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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); a severe respiratory distress that has emerged from the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China during December 2019. COVID-19 is currently the major global health problem and the disease has now spread to most countries in the world. COVID-19 has profoundly impacted human health and activities worldwide. Genetic mutation is one of the essential characteristics of viruses. They do so to adapt to their host or to move to another one. Viral genetic mutations have a high potentiality to impact human health as these mutations grant viruses unique unpredicted characteristics. The difficulty in predicting viral genetic mutations is a significant obstacle in the field. Evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 has a variety of genetic mutations and genomic diversity with obvious clinical consequences and implications. In this review, we comprehensively summarized and discussed the currently available knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks with a fundamental focus on the role of the viral proteins and their mutations in viral infection and COVID-19 progression. We also summarized the clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 variants and how they affect the disease severity and hinder vaccine development. Finally, we provided a massive phylogenetic analysis of the spike gene of 214 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different geographical regions all over the world and their associated clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Better understanding of social media uses in crisis situations can help improve disaster management by policy-makers, organizations, businesses, and members of the public. It can also build theoretical understanding of how social life and citizenship incorporate social media usage. This study tracks the evolution of public sentiment in Wuhan, China, during the first 12 weeks after the identification of COVID-19 on the Chinese microblogging platform Sina Weibo. Data consist of 133,079 original Sina Weibo posts dealing with the novel coronavirus. The relative prevalence of eight different emotion groups is traced longitudinally using the ROST Content Mining System and the Emotion Vocabulary of Dalian University of Technology. The study finds a progression from confusion/fear, to disappointment/frustration, to depression/anxiety, then finally to happiness/gratitude. It argues that this progression indexes the changing affective energies of digital medical citizenship, which in turn indicates the context for intervention in future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a human virus that burst at Wuhan in China and spread quickly over the world, leading to millions of deaths globally. The journey of this deadly virus to different mutant strains is still ongoing. The plethora of drugs and vaccines have been tested to cope up this pandemic. The herbal plants and different spices have received great attention during pandemic, because of their anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties in treating viruses and their symptoms. Also, it has been shown that nano-formulation of phytochemicals has potential therapeutic effect against COVID-19. Furthermore, the plant derived compound nano-formulation specifically increases its antiviral property by enhancing its bioavailability, solubility, and target-specific delivery system. This review highlights the potentiality of herbal plants and their phytochemical against SARS-CoV-2 utilizing different mechanisms such as blocking the ACE-2 receptors, inhibiting the main proteases, binding spike proteins and reducing the cytokine storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 pandemic erupted from Wuhan/China, has impacted the whole world in many ways drastically. Understanding such a pandemic, taking necessary precautions, and controlling a potential epidemic is essential. Modules and communities are typically and frequently represented in networks and analyzed with specific methods. Epidemic network analysis is a powerful method that provides us different information to interpret and make accurate decisions for pandemic events. The randomness of epidemic networks is considerably high; hence, it is essential to obtain consistent information from such networks. In this study, we proposed the network-based community detection of the early-stage COVID-19 associated with the basic reproduction number and the geographical distance between country locations. Worldwide confirmed cases between 22/01/2020 and 08/06/2020 had been analyzed for tenday periods. For this purpose, the Community Detection method was used. Therefore, (i) the community regions, (ii) the change of these regions and weighted nodal degrees of confirmed cases during the COVID-19, (iii) the relations between locations, and (iv) locations or regions which played an important role during the spread of this disease were obtained. The results of this study may help to reduce the reproduction number by lowering the average rate of contact in the early stage of a new pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Following the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic,to restrict the spread of virus, the Government has imposed strict measures with subsequent lockdowns as a result the home environment has become a workplace for many. Of all sectors the software domain is the most affected. Limited resource facility, work - engagement, work-life balance, family conflicts, stress management have been the challenges faced by these IT professionals working from home. Aim: To analyze the impact of Covid 19 on health status and quality of life among software professionals in Covid pandemic through validated online questionnaires using google forms. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional e-survey was conducted using validated questionnaires through google forms following approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The questionnaire consisted of 4 open ended and 21 close ended questions.Job stress, physical,mental well being, work life balance, work engagement was assessed.The google form was posted in social media channel groups of software professionals for a period of 2 weeks following which the data was collected.Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 22.0. Results: A total of 154 software professionals participated in the study. Of which 80 were females and belonged to the 26-30 years age group. 83% software professionals preferred working in hybrid mode. This study shows that working hours increased with increased work pressure in a home based work setting (61%). Both work life balance and work engagement was fair in a home based work setting (p-0.0001) Anxiety, depression and emotional problems affected work engagement and work life balance. Some professionals developed physical ailments such as hair fall, vision problems and back ache in a home based work set up. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggests that emotional well being, sleep quality,decision latitude,limited resource facilities and job stress affect work engagement and work life balance. Hence undertaking appropriate measures proactively to enhance these factors under crisis conditions may mitigate the negative consequences of home-based work setting and improve the quality of life of software developers in the covid pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Following the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, to restrict the spread of virus, the Government has imposed strict measures with subsequent lockdowns as a result the home environment has become a workplace for many. Of all sectors the software domain is the most affected. Limited resource facility, work - engagement, work-life balance, family conflicts, stress management have been the challenges faced by these IT professionals working from home Aim: To analyze the impact of Covid 19 on health status and quality of life among software professionals in Covid pandemic through validated online questionnaires using google forms. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional e-survey was conducted using validated questionnaires through google forms following approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee. The questionnaire consisted of 4 open ended and 21 close ended questions.Job-stress, physical and mental well-being, work life balance, work engagement was assessed.The google form was posted in social media channel groups of software professionals for a period of 2 weeks following which the data was collected.Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 22.0. Results: A total of 154 software professionals participated in the study. Of which 80 were females and belonged to the 26-30 years age group. 83% software professionals preferred working in hybrid mode. This study shows that working hours increased with increased work pressure in a home-based work setting (61%). Both work life balance and work engagement were fair in a home-based work setting (p-0.0001). Anxiety, depression and emotional problems affected work engagement and work life balance. Some professionals developed physical ailments such as hair fall, vision problems and back ache in a home-based work set up. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggests that emotional well-being, sleep quality,decision latitude,limited resource facilities and job stress affected work engagement and work life balance. Hence undertaking appropriate measures proactively to enhance these factors under crisis conditions may mitigate the negative consequences of home-based work setting and improve the quality of life of software developers in the covid pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The infection of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started form Wuhan, Chinais a devastating and the incidence rate has increased worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatment against SARS-CoV-2, various strategies are being tested in China and throughout the world, including drug repurposing. To identify the potent clinical antiretroviral drug candidate against pandemic nCov-19 through computational tools. In this study, we used molecular modelling tool (molecular modelling and molecular dynamics) to identify commercially available drugs that could act on protease proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The result showed that Saquinavir, an antiretroviral medication can be used as a first line agent to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Saquinavir showed promising binding to the protease active site compared to other possible antiviral agents such as Nelfinavir and Lopinavir. Structural flexibility is one of the important physical properties that affect protein conformation and function and taking this account we performed molecular dynamics studies. Molecular dynamics studies and free energy calculations suggest that Saquinavir binds better to the COVID-19 protease compared to other known antiretrovirals. Our studies clearly propose repurposing of known protease inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. Previously ritonavir and lopinavir were proved an important analogues for SARS and MERS in supressing these viruses. In this study it was found that saquinavir has exhibited good G-score and E-model score compared to other analogues. So saquinavir would be prescribe to cure for nCov-2019 either single drug or maybe in combination with ritonavir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was first detected in Wuhan, China. Soon after, China became the first country in the world to enforce strict lockdown protocols in an effort to mitigate the spread of the disease. This study examines the perceptions of pandemic rules enforcement during the first COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 among 600 Chinese police officers. The analyses reveal that police departments' prompt and adequate adjustment to the pandemic, police officers' procedural justice in interacting with citizens, and police perceptions of police trustworthiness among the citizens all had direct and indirect effects on public compliance to lockdown enforcement during the pandemic. These findings affirm the role of police procedural justice in public compliance to law enforcement in China and stress the importance of organizational adjustment and public trust during an emergency situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Implications to pandemic-related policymaking and enforcement are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new COVID-19 emerged in a town in China named Wuhan in December 2019, and since then, this deadly virus has infected 324 million people worldwide and caused 5.53 million deaths by January 2022. Because of the rapid spread of this pandemic, different countries are facing the problem of a shortage of resources, such as medical test kits and ventilators, as the number of cases increased uncontrollably. Therefore, developing a readily available, low-priced, and automated approach for COVID-19 identification is the need of the hour. The proposed study uses chest radiography images (CRIs) such as X-rays and computed tomography (CTs) to detect chest infections, as these modalities contain important information about chest infections. This research introduces a novel hybrid deep learning model named Lightweight ResGRU that uses residual blocks and a bidirectional gated recurrent unit to diagnose non-COVID and COVID-19 infections using pre-processed CRIs. Lightweight ResGRU is used for multi-modal two-class classification (normal and COVID-19), three-class classification (normal, COVID-19, and viral pneumonia), four-class classification (normal, COVID-19, viral pneumonia, and bacterial pneumonia), and COVID-19 severity types' classification (i.e., atypical appearance, indeterminate appearance, typical appearance, and negative for pneumonia). The proposed architecture achieved f-measure of 99.0%, 98.4%, 91.0%, and 80.5% for two-class, three-class, four-class, and COVID-19 severity level classifications, respectively, on unseen data. A large dataset is created by combining and changing different publicly available datasets. The results prove that radiologists can adopt this method to screen chest infections where test kits are limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused viral pneumonia in Wuhan City in China in December of 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets the lungs with severe hypoxia, which usually results in death. COVID-19 is highly heterogeneous regarding severity, clinical phenotype, and more importantly, global dispersal. The respiratory system in all aspects such as respiratory airways, endothelium of pulmonary vessels, conducting airways, the alveoli, neuromuscular breathing structure, and pulmonary circulation are affected by this virus. A comprehensive concept of the source and dynamic action of the SARS-CoV-2 and the possible causes of heterogeneity in COVID-19 is required for predicting and managing the illness in acute and chronic stages of the pulmonary sign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: At the end of December 2019, a novel strain of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) has been identified in Wuhan, a central city in China, and then spread to every corner of the globe. As of October 8, 2022, the total number of COVID-19 cases had reached over 621 million worldwide, with more than 6.56 million confirmed deaths. Since SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences change due to mutation and recombination, it is pivotal to surveil emerging variants and monitor changes for improving pandemic management. Methods: 10,287,271 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence samples were downloaded in FASTA format from the GISAID databases from February 24, 2020, to April 2022. Python programming language (version 3.8.0) software was utilized to process FASTA files to identify variants and sequence conservation. The NCBI RefSeq SARS-CoV-2 genome (accession no. NC_045512.2) was considered as the reference sequence. Results: Six mutations had more than 50% frequency in global SARS-CoV-2. These mutations include the P323L (99.3%) in NSP12, D614G (97.6) in S, the T492I (70.4) in NSP4, R203M (62.8%) in N, T60A (61.4%) in Orf9b, and P1228L (50.0%) in NSP3. In the SARS-CoV-2 genome, no mutation was observed in more than 90% of nsp11, nsp7, nsp10, nsp9, nsp8, and nsp16 regions. On the other hand, N, nsp3, S, nsp4, nsp12, and M had the maximum rate of mutations. In the S protein, the highest mutation frequency was observed in aa 508–635(0.77%) and aa 381–508 (0.43%). The highest frequency of mutation was observed in aa 66–88 (2.19%), aa 7–14, and aa 164–246 (2.92%) in M, E, and N proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, monitoring SARS-CoV-2 proteomic changes and detecting hot spots mutations and conserved regions could be applied to improve the SARS‐CoV‐2 diagnostic efficiency and design safe and effective vaccines against emerging variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-Cov-2 virus from the betacoronavirus family, which emerged in the Wuhan region of China in December 2019, spread to the world in a short time, causing the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to serious respiratory symptoms, Covid-19 progresses with different symptoms in many systems. Covid-19-related dermatological manifestations are being reported with increasing frequency, either in the early phase of the disease or in late-onset. This case report, it is aimed to share our experience in our 68-year-old male patient who had late-onset vasculitic eruptions during the recovery process and was later accepted as excites, while he was being followed up in the intensive care unit due to severe Covid-19 pneumonia-ARDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and began in December 2019. The virus was first reported in the Wuhan region of China. It is a new strain of coronavirus that until then had not been isolated in humans. In severe cases, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiple organ failure or even death may occur. Now, the existence of vaccines, antiviral drugs and the appropriate treatment are allies in the confrontation of the disease. In the present research work, we utilized supervised Machine Learning (ML) models to determine early-stage symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 occurrence. For this purpose, we experimented with several ML models, and the results showed that the ensemble model, namely Stacking, outperformed the others, achieving an Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-Measure equal to 90.9% and an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 96.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) first appeared in Wuhan and subsequently spread rapidly in cities and provinces across the country and all over the world. In order to effectively control the spread of the epidemic in different areas, zonal management and endemic prevention and control policies should be implemented according to local epidemic situations. This study proposes a time-series clustering method to discover dynamic characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic by categorizing the epidemic situations in China's major cities into groups based on daily reported confirmed cases and analysing the driving factors of the city background conditions for each category. Our results show that according to the dynamic patterns of the COVID-19 epidemic there are eight types of epidemic situations, including extreme outbreak areas, large spread areas, potential resurged areas, middle spread areas, controlled outbreak areas, limited growth areas, delayed outbreak areas, and lag report areas. These dynamic patterns are mainly related to the city background conditions, such as population flow, local resident number, government emergency response capability, and medical resource conditions. Based on our results, different endemic prevention and control measures are recommended for containing the COVID-19 epidemic in cities with different types of epidemic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new Coronaviridae strain, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from Wuhan city of China and caused one of the substantial global health calamities in December 2019. Even though several vaccines and drugs have been developed worldwide since COVID-19, a cost-effective drug with the least side effects is still unavailable. Currently, plant-derived compounds are mostly preferred to develop antiviral therapeutics due to its less toxicity, easy access, and cost-effective characteristics. Therefore, in this study, 124 phytochemical compounds from plants of Lauraceae family with medicinal properties were virtually screened against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Identification of four phytomolecules, i.e., cassameridine, laetanine, litseferine and cassythicine, with docking scores −9.3, −8.8, −8.6, and −8.6 kcal/mol, respectively, were undertaken by virtual screening, and molecular docking. Furthermore, the molecular dynamic simulation and essential dynamics analysis have contributed in understanding the stability and inhibitory effect of these selected compounds. These phytomolecules can be considered for further in vitro and in vivo experimental study to develop anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics targeting the main protease (Mpro). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the clinical characteristics of patients with asymptomatic novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and compare them with those of patients with mild disease. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: Multiple medical centers in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Participants: A total of 3,263 patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection between February 4, 2020, and April 15, 2020. Main outcome measures: Patient demographic characteristics, medical history, vital signs, and laboratory and chest computed tomography (CT) findings. Results: A total of 3,173 and 90 patients with mild and moderate, and asymptomatic COVID-19, respectively, were included. A total of 575 (18.2%) symptomatic patients and 4 (4.4%) asymptomatic patients developed the severe illness. All asymptomatic patients recovered; no deaths were observed in this group. The median duration of viral shedding in asymptomatic patients was 17 (interquartile range, 9.25–25) days. Patients with higher levels of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (odds ratio [OR] = 1.025, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.04), lower red blood cell volume distribution width (OR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.51–0.88), lower creatine kinase Isoenzyme(0.94, 0.89–0.98) levels, or lower lesion ratio (OR = 0.01, 95% CI 0.00–0.33) at admission were more likely than their counterparts to have asymptomatic disease. Conclusions: Patients with younger ages and fewer comorbidities are more likely to be asymptomatic. Asymptomatic patients had similar laboratory characteristics and longer virus shedding time than symptomatic patients; screen and isolation during their infection were helpful to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of 2019, an outbreak of a severe respiratory disease occurred in Wuhan China, and an increase in cases of unknown pneumonia was alerted. In January 2020, a new coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the cause. The virus spreads primarily through the respiratory tract, and lymphopenia and cytokine storms have been observed in severely ill patients. This suggests the existence of an immune dysregulation as an accompanying event during a serious illness caused by this virus. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune responders, critical for virus shedding and immunomodulation. Despite its importance in viral infections, the contribution of NK cells in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 has yet to be deciphered. Different studies in patients with COVID-19 suggest a significant reduction in the number and function of NK cells due to their exhaustion. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how NK cells respond to SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have been experiencing a global pandemic with baleful consequences for mankind, since the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first identified in Wuhan of China, in December 2019. So far, several potential risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection have been identified. Among them, the role of ABO blood group polymorphisms has been studied with results that are still unclear. The aim of this study was to collect and meta-analyze available studies on the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and different blood groups, as well as Rhesus state. We performed a systematic search on PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases for published articles and preprints. Twenty-two studies, after the removal of duplicates, met the inclusion criteria for meta-analysis with ten of them also including information on Rhesus factor. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the extracted data. Random-effects models were used to obtain the overall pooled ORs. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. Our results indicate that blood groups A, B and AB have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection compared to blood group O, which appears to have a protective effect: (i) A group vs O (OR = 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.15 to 1.44), (ii) B vs O (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.25), and (iii) AB vs. O (OR = 1.32, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.57). An association between Rhesus state and COVID-19 infection could not be established (Rh+ vs Rh- OR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.13). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wuhan City, China has reported the identification of the first occurrence of the respiratory disease brought on by a new coronavirus since December 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shows variation symptoms such as fever (100%), cough (73%), headache (23%), sore throat (23%), sputum production (47%), chest pain (15%), Dyspnea (82%), diarrhea (33%), anorexia (65%), Fatigue (100%). The percentage of males from the total samples was (62.7%) while the females were (37.3%). The laboratory tests to confirm SARS-CoV-2 infection were positive RT-PCR, D-Diamer with rang 636.9-10000g/ml, and CRP rang 37-110 mg/L. Coronavirus causes damage to hepatocytes that elevated liver enzymes, ALT, AST, ALP and TSB with a range of 25%, 34.4%, 15% and 25% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world is struggling with a serious pandemic of disease 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19), which was emerged from Wuhan in China, originated by the novel corona virus 2019 (SARS-Co V-2). The scientific signs of COVID-19 are very much like other respiratory viruses. The elderly and immune compromised persons were considered more vulnerable to severe infections of such respiratory tract diseases but the spread of this recent pandemic raises fear that immunodeficiency is not quite the main factor. With the vaccinations now occurring across the country, health officials are optimistic that the outbreak could be under control by the end of this year. But till date the pandemic is not in control. Across the globe, the virus is still circulating widely, even surging, in many countries. Vaccines and treatment options are currently being investigated but there is no definitive evidence that certain medications are effective with regard to preventing illness or transmission of the COVID-19.Various search engines like Scopus, Pubmed and WHO databases were accessed and literature on current advances about COVID-19 including structural features, replication, possible pathogenic, symptoms, diagnosis, prognosis, methods of prevention and possible therapeutic agents used for treatment of patients was reviewed. This review is intended to bring to the fore information that will clear speculations and make sense of confusing and often conflicting scientific data about the role of immune competence in the prevention, transmission of and recovery from covid-19 and other similar infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From origin in Wuhan city of China, a highly communicable and deadly virus is spreading in the entire world and is known as COVID-19. COVID-19 is a new species of coronavirus which is affecting respiratory system of human. The virus is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 abbreviated as SARS-CoV-2 and generally known as coronavirus disease COVID-19. This is growing day by day in countries. The symptoms include fever, cough and difficulty in breathing. As there is no vaccine made for this virus and COVID-19 tests are not readily available, this is causing panic. Various Artificial Intelligence-based algorithms and frameworks are being developed to detect this virus, but it has not been tested. People are taking advantages of others by providing duplicate COVID-19 test kits. A work is carried out with deep learning to detect presence of COVID 19. With the use of Convolutional Neural networks, the model is trained with dataset of COVID-19 positive and negative X-Rays. The accuracy of training model is 99% and the confusion matrix shows 98% values that are predicted truly. Hence, the model is able to detect the presence of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We classify the main variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus representing a given biological sequence coded as a symbolic digital sequence and by its evolution by a cellular automata with a properly chosen rule. The spike protein, common to all variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is then by the picture of the cellular automaton evolution yielding a visible representation of important features of the protein. We use information theory Hamming distance between different stages of the evolution of the cellular automaton for seven variants relative to the original Wuhan/China virus. We show that our approach allows to classify and group variants with common ancestors and same mutations. Although being a simpler method, it can be used as an alternative for building phylogenetic trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This zoonotic virus has emerged in Wuhan of China in December 2019 from bats and pangolins probably and continuing the human‐to‐human transmission globally since last two years. As there is no efficient approved treatment, a number of vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed to counter the pandemic. Moreover, vaccine hesitancy is observed that may be another possible reason for this never ending pandemic. In the meantime, several variants and mutations were identified and causing multiple waves globally. Now the safety and efficacy of these vaccines are debatable and recommended to determine whether vaccines are able to interrupt transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 variant of concern (VOC). Moreover, the VOCs continue to emerge that appear more transmissible and less sensitive to virus‐specific immune responses. In this overview, we have highlighted various drugs and vaccines used to counter this pandemic along with their reported side effects. Moreover, the preliminary data for the novel VOC "Omicron" are discussed with the existing animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, an outbreak of coronavirus is of global concern, as it causes various respiratory problems. It was first detected in December 2019 in China's Wuhan City where various patients got admitted to the hospitals with a symptom of pneumonia. As the number of cases increased, scientists isolated the samples from patients. Initially, it was named as a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and now renamed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus spread from Wuhan to other cities of China, and currently it is affecting worldwide. Transmission of this virus occurs from one human to another and spreads through contaminated hands or surfaces. Various researchers are trying to explore the potential role of bioactive compounds from plants and different nanomaterials against this virus. Therefore, in this review, an overview of SARS-CoV-2, preventive measures against this viral infection, potential biocides against this virus, and role of phytochemicals and nanomaterials against this virus have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 originated in Wuhan city, China, in 2019 erupted a global pandemic that had put down nearly 3 million lives and hampered the socio-economic conditions of all nations. Despite the available treatments, this disease is not being controlled totally and spreading swiftly. The deadly virus commences infection by hACE2 receptor and its co-receptors (DPP4) engagement with the viral spike protein in the lung alveolar epithelial cells, indicating a primary therapeutic target. The current research attempts to design an in-silico Bispecific antibody (BsAb) against viral spike glycoprotein and DPP4 receptors. Regdanvimab and Begelomab were identified to block the D614G mutated spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and host DPP4 receptor, respectively. The designed BsAb was modified by using KIH (Knobs into Holes) and CrossMAb techniques to prevent heavy chain and light chain mispairings. Following the modifications, the site-specific molecular docking studies were performed, revealing a relatively higher binding affinity of BsAb with spike glycoprotein and DPP4 co-receptor than control BsAb. Also, for blocking the primary entry receptor, hACE2, an anti-viral peptide was linked to the Fc region of BsAb that blocks the hACE2 receptor by linker cleavage inside the infected host. Thus, the designed BsAb and anti-viral peptide therapy could be a promising triumvirate way to obstruct the viral entry by blocking the receptor engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has emerged as a serious public health problem in recent times. It is an infectious disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The place of origin of this virus is Wuhan city, China in late December 2019, has spread throughout the world rapidly. There are two important classes of the Coronavirus affecting human beings: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Coronavirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus. Diagnosis of the COVID-19 is done by taking a nasal swab, tracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar samples and RT-PCR. COVID-19 treatment generally depends on the severity and/or the health status of the infected patient. The treatment strategy, so far, includes the use of antiviral drugs. Clinical trials of vaccines were started in early 2020 by different companies and some are released that are in use. Preventive measures are social/physical distancing, masking and isolation of infected individuals. Although educational systems have used various learning management systems there are concerns about the online teaching system in comparison to the traditional classroom teaching system. In this review, we have tried to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on the health systems worldwide and other aspects of human life [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus 2019, has caused grave woes across the globe since it was first reported in the epicentre of Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019. The spread of COVID-19 in China has been successfully curtailed by massive travel restrictions that rendered more than 900 million people housebound for more than two months since the lockdown of Wuhan, and elsewhere, on 23 January 2020. Here, we assess the impact of China's massive lockdowns and travel restrictions reflected by the changes in mobility patterns across and within provinces, before and during the lockdown period. We calibrate movement flow between provinces with an epidemiological compartment model to quantify the effectiveness of lockdowns and reductions in disease transmission. Our analysis demonstrates that the onset and phase of local community transmission in other provinces depends on the cumulative population outflow received from the epicentre Hubei. Moreover, we show that synchronous lockdowns and consequent reduced mobility lag a certain time to elicit an actual impact on suppressing the spread. Such highly coordinated nationwide lockdowns, applied via a top-down approach along with high levels of compliance from the bottom up, are central to mitigating and controlling early-stage outbreaks and averting a massive health crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pneumonia outbreak was primarily reported in the fall of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, with the identity SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus. It quickly grew from a local epidemic to a global pandemic and was declared a public health emergency by the WHO. A total of three prominent waves were identified across the globe, with a slight temporal variability as per the geographical locations, and has impacted several sectors which connect the world. By March 2022, the coronavirus had infected 444.12 million people and claimed 6.01 million human lives worldwide, and these numbers have not yet stabilized. Our paper enlightens readers on the seven strains of human coronaviruses, with special emphasis on the three severe deadliest outbreaks (SARS-2002, MERS-2012, and COVID-19). This work attempts a comprehensive understanding of the coronavirus and its impact on the possible sectors that link the world through the economic chain, climate conditions, SDGs, recycling of the event, and mitigations. There are many points that are raised by the authors in the possible sectors, which are emerging or are as yet unnoticed and thus have not been taken into consideration. This comprehension will leave sets of new challenges and opportunities for the researchers in various streams, especially in earth sciences. Science-integrated research may help to prevent upcoming disasters as a by-product of (existing) epidemics in the form of coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To assess the long-term consequences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among health care workers (HCWs) in China (hereafter surviving HCWs). Methods: A total of 303 surviving HCWs were included. Lung (pulmonary function test, 6-min walk test [6MWT], chest CT), physical (St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire [SGRQ], Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale [mMRC], and Borg scale), and psychiatric functions (Essen Trauma Inventory) were evaluated during the 1-year follow-up. Results: Surviving HCWs had an abnormal diffusion capacity 1 year post-discharge. Participants with a reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) comprised 43.48%. The proportion of HCWs with a median 6MWT distance below the lower limit of the normal was 19.4%. An abnormal CT pattern was observed in 37.5% of the HCWs. The SGRQ, mMRC, and Borg scores of surviving HCWs, especially those with critical/severe disease, were significantly higher than those in the normal population. Probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was reported in 21.9% of the surviving HCWs. Diffusion capacity impairment was associated with women. Critical/severe illness and nurses were associated with impaired physical function. Conclusions: Most surviving HCWs, especially female HCWs, still had an abnormal diffusion capacity at 1 year. The physical and psychiatric functions of surviving HCWs were significantly worse than those of the healthy population. Long-term follow-up of pulmonary, physical, and psychiatric functions for surviving HCWs is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 commenced in Wuhan China in 2019 and soon spread worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 enters the cell by binding to the ACE II receptor and begins viral replication. The effects and clinical findings of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver, kidney, heart, gastrointestinal (GI) system and especially lungs have been widely discussed. However, the effects on the pancreas—another organ that also expresses ACE II—have not been studied. This work prospectively evaluated data from 316 patients who were admitted with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. The patients were categorized into three according to the severity of pneumonia (mild, severe, critical). Demographic data, rate of pancreatitis, biochemical parameters, and radiological images from each group were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups and outcomes were compared: COVID-19 patients with acute pancreatitis (Group P) and without acute pancreatitis (Group C). The median age was 54 (18–87), and the median age for patients with acute pancreatitis was 55 (26–84). As an expected finding, we found a positive correlation between advanced age and mortality (p = 0.0003). 12.6% of the patients had acute pancreatitis. While pancreatitis was not seen in patients on mild status, the rate of pancreatitis was 32.5% in critical patients. Hospitalization and mortality rates were higher in patients with COVID-19 accompanied by acute pancreatitis (p = 0.0038 and p < 0.0001, respectively). C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and ferritin were significantly higher in those who had pancreatitis (p < 0.0001). D-Dimer and procalcitonin levels had only a small difference (p = 0.1127 and p = 0.3403, respectively) Acute pancreatitis alone is a clinical condition that can lead to mortality and may be one of the reasons for the exaggerated immune response developing in the progression of COVID-19. Our results point out that the presence of pancreatic damage triggered by SARS-CoV-2 can deteriorate the clinical condition of patients and the mortality rate may increase in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reaching optimal vaccination rates is an essential public health strategy to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed to simulate the optimal vaccination strategy to control the disease by developing an age-specific model based on the current transmission patterns of COVID-19 in Wuhan City, China. Methods: We collected two indicators of COVID-19, including illness onset data and age of confirmed case in Wuhan City, from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. The reported cases were divided into four age groups: group 1, ≤ 14 years old; group 2, 15 to 44 years old; group 3, 44 to 64 years old; and group 4, ≥ 65 years old. An age-specific susceptible-exposed-symptomatic-asymptomatic-recovered/removed model was developed to estimate the transmissibility and simulate the optimal vaccination strategy. The effective reproduction number (Reff) was used to estimate the transmission interaction in different age groups. Results: A total of 47 722 new cases were reported in Wuhan City from December 2, 2019, to March 16, 2020. Before the travel ban of Wuhan City, the highest transmissibility was observed among age group 2 (Reff = 4.28), followed by group 2 to 3 (Reff = 2.61), and group 2 to 4 (Reff = 1.69). China should vaccinate at least 85% of the total population to interrupt transmission. The priority for controlling transmission should be to vaccinate 5% to 8% of individuals in age group 2 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% of age group 2), followed by 10% of age group 3 per day (ultimately vaccinated 90% age group 3). However, the optimal vaccination strategy for reducing the disease severity identified individuals ≥ 65 years old as a priority group, followed by those 45–64 years old. Conclusions: Approximately 85% of the total population (nearly 1.2 billion people) should be vaccinated to build an immune barrier in China to safely consider removing border restrictions. Based on these results, we concluded that 90% of adults aged 15–64 years should first be vaccinated to prevent transmission in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying order of symptom onset of infectious diseases might aid in differentiating symptomatic infections earlier in a population thereby enabling non-pharmaceutical interventions and reducing disease spread. Previously, we developed a mathematical model predicting the order of symptoms based on data from the initial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in China using symptom occurrence at diagnosis and found that the order of COVID-19 symptoms differed from that of other infectious diseases including influenza. Whether this order of COVID-19 symptoms holds in the USA under changing conditions is unclear. Here, we use modeling to predict the order of symptoms using data from both the initial outbreaks in China and in the USA. Whereas patients in China were more likely to have fever before cough and then nausea/vomiting before diarrhea, patients in the USA were more likely to have cough before fever and then diarrhea before nausea/vomiting. Given that the D614G SARS-CoV-2 variant that rapidly spread from Europe to predominate in the USA during the first wave of the outbreak was not present in the initial China outbreak, we hypothesized that this mutation might affect symptom order. Supporting this notion, we found that as SARS-CoV-2 in Japan shifted from the original Wuhan reference strain to the D614G variant, symptom order shifted to the USA pattern. Google Trends analyses supported these findings, while weather, age, and comorbidities did not affect our model's predictions of symptom order. These findings indicate that symptom order can change with mutation in viral disease and raise the possibility that D614G variant is more transmissible because infected people are more likely to cough in public before being incapacitated with fever. Author summary: We developed a mathematical model to predict symptom order of symptomatic COVID-19 cases from patient characteristics data in the USA and China. Surprisingly, our model predicted that cough occurs first in the USA, while fever occurs first in China. We hypothesized the difference is due to the SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant, which was predominate in the USA during data collection, whereas the original Wuhan reference strain was predominate in China. To test this, we used patient data from the outbreak in Japan, which was initially dominated by the Wuhan reference strain but eventually dominated by the D614G variant. The predicted symptom order changed with the viral variant, but not region, weather, patient age, or comorbidity. These results support the notion that cough occurs earlier in the D614G variant than the Wuhan reference strain. The D614G variant's greater transmissibility might be explained by infected individuals coughing and spreading the virus before they are incapacitated by fever. Additionally, we hope other researchers will further investigate symptom order of infectious diseases to understand how viral variants and comorbidities affect disease progression. Such work is especially important now as contagious and deadly variants of SARS-CoV-2 are under investigation and rapidly spreading worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began in Wuhan of China. COVID-19 affects different people with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic with recovery without hospitalization up to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The innate and adaptive immunity appears responsible for the defense against the virus and recovery from the disease. The innate immune system, as the first line of defense, is essential for the detection of virus and subsequent activation of acquired immunity. The innate immune response is carried out by sentinel cells such as monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells and by receptors known as pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors can recognize various components of the virus, which lead to intracellular signaling and subsequently the synthesis of various cytokines. These cytokines then recruit other immune cells, activate adaptive immune responses, and inhibit viral spreading. The most common receptors include Toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and RIG-I like receptors. This review describes the current knowledge about the interplay between innate immune responses and SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the innate immune cells and the role of their receptors in viral RNA recognition, as well as their mechanisms for recognizing SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of individuals have perished as a result of Covid-19 and it has turned into a global problem. The novel coronavirus 2019 (nCoV-2019), also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly following its discovery in Wuhan patients with acute pneumonia in China. No medication or vaccine are available to treat human coronavirus infection successfully. The alternative therapies and cures are not are effective or authorised to treat Corona virus. Treatments are primarily supportive because no particular pandemic cure has been licenced. New interventions will most likely take months to years to mature. Using antiviral medicinal herbs as an auxiliary or supportive therapy seems to be a viable alternative. The essential oils of medicinal plants have antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Being rich in antioxidants, essential oils can be used to develop new antiviral remedies. Such beneficial essential oils are being evaluated and exploited for its potent therapeutic use against many viruses. These natural compounds bestow antiviral actions by disrupting the viral life cycle during viral entry, assembly, replication, discharge and virus-specific host targets. This study highlights the essential oils derived from medicinal and aromatic plants with in vitro and in vivo antiviral effects. Essential oils having known pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties can be repurposed as a strategy against deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. These essential oils of herbal plants can be an effective therapeutic strategy against SARS-CoV-2 when used along with conventional antiviral medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) could cause physical and psychological dysfunction in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infected patients. Pulmonary telerehabilitation is strongly recommended due to the contagious nature of the disease, but its efficacy and benefit need to be comprehensively evaluated. Methods: An 8‐week pulmonary telerehabilitation programme is designed in a real‐world and prospective manner, aiming to assess the efficacy of remote rehabilitation among discharged patients with COVID‐19 from three designated hospitals in the epicenter of China (Wuhan City). The telerehabilitation programme includes physicians and physiotherapists remotely guided training (online) for 2 weeks, and patient self‐managed rehabilitation (offline) for 6 weeks with assistance of information technology and digital device. The main rehabilitation intervention includes breathing exercise, respiratory muscle training, aerobic exercise, and resistance training. The primary outcome is 6‐min walk distance, and secondly pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, physical activity, symptom, psychological status and quality of life, etc. will also be assessed. Patients will be followed up periodically at week two, four, eight after enrolment and at month one, three, six and 12 after the rehabilitation accomplished, respectively. Current study has been approved by the ethics committee of China‐Japan Friendship Hospital and three participating centers in Wuhan City. Discussion We anticipate that the health status of discharged patients with COVID‐19 could be improved through this systemic pulmonary telerehabilitation programme. The interdisciplinary remote mode of rehabilitation could be an optimal way in management of emerging respiratory tract infectious disease. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04368793. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidemiological outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), alias COVID-19, began in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in late December and eventually turned into a pandemic that has led to over 3.71 million deaths and over 173 million infected cases worldwide. In addition to respiratory manifestations, COVID-19 patients with neurological and myocardial dysfunctions exhibit a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. The immune function tends to be affected by cardiovascular risk factors and is thus indirectly related to the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Many neurological symptoms and manifestations have been reported in COVID-19 patients; however, detailed descriptions on the prevalence and characteristic features of these symptoms are restricted due to insufficient data. It is thus advisable for clinicians to be vigilant for both cardiovascular and neurological manifestations to detect them at an early stage to avoid inappropriate management of COVID-19 and to address the manifestations adequately. Patients with severe COVID-19 are notably more susceptible to developing cardiovascular and neurological complications than non-severe COVID-19 patients. This review focuses on the consequential outcomes of COVID-19 on cardiovascular and neuronal functions, including other influencing factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Wuhan province of China, almost two years ago, in December 2019, the novel Coronavirus 2019 has caused a severe involvement of the lower respiratory tract leading to an acute life-threatening respiratory syndrome, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Subsequently, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread to the entire world causing a pandemic and affected every single person on earth either directly or indirectly with destroying all facets of social life and economy. Since the announcement of COVID-19 as a global pandemic, we have witnessed tremendous scientific work on all aspects of COVID-19 across the globe, which has never been witnessed before. The most remarkable achievement would be the introduction of vaccines, which provide protection from the severe infection and is the only premise for the control of disease. However, despite the tremendous work, the number of treatments either antiviral or immunomodulatory for infected patients are considerably limited, yet disease is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 follows heterogenous disease course among infected individuals, and dysregulated immune system is primarily responsible for the worse outcomes. Immune deficiency, being on corticosteroids for inflammatory diseases, delayed interferon response and advanced age adversely influence prognosis with impairing viral clearance. On the other hand, exuberant immune response with features of cytokine storm is the leading cause of death, which can be alleviated by use of either general immunosuppression with corticosteroids or selective neutralization of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6. Herein, we summarized the potential effective immunomodulatory treatments emphasizing in which patient population it is the most suitable, which dose should be administered, and which is the most appropriate timepoint to administer the drug during the course of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For two years, the entire world has been grappling with the new challenge that is the COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2019 in China's largest province, Wuhan, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was detected in a patient with severe respiratory failure. Shortly after, infections were detected in all regions of the world. So far, 265 million infections have been confirmed around the world, and 5.2 million of those infected have died due to COVID-19. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications, especially thromboembolic complications. Low-molecular-weight-heparin presents a basic form of prophylaxis against thromboembolic complications in individuals who are ill with COVID-19. Controversy still exists regarding the optimal dose of LMWH depending on disease severity, this problem requires further randomized trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), which causes infections in the upper and lower respiratory tract, became a pandemic shortly after it was first diagnosed in Wuhan city, China. Many people are affected with high mortality rates and severe respiratory distress syndrome. During this pandemic, all physicians paid attention to the findings of COVID-19. Suggestive findings in 18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were characterized as increased 18F-FDG uptake in bilateral peripheral consolidative areas and ground glass opacities. We aimed to show diffuse FDG uptake in PET images with indefinable lesions in CT as a suspicious finding for early COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer, which is the second most common cause of death after cardiovascular diseases, is one of the most important health problems of today. Discovery of effective treatments and drugs are important in cancer treatment. The COVID-19 epidemic, which broke out in Wuhan province of China in December 2019 and is considered as a pandemic worldwide, affected millions of people. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes this epidemic, affects the lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, gastrointestinal system, ovaries and testicles and various drugs are used in the treatment. In this study, we aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of favipiravir, dornase alfa and ivermectin, which are drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19, on human lung cancer cell line (A549). Favipiravir, dornase alfa and ivermectin concentrations were prepared in doubly increasing doses (0.5-64 µg/mL). The prepared concentrations were tested on human A549 cells. After 24 hours of incubation, the cytotoxic effects of the drugs on cancer cells were detected by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method. The results were given as % viability. It was determined that favipiravir, dornase alfa and ivermectin significantly decreased the cell viability in lung cancer cell line with increasing application doses (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difficulties to use convenient data during the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic outbreak and complexities of the problem attitude crucial challenges in infectious disease modelling studies. Motivated by the on-going reach to predict a potential reactivated SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), we suggest a prediction model that beyond the clinical characteristics based evaluation approaches. In particular, we developed a possibly available and more efficient prediction model to predict a potential reactivated SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) patient. Our paper aims to explore the applicability of a modified Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions (MTOPSIS) integrated Design of Experiment (DoE) method to predict a potential reactivated COVID-19 patient in real-time clinical or laboratory applications. The presented novel model may be of interest to the readers studying similar research areas. We illustrate MTOPSIS integrated DoE method by applying it to the COVID-19 pandemic real clinical cases from Wuhan/China-based data. Despite the small sample size, our study provides an encouraging preliminary model framework. Finally, a step by step algorithm is suggested in the study for future research perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus (Serious Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2) type that was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, has turned into a pandemic. The disease commonly presents with fever, cough, and malaise, and typically bilateral peripheral ground-glass areas are seen in thorax computed tomography. While it may present as mild upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia, patients may also develop pulmonary thromboembolism and pneumothorax. In our case, in a young male patient who was followed up for severe pneumonia due to COVİD-19 infection, pulmonary thromboembolism, parenchymal cysts, and pneumothorax were detected. Although pulmonary thromboembolism is a common complication, cyst formation and pneumothorax are rare. We aimed to present this case because of the coexistence of multiple pulmonary complications despite the young age of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is implicated in the ongoing pandemic across the globe since December 2019. It was first notified by China from Wuhan on 31 December 2020 and transmission to healthcare workers was first reported on 20 January 2020. Human-to-human transmission is mainly by droplet infection. At present no effective vaccine is available. Our speciality needs to collectively address the urgent issue of risk of transmission in dermatology practice. A case series of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Wuhan described that 41.3% of their patients may have acquired the infection from the hospital. Of all the infected health care workers, 77.5% worked in general wards and departments. These data highlight the significant risk of nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 and also the higher risk in general wards and departments compared to the emergency room or intensive care unit. Dermatology patients are generally seen in clinics and in outpatient departments in hospitals. Patients wait together in the waiting area, intermingle and then are seen by the physician in their chamber. This can cause transmission of the pathogen among patients and from patient to physician. Social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are important for preventing the spread of infection and dermatology practices also have to incorporate these aspects. Telemedicine is becoming an important tool for the management of dermatology patients in these times. At-risk patients in dermatology also need to be given priority care. Protocols for the use of immunosuppressants and biologics in dermatology during the pandemic are being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The mean latent/removed periods of the COVID-19 epidemic in China were 5.40/2.13 days. • There were 1.72 latent/infected persons per 10,000 Wuhan travelers up to January 20th. • Space-time R 0 estimates indicated an initial value between 2 and 3.5 in most cities. • There were 196 cities that had an estimated R 0 < 1 on February 29th. • A clear descent in temporal R 0 started one week after the outbreak and lasted for two weeks. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic is reaching its final phase in China. The epidemic data are available for a complete assessment of epidemiological parameters in all regions and time periods. This study aims to present a spatiotemporal epidemic model based on spatially stratified heterogeneity (SSH) to simulate the epidemic spread. A susceptible-exposed/latent-infected-removed (SEIR) model was constructed for each SSH-identified stratum (each administrative city) to estimate the spatiotemporal epidemiological parameters of the outbreak. We estimated that the mean latent and removed periods were 5.40 and 2.13 days, respectively. There was an average of 1.72 latent or infected persons per 10,000 Wuhan travelers to other locations until January 20th, 2020. The space-time basic reproduction number (R 0) estimates indicate an initial value between 2 and 3.5 in most cities on this date. The mean period for R 0 estimates to decrease to 80%, and 50% of initial values in cities were an average of 14.73 and 19.62 days, respectively. Our model estimates the complete spatiotemporal epidemiological characteristics of the outbreak in a space-time domain. These findings will help enhance a comprehensive understanding of the outbreak and inform the strategies of prevention and control in other countries worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease, originated in Wuhan City, China. It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its biology is still poorly understood. Currently, there are no vaccines and drugs/or agents that can reduce severity of this new disease. Recent data suggest that patients with age-related comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and dementia are highly susceptible to severe respiratory illness due to coronavirus infection. Recent research also revealed that aged individuals with elevated baseline inflammation cause defects in T and B cells, leading to decreased body's immune response to viral infection. In the current article, we discuss the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on age-related chronic diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease. Our article also highlights the interaction between coronavirus and immune cells, and how COVID-19 alters mitochondrial activities in host cells. Based on new and compelling evidence, we propose that mitochondrial fission is inhibited while fusion is promoted, causing mitochondrial elongation and providing a receptive intracellular environment for viral replication in infected cells. Further research is still needed to understand the cross talk between viral replication in mitochondria and disease progression in patients with COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei province, China in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 has infected several millions of people, resulting in a huge socioeconomic cost and over 2.5 million deaths worldwide. Though the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is not fully understood, data have consistently shown that SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence has implicated the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unfortunately, however, the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced impairment of the central nervous system are not completely known. Here, we review the literature on possible neuropathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 induced cerebral damage. The results suggest that downregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with increased activity of the transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L in SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion may result in upregulation of proinflammatory mediators and reactive species that trigger neuroinflammatory response and blood brain barrier disruption. Furthermore, dysregulation of hormone and neurotransmitter signalling may constitute a fundamental mechanism involved in the neuropathogenic sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The viral RNA or antigenic peptides also activate or interact with molecular signalling pathways mediated by pattern recognition receptors (e.g., toll-like receptors), nuclear factor kappa B, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, complement cascades, and cell suicide molecules. Potential molecular targets and therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 induced neurologic damage are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entire world is coping up with the challenges imposed by COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, which started from a single case in Wuhan city of China in November 2019. Its outcomes range from asymptomatic cases to most severe diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome. Neurological manifestations have also been reported as an outcome of coronavirus infection and Guillain–Barre Syndrome (GBS) is one of them. In our present case, we describe the correlation of GBS with subclinical SARS-CoV-2 in a pediatric patient. The patient was successfully managed with intravenous immunoglobulin and physiotherapy. In the current pandemic, any case of GBS should be evaluated for recent or remote SARS-CoV-2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since it was first identified, the epidemic scale of the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China, has increased rapidly, with cases arising across China and other countries and regions. Using a transmission model, we estimate a basic reproductive number of 3.11 (95% CI, 2.39-4.13), indicating that 58-76% of transmissions must be prevented to stop increasing. We also estimate a case ascertainment rate in Wuhan of 5.0% (95% CI, 3.6-7.4). The true size of the epidemic may be significantly greater than the published case counts suggest, with our model estimating 21 022 (prediction interval, 11 090-33 490) total infections in Wuhan between 1 and 22 January. We discuss our findings in the light of more recent information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), first reported in December 2019 from Wuhan in China, had reached the stage of a pandemic. To date (28.06.2021), there are more than 181.9 million confirmed cases of the disease in the world. Even though vaccines have been developed, antiviral drugs are yet to be developed for management and treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Since several medicinal plants are used in traditional medicines, though with controversial efficacy claims, they can be considered as sources of new antiviral drug compounds against emerging viruses. In this context, spices are noteworthy as their anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory properties are well studied and documented. The emerging scientific literature includes a number of papers on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of spice extracts and specific compounds proven through different types of laboratory experiments. Here, the information pertaining to anti-viral properties of spice-based phytochemicals or natural compounds (not crude extracts) is summarized in this review. Spice-based compounds discussed here are an option for testing in COVID-19 patients though we don't have strong data to support their active recommendation. Because of their natural origin, safety, and low cost, they can be a viable option in our fight against viruses and this compilation may be useful for planning and designing more robust experiments in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of a novel Corona virus (COVID 19) originated on December 19 from China. The city of Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province, China, is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness known as COVID 19 and it has been rapidly spread across the world claiming millions of lives. The sudden outbreak of novel Coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2 or 2019‐nCoV), is a big concern for their speedy mitigation using the predictable treatment and creating its approach around the world. Researchers and doctors are in search of rapid diagnosis kit, drugs, and viral‐resistant personal protective equipment (PPE) to clinical diagnosis, medication, and prevent the spread of COVID 19. A rational approach with adaptability and broad viewpoint to challenge the growing pain could be overcome by the application of appropriate technology. The nanotechnology‐based approach can significantly serve the purpose of the current pandemic situation of COVID 19. But same time implementation of innovative and creative nanotech approach, there is a decisive need for the full knowledge of SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenesis. Moreover, to defeat COVID 19, particularly nanotech‐based system with their viral inhibitory properties to increase the effective nanotech approach is essential. In this scenario, this review aims to summarize the past, present, and future of nanotech‐based systems that can be used to treat COVID 19, highlighting Nano‐based compounds. Lastly, the potential application of the different category of Inorganic Nanomaterials/Inorganic organic conjugate /hybrid system and their practical applicability as suitable means for inspiring against COVID 19 has also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]