Given the sex bias, the preauricular sulcus, frontal bossing, and arc compose should be reconsidered as appropriate traits for sex estimation for this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations in household behaviour often lead to a mismatch between actual and estimated energy performance at home. More detailed information on behavioural variables could help in improving the prediction of energy consumption and enabling policy interventions responding to different household groups. This research aims to identify household archetypes and behavioural patterns in order to allow a targeted approach in energy-saving policy and retrofit improvement. It employed a statistical approach to cluster households based on empirical data collected from a household survey in Cambridge, UK. Factor analysis was used to identify behavioural factors. Based on the commonalities of variables under each factor, five factors were defined: (1) main space heating, (2) auxiliary space use, (3) main space use, (4) auxiliary space heating and (5) use of appliances. Statistical pattern analysis was then applied to develop behavioural patterns. These patterns were derived based on their factor scores. Finally, non-parametric correlation analysis was carried out in order to determine the relationship between behavioural factors and the following: household or dwelling characteristics, comfort and energy use for creating household archetypes. After significant correlations were found between behavioural factors and other variables, five archetypes were identified: (1) active spenders, (2) conscious occupiers, (3) average users, (4) conservers and (5) inactive users. Among these archetypes, households with a larger house, higher energy use and more complex household composition tended to have longer hours of main space heating, while larger and more complex households tended to use the main space of their dwellings for longer. Using these archetypes allows for a better integration of occupant behaviour into the technically oriented efficiency paradigm. This tailored approach provides a gateway to developing more effective policies and low energy strategies geared towards specific households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Post-Medieval Archaeology is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, we explore a circle of younger-generation economists at Cambridge who contributed to new theories in the 1930s. The aim was to understand how and why innovative thinking in academic theorizing, seen as situated, discursive practices, can emerge and gain ground. We also address how new theory building by an unlikely candidate, Joan Robinson, could unfold. We examine how there was a change in discourse related to imperfect markets and identify forming practices. Our perspective on how knowledge was reframed is Foucauldian. The study is grounded in archive studies, recent reviews and biographical material. This article contributes to learning, knowledge creation and communities of practice by exploring idea innovations as discursive practice. We propose ‘epistemic interaction’ as a sensitizing concept for understanding new theory building and theorizing in collaborative partnerships and small circles that became key to intellectual discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kamala Sohonie battled gender-based prejudice to gain entry into India's premier research institution. She went on to have a dazzling career while working with the world's foremost biochemists at Cambridge and later became one of India's premier scientists. Her research immensely contributed to the discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics. A socially-committed individual, her scientific projects tried to be in sync with the needs of her country. In this article, we present facets of her colourful life-her passions, struggles and ideals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'Cambridge Phenomenon' has achieved global recognition as an exemplar of economic success. After decades of post-war planning restraint, a major shift in the strategic planning framework saw the city region enthusiastically backing future growth. Faced, subsequently, with abolition of formal strategic planning at a national level and when many local councils took the opportunity to scale back development proposals, Cambridge reasserted its commitment to growth. The new 'localism' and the 2012 National Planning Policy Framework, however, leaves this strategy - and the Cambridge Phenomenon itself - potentially vulnerable. This article explains the continuing momentum behind growth in the face of radical planning reform and looks at the potential tensions between this and the new localism. It provides an updated account of this iconic, high-tech cluster. It also aims to contribute to our conceptual understanding of strategies for growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reports on two conferences she attended during the summer of 2015. The first was the annual conference of the British Slavic (Slavonic) librarians’ organization, the Council for Slavonic and East European Library and Information Services (COSEELIS) in Cambridge, England. The second was the ninth World Congress of the International Council for Central and East European Studies (ICCEES), in the Makuhari convention center in Chiba city, outside of Tokyo. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We give a short proof of a slightly weaker version of the multilinear Kakeya inequality proven by Bennett, Carbery and Tao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce bow varieties and construct some ALF spaces as bow varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Football hooliganism has long occupied the social, media, and political landscapes of fans around the world. In this study, we use data from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development, a longitudinal study of a large sample of males followed from childhood to late middle adulthood, to examine the relationship between involvement in football hooliganism and both conviction frequency and conviction trajectories. Results show that, although hooligans differ from non-hooligans on several childhood and teenage risk factors, and that they also incur many more convictions than their non-hooligan counterparts, these relationships do not hold after carefully matching hooligans and non-hooligans on key risk factors. Football hooliganism, for the most part, seems to be part of a constellation of antisocial behaviors that also includes criminal offending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the ways in which “Englishness” is constructed in relation to the siting of mosques, using Cambridge as a case study. After engaging with contemporary debates on Englishness and multiculturalism, the authors examine the responses to a planning application to build a mosque in the Mill Road area of the city. In public responses to the proposal, discourses of culture and heritage feature strongly. This contrasts with the ostensibly neutral language of the official planning procedure. Cultural ideas about “Englishness” are present on all sides of the debate and are not easily classified as nationalist or reactionary. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Gustav Metzger is an artist with a socially-engaged conscience who has become famous for hisconcepts of auto-destructive and auto-creative art. Always cognisant of the latest technologicaldevelopments, he has had an association with the Computer Arts Society from the early days. At hisexhibition Lift Off! previously on view in Cambridge we learned his ‘processes of transformation […]offer powerful metaphors for revolution and transcendence.’ (From the accompanying catalogue). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on the British Computer Society (BCS) Artificial Intelligence conference to be held in Cambridge, England, as of Spetember 2015.