Search

In this paper, we compute the total and differential cross sections for $e^+e^- \to J/\psi+c+\bar{c}$ at the $B$ factories up to next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections within the framework of nonrelativistic QCD factorization theory. We then obtain an improved pQCD prediction for this process by using the Principle of Maximum Conformality (PMC). We show the first time that the PMC can be applied for any pQCD calculable observable at the total or differential levels via a self-consistent way in perturbation theory. By the recursive use of renormalization group equation, the resultant PMC series satisfies all the requirements of renormalization group, which is free of conventional renormalization scheme-and-scale ambiguities at any fixed-order level. We thus obtain a more precise prompt total cross section at the NLO level, e.g. $\sigma|_{\rm prompt}^{\rm PMC}= 0.565^{+0.144}_{-0.125}~\text{pb}$. Here the uncertainty is the squared average of those from the $\alpha_s$ fixed-point uncertainty $\Delta\alpha_s(M_Z)$, the uncertainty of charm quark mass $\Delta m_c$, and an estimated contribution of the uncalculated NNLO-terms as predicted by the Pad\'{e} approximation approach. The differential cross sections $d\sigma/dP_{J/\psi}$, $d\sigma/d|\cos \theta|$, and $d\sigma/dz$ for $e^+e^- \to J/\psi+c+\bar{c}$ are further examined. Those results show that by further considering the feed-down contributions, the PMC predictions show better agreement with the Belle measurements., Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures

We present a calculation of the spin polarization of spin-1/2 fermions in a relativistic fluid at local thermodynamic equilibrium at the second order in the gradient expansion, including second-order derivatives. The second-order derivative terms vanish if the local equilibrium hypersurface is the hyperplane $t=const$ in the collision center-of-mass frame. However, since the freeze-out hypersurface has a non-trivial space-time structure, these terms may result in a non-vanishing contribution to the spin polarization, whose magnitude needs to be assessed with numerical computations., Comment: 18 pages, 2 figures

The chiral magnetic wave (CMW) is a collective mode in quark-gluon plasma originated from the chiral magnetic effect (CME) and chiral separation effect. Its detection in heavy-ion collisions is challenging due to significant background contamination. In Ref.[1], we have constructed a neural network which can accurately identify the CME-related signal from the final-state pion spectra. In this paper, we generalize such a neural network to the case of CMW search. We show that, after a updated training, the neural network can effectively recognize the CMW-related signal. Additionally, we assess the performance of the neural network compared to other known methods for CMW search., Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures. Published in Chin.Phys.C

In this paper, we explore the properties of the bottom-quark on-shell mass ($M_b$) by using its relation to the $\overline{\rm MS}$ mass (${\overline m}_b$). At present, this $\overline{\rm MS}$-on-shell relation has been known up to four-loop QCD corrections, which however still has a $\sim 2\%$ scale uncertainty by taking the renormalization scale as ${\overline m}_b({\overline m}_b)$ and varying it within the usual range of $[{\overline m}_b({\overline m}_b)/2, 2 {\overline m}_b({\overline m}_b)]$. The principle of maximum conformality (PMC) has been adopted to achieve a more precise $\overline{\rm MS}$-on-shell relation by eliminating such scale uncertainty. As a step forward, we also estimate the magnitude of the uncalculated higher-order terms by using the Pad\'{e} approximation approach. Numerically, by using the $\overline{\rm MS}$ mass ${\overline m}_b({\overline m}_b)=4.18^{+0.03}_{-0.02}$ GeV as an input, our predicted value for the bottom-quark on-shell mass becomes $M_b\simeq 5.36^{+0.10}_{-0.07}$ GeV, where the uncertainty is the squared average of the ones caused by $\Delta \alpha_s(M_Z)$, $\Delta {\overline m}_b({\overline m}_b)$, and the estimated magnitude of the higher-order terms., Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures

Split Neural Network, as one of the most common architectures used in vertical federated learning, is popular in industry due to its privacy-preserving characteristics. In this architecture, the party holding the labels seeks cooperation from other parties to improve model performance due to insufficient feature data. Each of these participants has a self-defined bottom model to learn hidden representations from its own feature data and uploads the embedding vectors to the top model held by the label holder for final predictions. This design allows participants to conduct joint training without directly exchanging data. However, existing research points out that malicious participants may still infer label information from the uploaded embeddings, leading to privacy leakage. In this paper, we first propose an embedding extension attack manipulating embeddings to undermine existing defense strategies, which rely on constraining the correlation between the embeddings uploaded by participants and the labels. Subsequently, we propose a new label obfuscation defense strategy, called `LabObf', which randomly maps each original integer-valued label to multiple real-valued soft labels with values intertwined, significantly increasing the difficulty for attackers to infer the labels. We conduct experiments on four different types of datasets, and the results show that LabObf significantly reduces the attacker's success rate compared to raw models while maintaining desirable model accuracy.

We record a particularly simple construction on top of Lumsdaine's local universes that allows for a Coquand-style universe of propositions with propositional extensionality to be interpreted in a category with subobject classifiers., Comment: 5 pages

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction holds a paramount position in recommender systems. The prevailing ID-based paradigm underperforms in cold-start scenarios due to the skewed distribution of feature frequency. Additionally, the utilization of a single modality fails to exploit the knowledge contained within textual features. Recent efforts have sought to mitigate these challenges by integrating Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs). They design hard prompts to structure raw features into text for each interaction and then apply PLMs for text processing. With external knowledge and reasoning capabilities, PLMs extract valuable information even in cases of sparse interactions. Nevertheless, compared to ID-based models, pure text modeling degrades the efficacy of collaborative filtering, as well as feature scalability and efficiency during both training and inference. To address these issues, we propose \textbf{C}ost-\textbf{E}fficient \textbf{L}anguage Model \textbf{A}lignment (\textbf{CELA}) for CTR prediction. CELA incorporates textual features and language models while preserving the collaborative filtering capabilities of ID-based models. This model-agnostic framework can be equipped with plug-and-play textual features, with item-level alignment enhancing the utilization of external information while maintaining training and inference efficiency. Through extensive offline experiments, CELA demonstrates superior performance compared to state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, an online A/B test conducted on an industrial App recommender system showcases its practical effectiveness, solidifying the potential for real-world applications of CELA., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures

Feature matching determines the orientation accuracy for the High Spatial Resolution (HSR) optical satellite stereos, subsequently impacting several significant applications such as 3D reconstruction and change detection. However, the matching of off-track HSR optical satellite stereos often encounters challenging conditions including wide-baseline observation, significant radiometric differences, multi-temporal changes, varying spatial resolutions, inconsistent spectral resolution, and diverse sensors. In this study, we evaluate various advanced feature matching algorithms for HSR optical satellite stereos. Utilizing a specially constructed dataset from five satellites across six challenging scenarios, HSROSS Dataset, we conduct a comparative analysis of four algorithms: the traditional SIFT, and deep-learning based methods including SuperPoint + SuperGlue, SuperPoint + LightGlue, and LoFTR. Our findings highlight overall superior performance of SuperPoint + LightGlue in balancing robustness, accuracy, distribution, and efficiency, showcasing its potential in complex HSR optical satellite scenarios., Comment: The manuscript is accepted as Oral Presentation in IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS 2024)

Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential as an intelligent agent. However, existing researches mainly focus on enhancing the agent's reasoning or decision-making abilities through well-designed prompt engineering or task-specific fine-tuning, ignoring the procedure of exploration and exploitation. When addressing complex tasks within open-world interactive environments, these methods exhibit limitations. Firstly, the lack of global information of environments leads to greedy decisions, resulting in sub-optimal solutions. On the other hand, irrelevant information acquired from the environment not only adversely introduces noise, but also incurs additional cost. This paper proposes a novel approach, Weak Exploration to Strong Exploitation (WESE), to enhance LLM agents in solving open-world interactive tasks. Concretely, WESE involves decoupling the exploration and exploitation process, employing a cost-effective weak agent to perform exploration tasks for global knowledge. A knowledge graph-based strategy is then introduced to store the acquired knowledge and extract task-relevant knowledge, enhancing the stronger agent in success rate and efficiency for the exploitation task. Our approach is flexible enough to incorporate diverse tasks, and obtains significant improvements in both success rates and efficiency across four interactive benchmarks.

Motivated by the pair-density-wave (PDW) state found in the one-dimensional Kondo-Heisenberg chain, we report on a determinant quantum Monte Carlo DQMC study of pair-fields for a two-dimensional half-filled Hubbard layer coupled to an itinerant, non-interacting layer with one electron per site. In a specific range of interlayer hopping, the pairing vertex associated with PDW order becomes more attractive than that for uniform d-wave pairing, although both remain subdominant to the leading antiferromagnetic correlations at half-filling. Our result sheds light on where one potentially may find a PDW state in such a model.

Stance detection aims to determine the attitude expressed in text towards a given target. Zero-shot stance detection (ZSSD) has emerged to classify stances towards unseen targets during inference. Recent data augmentation techniques for ZSSD increase transferable knowledge between targets through text or target augmentation. However, these methods exhibit limitations. Target augmentation lacks logical connections between generated targets and source text, while text augmentation relies solely on training data, resulting in insufficient generalization. To address these issues, we propose an encoder-decoder data augmentation (EDDA) framework. The encoder leverages large language models and chain-of-thought prompting to summarize texts into target-specific if-then rationales, establishing logical relationships. The decoder generates new samples based on these expressions using a semantic correlation word replacement strategy to increase syntactic diversity. We also analyze the generated expressions to develop a rationale-enhanced network that fully utilizes the augmented data. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate our approach substantially improves over state-of-the-art ZSSD techniques. The proposed EDDA framework increases semantic relevance and syntactic variety in augmented texts while enabling interpretable rationale-based learning.

This paper introduces RecAI, a practical toolkit designed to augment or even revolutionize recommender systems with the advanced capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). RecAI provides a suite of tools, including Recommender AI Agent, Recommendation-oriented Language Models, Knowledge Plugin, RecExplainer, and Evaluator, to facilitate the integration of LLMs into recommender systems from multifaceted perspectives. The new generation of recommender systems, empowered by LLMs, are expected to be more versatile, explainable, conversational, and controllable, paving the way for more intelligent and user-centric recommendation experiences. We hope the open-source of RecAI can help accelerate evolution of new advanced recommender systems. The source code of RecAI is available at \url{https://github.com/microsoft/RecAI}., Comment: 4 pages. Webconf 2024 demo track

As Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant intelligence, the progress to leverage LLMs as planning modules of autonomous agents has attracted more attention. This survey provides the first systematic view of LLM-based agents planning, covering recent works aiming to improve planning ability. We provide a taxonomy of existing works on LLM-Agent planning, which can be categorized into Task Decomposition, Plan Selection, External Module, Reflection and Memory. Comprehensive analyses are conducted for each direction, and further challenges for the field of research are discussed., Comment: 9 pages, 2 tables, 2 figures

This study investigates how Large Language Models (LLMs) leverage source and reference data in machine translation evaluation task, aiming to better understand the mechanisms behind their remarkable performance in this task. We design the controlled experiments across various input modes and model types, and employ both coarse-grained and fine-grained prompts to discern the utility of source versus reference information. We find that reference information significantly enhances the evaluation accuracy, while surprisingly, source information sometimes is counterproductive, indicating LLMs' inability to fully leverage the cross-lingual capability when evaluating translations. Further analysis of the fine-grained evaluation and fine-tuning experiments show similar results. These findings also suggest a potential research direction for LLMs that fully exploits the cross-lingual capability of LLMs to achieve better performance in machine translation evaluation tasks., Comment: Accepted by ACL2024 Findings

We investigate the effects of boost invariance breaking on the isotropization of pressure in the glasma, using the $3+1$D glasma simulation. The breaking is attributed to spatial fluctuations of the classical color charge density along the collision axis. We present numerical results for pressure and energy density at mid-rapidity and across a wider rapidity region. It is found that, despite varying longitudinal correlation lengths, the behaviors of the pressure isotropizations are qualitatively similar. The numerical results suggest that, in the initial stage, longitudinal color electromagnetic fields develop, similar to those in the boost invariant glasma. Subsequently, these fields evolve into a dilute glasma, expanding longitudinally in a manner akin to a dilute gas. We also show that the energy density at mid-rapidity exhibits a $1/\tau$ decay in the dilute glasma stage., Comment: 16 page, 6 figures

Cross-target stance detection (CTSD) is an important task, which infers the attitude of the destination target by utilizing annotated data derived from the source target. One important approach in CTSD is to extract domain-invariant features to bridge the knowledge gap between multiple targets. However, the analysis of informal and short text structure, and implicit expressions, complicate the extraction of domain-invariant knowledge. In this paper, we propose a Multi-Perspective Prompt-Tuning (MPPT) model for CTSD that uses the analysis perspective as a bridge to transfer knowledge. First, we develop a two-stage instruct-based chain-of-thought method (TsCoT) to elicit target analysis perspectives and provide natural language explanations (NLEs) from multiple viewpoints by formulating instructions based on large language model (LLM). Second, we propose a multi-perspective prompt-tuning framework (MultiPLN) to fuse the NLEs into the stance predictor. Extensive experiments results demonstrate the superiority of MPPT against the state-of-the-art baseline methods.

We propose to use spectator particle yield ratios to probe the configuration of $\alpha$ clusters in $^{12}$C and $^{16}$O by their collisions at RHIC and LHC energies. The idea is illustrated based on initial density distributions with various $\alpha$-cluster configurations generated by a microscopic cluster model, and without $\alpha$ clusters from mean-field calculations. The multifragmentation of the spectator matter produces more spectator light nuclei including $\alpha$ clusters in collisions of nuclei with chain structure of $\alpha$ clusters, compared to those of nuclei with a more compact structure. The yield ratio of free spectator neutrons to spectator particles with mass-to-charge ratio $A/Z=2$ scaled by their masses can be practically measured by the zero-degree calorimeter (ZDC) at RHIC and LHC, serving as a clean probe free from modeling the complicated dynamics at midrapidities., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Recommender systems are widely used in online services, with embedding-based models being particularly popular due to their expressiveness in representing complex signals. However, these models often function as a black box, making them less transparent and reliable for both users and developers. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable intelligence in understanding, reasoning, and instruction following. This paper presents the initial exploration of using LLMs as surrogate models to explaining black-box recommender models. The primary concept involves training LLMs to comprehend and emulate the behavior of target recommender models. By leveraging LLMs' own extensive world knowledge and multi-step reasoning abilities, these aligned LLMs can serve as advanced surrogates, capable of reasoning about observations. Moreover, employing natural language as an interface allows for the creation of customizable explanations that can be adapted to individual user preferences. To facilitate an effective alignment, we introduce three methods: behavior alignment, intention alignment, and hybrid alignment. Behavior alignment operates in the language space, representing user preferences and item information as text to mimic the target model's behavior; intention alignment works in the latent space of the recommendation model, using user and item representations to understand the model's behavior; hybrid alignment combines both language and latent spaces. Comprehensive experiments conducted on three public datasets show that our approach yields promising results in understanding and mimicking target models, producing high-quality, high-fidelity, and distinct explanations. Our code is available at https://github.com/microsoft/RecAI., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables

In this paper, we study the next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) QCD corrections for the process $e^+e^- \to J/\psi+J/\psi$ at the $B$ factories. By including the NNLO corrections, the cross section turns negative due to the poor convergence of perturbative expansion. Consequently, to obtain a reasonable estimation for the cross section, the square of the amplitude up to NNLO is used. In addition, the contributions from the bottom quark and the light-by-light part, which are usually neglected, are also included. The final cross section is obtained as $1.76^{+2.42}_{-1.66} ~{\rm fb}$ at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=10.58$ GeV. Our result for total cross section and differential cross section could be compared with precise experimental measurement in future at the $B$ factories., Comment: 15 pages, 3 figures, matches published version

Recommendation systems effectively guide users in locating their desired information within extensive content repositories. Generally, a recommendation model is optimized to enhance accuracy metrics from a user utility standpoint, such as click-through rate or matching relevance. However, a responsible industrial recommendation system must address not only user utility (responsibility to users) but also other objectives, including increasing platform revenue (responsibility to platforms), ensuring fairness (responsibility to content creators), and maintaining unbiasedness (responsibility to long-term healthy development). Multi-objective learning is a potent approach for achieving responsible recommendation systems. Nevertheless, current methods encounter two challenges: difficulty in scaling to heterogeneous objectives within a unified framework, and inadequate controllability over objective priority during optimization, leading to uncontrollable solutions. In this paper, we present a data-centric optimization framework, MoRec, which unifies the learning of diverse objectives. MoRec is a tri-level framework: the outer level manages the balance between different objectives, utilizing a proportional-integral-derivative (PID)-based controller to ensure a preset regularization on the primary objective. The middle level transforms objective-aware optimization into data sampling weights using sign gradients. The inner level employs a standard optimizer to update model parameters with the sampled data. Consequently, MoRec can flexibly support various objectives while maintaining the original model intact. Comprehensive experiments on two public datasets and one industrial dataset showcase the effectiveness, controllability, flexibility, and Pareto efficiency of MoRec, making it highly suitable for real-world implementation., Comment: 10 pages

We present IMTLab, an open-source end-to-end interactive machine translation (IMT) system platform that enables researchers to quickly build IMT systems with state-of-the-art models, perform an end-to-end evaluation, and diagnose the weakness of systems. IMTLab treats the whole interactive translation process as a task-oriented dialogue with a human-in-the-loop setting, in which human interventions can be explicitly incorporated to produce high-quality, error-free translations. To this end, a general communication interface is designed to support the flexible IMT architectures and user policies. Based on the proposed design, we construct a simulated and real interactive environment to achieve end-to-end evaluation and leverage the framework to systematically evaluate previous IMT systems. Our simulated and manual experiments show that the prefix-constrained decoding approach still gains the lowest editing cost in the end-to-end evaluation, while BiTIIMT achieves comparable editing cost with a better interactive experience., Comment: Accepted by EMNLP2023

We walk through a few proofs of canonicity and normalization, each one with more aspects dissected and re-expressed in category theory, so that readers can compare the difference across proofs. During this process we isolate the different ideas that make up the proofs. Finally we arrive at synthetic Tait computability as proposed by J. Sterling. We also give a synthetic proof for parametricity of system F., Comment: 73 pages, A5 paper, optimized for phone viewing

We study one specific version of the contact process on a graph. Here, we allow multiple infections carried by the nodes and include a probability of removing nodes in a graph. The removal probability is purely determined by the number of infections the node carries at the moment when it gets another infection. In this paper, we show that on any finite graph, any positive value of infection rate $\lambda$ will result in the death of the process almost surely. In the case of $d$-regular infinite trees, We also give a lower bound on the infection rate in order for the process to survive, and an upper bound for the process to die out., Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure

Recommender models excel at providing domain-specific item recommendations by leveraging extensive user behavior data. Despite their ability to act as lightweight domain experts, they struggle to perform versatile tasks such as providing explanations and engaging in conversations. On the other hand, large language models (LLMs) represent a significant step towards artificial general intelligence, showcasing remarkable capabilities in instruction comprehension, commonsense reasoning, and human interaction. However, LLMs lack the knowledge of domain-specific item catalogs and behavioral patterns, particularly in areas that diverge from general world knowledge, such as online e-commerce. Finetuning LLMs for each domain is neither economic nor efficient. In this paper, we bridge the gap between recommender models and LLMs, combining their respective strengths to create a versatile and interactive recommender system. We introduce an efficient framework called \textbf{InteRecAgent}, which employs LLMs as the brain and recommender models as tools. We first outline a minimal set of essential tools required to transform LLMs into InteRecAgent. We then propose an efficient workflow within InteRecAgent for task execution, incorporating key components such as memory components, dynamic demonstration-augmented task planning, and reflection. InteRecAgent enables traditional recommender systems, such as those ID-based matrix factorization models, to become interactive systems with a natural language interface through the integration of LLMs. Experimental results on several public datasets show that InteRecAgent achieves satisfying performance as a conversational recommender system, outperforming general-purpose LLMs. The source code of InteRecAgent is released at https://aka.ms/recagent., Comment: 18 pages, 17 figures, 7 tables

We propose a new numerical method for $3+1$D glasma simulation using Milne coordinates. We formulate the classical Yang-Mills field and $3$D classical color current on a lattice at the initial proper time, specified as a moment just before the collision of the two nuclei. By solving the evolution equations, we extract observables of the $3$D glasma at later times. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method in terms of numerical cost and apply it to the central collisions of Au-Au. We also discuss possible further improvements of our method., Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures

This paper is devoted to discuss the stabilizability of a class of $ 2 \times2 $ non-homogeneous hyperbolic systems. Motivated by the example in \cite[Page 197]{CB2016}, we analyze the influence of the interval length $L$ on stabilizability of the system. By spectral analysis, we prove that either the system is stabilizable for all $L>0$ or it possesses the dichotomy property: there exists a critical length $L_c>0$ such that the system is stabilizable for $L\in (0,L_c)$ but unstabilizable for $L\in [L_c,+\infty)$. In addition, for $L\in [L_c,+\infty)$, we obtain that the system can reach equilibrium state in finite time by backstepping control combined with observer. Finally, we also provide some numerical simulations to confirm our developed analytical criteria.

In this paper we consider the possibility and conditions for pair photoemission whereby two incident photons emit pairs of electrons from a candidate material as a novel method to measure and visualize electronic correlations. As opposed to double photoemission - where a single photon precipitates the ejection of a pair electrons via a subsequent electron energy loss scattering process - we show that pair photoemission need not be limited to interference between initial photoelectrons and valence electrons, and moreover, can occur without the energy penalty of two work functions. This enables detection of pairs of electrons at high energy resolution that may be correlated in the same quantum many-body states., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

The advent of large language models marks a revolutionary breakthrough in artificial intelligence. With the unprecedented scale of training and model parameters, the capability of large language models has been dramatically improved, leading to human-like performances in understanding, language synthesizing, and common-sense reasoning, etc. Such a major leap-forward in general AI capacity will change the pattern of how personalization is conducted. For one thing, it will reform the way of interaction between humans and personalization systems. Instead of being a passive medium of information filtering, large language models present the foundation for active user engagement. On top of such a new foundation, user requests can be proactively explored, and user's required information can be delivered in a natural and explainable way. For another thing, it will also considerably expand the scope of personalization, making it grow from the sole function of collecting personalized information to the compound function of providing personalized services. By leveraging large language models as general-purpose interface, the personalization systems may compile user requests into plans, calls the functions of external tools to execute the plans, and integrate the tools' outputs to complete the end-to-end personalization tasks. Today, large language models are still being developed, whereas the application in personalization is largely unexplored. Therefore, we consider it to be the right time to review the challenges in personalization and the opportunities to address them with LLMs. In particular, we dedicate this perspective paper to the discussion of the following aspects: the development and challenges for the existing personalization system, the newly emerged capabilities of large language models, and the potential ways of making use of large language models for personalization.

We demonstrate that in a chiral plasma subject to an external magnetic field, the chiral vortical effect can induce a new type of magnetohydrodynamic instability which we refer to as the {\it chiral magnetovortical instability}. This instability arises from the mutual evolution of the magnetic and vortical fields. It can cause a rapid amplification of the magnetic fields by transferring the chirality of the constituent particles to the cross helicity of the plasma., Comment: V1: 7pages, 2 figures

We investigate the finite-temperature quantum chromodynamics (QCD) on a rotating lattice with $N_f=2+1$ staggered fermions and the projective plane boundary condition. We observe a negative rotational rigidity (defined in the main text) and a negative quark spin susceptibility associated with the chiral vortical effect. In contrast to most of the effective model predictions, we find that the chiral condensate decreases and the Polyakov loop increases with imaginary rotation, implying a rotational catalysis of chiral symmetry breaking and confinement by real rotation. We determine the phase boundaries for both chiral and confinement-deconfinement phase transitions on the $\Omega_I$-$T$ plane, where $\Omega_I$ is the imaginary angular velocity., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

Rapid rotation may exist in physical systems such as non-central heavy ion collisions and neutron stars. Using functional renormalization group analysis of the quark-meson model, we investigate the effects of real and imaginary rotation on the chiral phase transition. Our results confirm previous studies conducted with other model calculations and shed light on the importance of boundary conditions in the infrared region of the theory., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures

Magnetic field plays a crucial role in various novel phenomena in heavy-ion collisions. We solve the Maxwell equations numerically in a medium with time-dependent electric conductivity by using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) algorithm. We investigate the time evolution of magnetic fields in two scenarios with different electric conductivities at collision energies ranging from $\sqrt{s_\text{NN}}=$ 7.7 to 200 GeV. Our results suggest that the magnetic field may not persist long enough to induce a significant splitting between the global spin polarizations of $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ at freeze-out stage. However, our results do not rule out the possibility of the magnetic field influencing the spin (anti-)alignment of vector mesons., Comment: Revtex4-2, 7 pages, 2 figures

We implement the Bayesian inference to retrieve energy spectra of all neutrinos from a galactic core-collapse supernova (CCSN). To achieve high statistics and full sensitivity to all flavours of neutrinos, we adopt a combination of several reaction channels from different large-scale neutrino observatories, namely inverse beta decay on proton and elastic scattering on electron from Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K), charged current absorption on Argon from Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) and coherent elastic scattering on Lead from RES-NOVA. Assuming no neutrino oscillation or specific oscillation models, we obtain mock data for each channel through Poisson processes with the predictions, for a typical source distance of 10 kpc in our Galaxy, and then evaluate the probability distributions for all spectral parameters of theoretical neutrino spectrum model with Bayes' theorem. Although the results for either the electron-neutrinos or electron-antineutrinos reserve relatively large uncertainties (according to the neutrino mass hierarchy), a precision of a few percent (i.e., $\pm 1 \% \sim \pm 4 \%$ at a credible interval of $2 \sigma$) is achieved for primary spectral parameters (e.g., mean energy and total emitted energy) of other neutrino species. Moreover, the correlation coefficients between different parameters are computed as well and interesting patterns are found. Especially, the mixing-induced correlations are sensitive to the neutrino mass hierarchy, which potentially makes it a brand new probe to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy in the detection of galactic supernova neutrinos. Finally, we discuss the origin of such correlation patterns and perspectives for further improvement on our results., Comment: 25 pages, 7 figures, 4 tables, published version