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Globally, the red wine market experienced a rapid growth in the last decade, due to the superior colour, taste, and nutritional quality. The red grapes used for vinification have individual characteristics varying within the regional environment. In this study, the quality of seven grape cultivars, including Marselan, Yan 73, Muscat Hamburg, Kadarka, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Crimpose, and their corresponding wines, were investigated based on high-performance liquid chromatography and headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. These techniques were performed to analyze the chemical compositions and volatile compounds of the tested samples, respectively. The results showed that tartaric acid (29.96% to 73.45%) and rutin (12.53% to 56.54%) were the dominant organic acid and phenolic compounds in grapes, respectively. Higher concentrations of organic acids and phenolic compounds, and the types of volatile compounds, were observed to be highest in the Cabernet Sauvignon grape. The antioxidant activity of wines ranged from 6.74 to 102.68 mmol TE/L, and Yan 73 wine had the highest antioxidant activity. A total of 69 volatile compounds consisting of 17 alcohols, 26 esters, 5 aldehydes, 9 acids, 7 ketones, and 5 other volatile compounds were identified in all tested wines, and 11 important aroma active substances (odor activity value > 1) were selected, consisting of β-ionone, phenethyl acetate, geranyl acetate, ethyl 9-decenoate, ethyl caprate, ethyl pelargonate, decanal, ethyl caprylate, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, methyl 2-hexenoate, and ethyl hexanoate, which endow wines with a unique aroma. This work clearly describes the chemical and sensory characteristics of seven red grape cultivars in Xinjiang of China and provides diversity options for cultivars for winemaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of CO2-water-rock interactions on the injectivity and safety of CO2 geological storage have drawn wide attention. The geochemical reaction mechanisms in carbonate formations after CO2 injection are still controversial. To better understand the transformation of injected CO2 in carbonates and the involved geochemical reactions, we first conducted autoclave experiments reproducing the in-situ conditions of the Lianglitage Formation, Yingshan Formation, and Qiulitage Formation at the Tazhong Uplift in the Tarim Basin. We then established a batch model using TOUGHREACT-ECO2H, validated with the experimental results, to simulate the long-term CO2-water-rock interactions. It was found that the initial mineral compositions and water chemistry have important effects on the CO2-water-rock interactions in carbonate formations. The experiment results show that the dissolution of calcite and dolomite dominates in the early reaction period. However, we still observed some secondary minerals, such as ankerite, montmorillonite, calcite, and dolomite. The CO2-water-rock reactions can be more dramatic when the contents of calcite and dolomite in carbonates are closer. Moreover, the long-term simulation results show that calcite, magnesite, and hematite are the main formed secondary minerals, whereas dolomite is the major dissolved mineral. This study is helpful for a better understanding of the CO2 mineral trapping mechanism in carbonate formations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The reactivity between unaltered basalt and CO 2 is strong. • The reactivity between the altered basalt and CO 2 is obviously reduced. • The feedback should be considered when the reactivity between basalt and CO 2 is high. • The co-injection of CO 2 and water could be an option when the reservoir is buried shallowly. Sedimentary basins often develop large amounts of basalts, but there are few studies. The diagenetic history of basalts in sedimentary basins is different from that of continental flood basalts and deep-sea basalts. A large amount of basalt is developed in the Jianghan Basin. Minerals undergo varying degrees of alteration, such as the alteration of olivine into serpentine. Numerical simulations were used to study the interaction between basalt-CO 2 -formation water in the Xingouzui Formation. The effects of basalt alteration and CO 2 injection mode (supercritical CO 2 , saturated CO 2 water, co-injection of CO 2 and water) on CO 2 storage were investigated. The results show that the reactivity between unaltered basalt and CO 2 is strong, and the maximum CO 2 mineral trapping reaches 22–49 kg/m3 after CO 2 injection for one month. However, the reactivity between the altered basalt and CO 2 is obviously decreased. Compared with the unaltered basalt, the maximum CO 2 mineral trapping for the altered basalt decreased by at least 15.4 % after CO 2 injection for one year. For severely altered basalt with high serpentine content, the maximum CO 2 mineral trapping even drops by more than 90 %. CO 2 mineral trapping will be overestimated when the feedback of reservoir porosity and permeability changes on flow is not considered. The co-injection of CO 2 and water can make full use of the advantages that water injection can promote CO 2 dissolution and the resulting acidic environment is beneficial to mineral dissolution. This method could be an option after careful assessment of CO 2 leakage risks and technical feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The washed and unwashed current (C) and previous year (C + 1) needles, branches and top soils of Pinus tabulaeformis trees were sampled at five sites Haitai industrial district (HT), Puji River (PJ), Fukang road (FK), Residential area (RA) and Baxian Mountain (BX) in Tianjin along an urban-rural gradient and analyzed for heavy metals (Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cd) concentrations via ICP. C + 1 needles generally had higher Mn, Pb, Cd than C needles while the opposite was for Cu and Zn. Total Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd in soils peaked at HT and decreased at RA and BX. Heavy metals were generally higher in the unwashed needles than the washed needles at all sites. Meanwhile MDA, soluble sugar and free proline concentration in needles were increased with the increasing of heavy metal contents along the urban-rural gradient, further correlated with the heavy metal contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a basin-scale model study of the behaviors of CO2 plume and the potential environmental impacts for large-scale CO2 storage in the saline aquifers of Songliao Basin, China. The model covers the whole basin, and vertically consists of most of the Cretaceous strata. In a hypothetical scenario, a total of 1.43 GT CO2 is injected into the Yaojia Formation (K2y) through 20 wells distributing at the center of the basin in 50 years (0.5-2 million tons per injection well per year). The preliminary results show the permeable Yaojia Formation (K2y) with a thickness of 100-400 m at the center of the basin can store large amounts of CO2. The overlying Nenjiang Formation (K2n) with low permeability and large thickness has the potential to ensure long-term storage security. The high solubility of CO2 of the formation water in this continental basin is a favorable condition for the storage security. The maximum extent of the CO2 plume from different injection wells ranges from about 4 km to 20 km at 1000 years. The maximum pressure build-up in the Nenjiang Formation (K2n) and the Yaojia Formation (K2y) reaches 8.6 MPa and 9.3 MPa, respectively. An entry capillary pressure of 1 MPa may be enough for the caprock to seal CO2 in the large-scale CO2 storage. The mudstone layers in the Nenjiang Formation (K2n) can play a crucial role in restraining upward brine migration.© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudotsuga gaussenii is a forest species under protection in China. Propagation via somatic embryogenesis is efficient and needed for recovering this species. In this research, effects of medium supplements, i.e., methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and maltose, on somatic embryo (SE) development were studied. More mature SEs developed with the pre-maturation treatment medium supplemented with 50 μM or 100 μM MGBG. During SE maturation, when the medium was supplemented with both PEG and maltose, the over-proliferation of embryogenic tissue was suppressed. When maltose was eliminated from the maturation medium, SEs were slightly smaller but developed better than other treatments due to the supply of lower carbon source, whereas when PEG was taken out from the maturation medium, no mature SE was obtained, only the heavily-proliferated plant tissue. Meanwhile, DNA methylation levels differed in these SE maturation cultures at the late culture stage of SE maturation. The level increased sharply with no maltose treatment (20.28%) while decreasing without PEG supplement (10.35%). DNA methyltransferase genes MET1-1, MET1-2, MET1-3, CMT3, DRM1, and DRM2 were partially cloned in this study to detect their expression level via qPCR. Expression of these genes, except MET1-3, in the culture of no PEG was higher significantly than the cultures of other treatments at weeks 1, 3, and 10. Our results suggested that MGBG and/or PEG play an important role in stimulating SE development and maturation. Furthermore, sugar supplements at a lower level benefited SE maturation in Pseudotsuga gaussenii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]