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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the determinants of international reserves in Algeria using economic growth and real effective exchange rate variables. The paper used quarterly data from 1985Q1 to 2014Q4.Design/methodology/approach The study employs autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach known as the bounds testing method. The ARDL technique works well for small sample studies also. The current study assesses the influence of economic growth and real effective exchange rates on international reserves in Algeria by evaluating both short-run and long-run dynamics.Findings The study establishes a long-run relationship between international reserves, economic growth and real effective exchange rate. It also reveals that economic growth has a positive impact on international reserves while real effective exchange rate shows a negative effect.Originality/value This paper tries to provide a complete picture of the determinants of international reserves in Algeria. Foreign trade policy makers of Algeria can use the model estimated here to draw pertinent policies regarding international reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper was to report on an examination of the digestive organs in the deep-water fish Phycis blennoides (Brünnich) from Algerian coastal waters. A total of 1,019 specimens (5.7-62.7 cm in total length) obtained from commercial fisheries were examined between December 2013 and May 2017. The anatomical study was conducted using morphometric measurements of different sections of the digestive tract of P. blennoides. The histological features of the digestive tract were examined in the esophagus, stomach, intestine, and pyloric cecum. They were compatible with carnivorous feeding behavior and confirmed by a low intestinal quotient (IQ = 0.72 ± 0.13). The histopathological assessment highlighted the hepatic steatosis and parasitic infestation in its intestine from Anisakis simplex, which also occurs in Algerian coastal waters. According to our knowledge, this paper reports for the first time the morphohistological analysis of the digestive tract of a Phycidae species in Africa and provides the first histopathological assessment of the digestive organs of the greater forkbeard in the southwestern Mediterranean Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various civilizations which followed one another on the Algerian territory marked it by their presence. The architectural and urban production of each period displays its concepts and its styles, each rich with specific characteristics. The most representative buildings date to the Ottoman period and especially to French colonization. During the latter, and with the multiplication of the administrative offices, numerous public buildings represent different styles: Neoclassical, eclectic, neo-Moorish and art deco, each lying next to one another. Nevertheless, each building was intended to indicate its function. Numerous studies of the buildings erected during the first half of the twentieth century and particularly on the attributes of the neo-Moorish style were examined unlike the architectural output resulting from the Second Empire and relating to public civil architecture, due to the lack of monographic work. Our knowledge in this field thus remains to be improved and constituted. This paper is devoted to the town hall of Annaba, through which we will illustrate the attributes and architectonic specificities as well as the codes inherent in French public civil architecture in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1960-62 French officials considered partitioning Algeria between Europeanand Muslim-majority areas, much later and more seriously than the existing historiography shows. Even supporters of partition, however, remained ambivalent, regarding it as a "foreign" approach to decolonization opposed to French principles of territorial unity and racial equality. Thus they discussed partition by comparing Algeria to foreign models, in particular the partition of the British Mandate of Palestine that led to the creation of the state of Israel. Drawing on the private papers of Prime Minister Michel Debré, the writings of Alain Peyrefitte, and archives from the Ministries of Algerian and Foreign Affairs, this article argues that partition plans were failed attempts to deflect colonialism by looking sideways. To do so, the supporters of partition made use of comparison, a long-standing tool of the colonial administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy continues to serve as the bedrock of modern economies and the main driver of modern society. For Africa, the production and supply of energy resources such as crude oil, natural gas, uranium, coal, biomass, biofuels and other renewables are an important source of employment, rents, taxes, royalties and profits. This sector brings in several tens of billions of dollars of revenue annually. The production and delivery of such resources, however, depend on critical infrastructures such as pipelines, refineries, processing plants, terminals, rigs, electrical energy pylons, substations, pump stations, vessels, and tankers. These infrastructures have been attacked by terrorists, insurgents, vandals and saboteurs, all of whom see them as targets against which to register their grievances and extract concessions from the state. This paper is a chronological account of some of the documented incidents of terrorism, insurgency, kidnapping, destruction, sabotage, and human casualties suffered in the oil and gas sectors in Africa between 1999 and 2012. It is based on data extracted from the databases of the RAND Database of World Terrorism Incidents and the University of Maryland's Global Terrorism Database (GTD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the 20th century West Indian intellectual and anti-imperialist leader Frantz Fanon and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with a particular focus on the CIA's role in extending leukemia treatment to him just before he died in 1961. It references the former CIA official Oliver Iselin, who oversaw Fanon during his medical treatment, including Iselin's relations with third world nationalists and national liberation movements in Algeria fighting the French colonists.

In the Mid to Late Ordovician the area of the Ougarta Range in north-west Africa occupied a position in relative proximity to the South Pole. Eight successive low diversity brachiopod faunas, including the lingulide association dominated by unnamed species of Lingulobolus, the Darriwilian ?Sivorthis fraterna and Tissintia convergens, the Sandbian to early Katian Drabovinella regia and Tafilaltia destombesi-Rostricellula ambigena associations, the mid Katian Drabovinella maxima and Svobodaina cf. havliceki associations and the late Hirnantian Plectothyrella crassicostis chauveli Association are recognised. The brachiopod based correlation with the Middle to Upper Ordovician succession of the Anti-Atlas in Morocco, suggests the presence of some gaps in the Ougarta section. The occurrence of Svobodaina cf. havliceki in the Bou M'Haoud Formation Upper Member suggests its correlation with the upper part of the Lower Ktoua Formation of the Anti-Atlas. Among the other brachiopod taxa Drabovinella regia, Orbiculothyris cf. costellata, Tafilaltia destombesi, Rostricellula ambigena, together with the genera Fehamya, Mezotreta and Leptaena were previously unknown from Algerian Sahara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian-Tunisian frontier zone was much contested in the late nineteenth century, defying the logic of modernity that sought to establish territoriality. This modernity appeared only through an imbrication of raids, warfare, environmental shifts, and competing territorial claims. The violence of the territorial process, the changing geography of sovereignty, and uncertain frontier delimitation: these and other elements challenge the image of modernity arising in a fixed territory according to a linear chronology. This article argues that modernity in the Maghrib, seen through the lens of territory, is a temporally and spatially variable process: "modern" sovereign power existed only at certain levels of abstraction and within certain environmental relations. To consider modernity in the Maghrib, we will have to see how claims of sovereignty and the process of territorialization were understood by actors operating on local, regional, and imperial scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted during spring 2012 to detect the causal organism (s) responsible for a new grapevine dieback disease in Algeria. Samples of grapevine wood were collected from 10 grapevine fields located in two regions (Medea and Tipaza). Several fungi were isolated from the margin between healthy and diseased tissues. Botryosphaeria spp, were identified based on the morphological characteristics of the culture and confirmed by Beta tubulin (β-tubulin) region. The sequences submitted to the GenBank (NCBI) under accession numbers (KC960991)( HQ660477)( AY236931), revealed 99-100% homology. Other fungal species Entoleuca mammata and Rosellinia merrilli. were also isolated at low frequency. Inoculation In vitro of grapevine plantlets, with the two Botryosphaeriaceae species, produced smallest necrosis after five-week incubation; Botryosphaeria obtsusa (Diplodia seriata) were virulent compared with B. dothidea. The species tested were re-isolated from necrosis symptoms on infected plantlets . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the practices of goat breeding and establish a classification of goat herds, a survey was conducted with 106 goat breeders in the semi-arid region of Laghouat. Two indigenous breeds were encountered in this survey: the Arabia and the Mekatia; the Arabia being found as the dominant. The results show that breeders choose the breeding goats with a goal of generating more income in cash from the sale of products. The goat milk marketing chain appears to be weak. The milk produced is primary used for home consumption. A multivariate analysis categorized the goat farming of Laghouat region into three groups corresponding to three different farming systems: cluster 1 (pastoral system), cluster 2 (mixed crop-livestock system) and cluster 3 (small herds in zero grazing system).The in-depth study of the goals and contexts of goat farming in Laghouat will allow policy makers to design strategies for sustainable development of goat breeding in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]