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The German Democratic Republic (GDR) treated the Berlin Wall as an official state border, but the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) did not recognize it as an official state border and thus did not impose entry controls. This asymmetric recognition opened up a gap in the regime of border policing and turned divided Berlin into one of the most significant sources of unauthorized migration into the FRG, creating tensions in Berlin, West Germany, and western Europe more broadly. Countries including France, Denmark, and the Netherlands all pressured the FRG to shut the open border in Berlin. This article examines how West German authorities sought to respond to their demands without recognizing the Berlin Wall as a state border. West German authorities pursued two broad strategies. The first involved internalizing the border through institutionalized racial profiling in West Berlin. The second entailed externalizing the border by asking the GDR to enforce FRG visa and passport requirements. Although both forms of border policing have often been associated with the end of the Cold War, this article shows that they were adopted earlier, and in response to Cold War imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wortfolge. Szyk Słów is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Juridical & Political Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the early years after the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961, a number of smuggling operations from behind the Wall were executed, and the reports of them spread through the Western media. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the popular Swedish men's magazines Lektyr and Fib Aktuellt published several exclusive photo reportages about such operations, providing Swedish readers with information about the East Germans' desire to escape their country, and the West Germans' willingness to assist. This article discusses the Swedish escape reports as examples of border crossing through their form as well as their content. It is analysed, how the escape reports published in Sweden both represented and generated border-crossing activity. The smuggling stories also illustrate the entangled character of popular print media: the travels of texts and pictures beyond national, cultural and lingual borders as well as travels between apposite publications. The material of the article consists of a total of ten reportages published in Lektyr and Fib Aktuellt between 1965–1966 and 1973. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales is the property of Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The role of commemorative events for event tourism has received marginal attention. Existing research primarily considers commemorative events for their social and political significance within the nation. This paper argues that commemorative events defined as ‘iconic-historic’ can play an important role for event tourism. Using the 20 th and 25 th anniversaries of the fall of the Berlin Wall as archetypical examples, this in-depth qualitative study contends that such iconic-historic commemorative events may be as significant as hallmark events within strategic event portfolios. The contributions of this paper are the definition of iconic-historic events as distinct forms of commemorative events; the recognition of the potential significance of these events to event tourism; and the development of a commemorative portfolio which can inform the established event portfolio for strategic event tourism management. The paper concludes by making recommendations for the use of such events in event tourism settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the mass media is an important tool that audiences rely on to learn about the past, the relationship among journalism, history, and memory is still underdeveloped; visual collective memory, like visual studies in other subfields, has received even less attention than written and textual representations of collective memory. To address that gap, this article uses a qualitative content analysis to assess how 15 newspapers commemorated the 25th anniversary of the Berlin Wall’s opening through photographs. Newspapers from countries that were capitalist and communist in 1989 are compared to identify the ways that different cultures ‘remember’ the same past. Five genres of images emerged: iconic photographs, memorials, metonymic and mythological portraits, metonymic relics, and images of resistance, though these genres were framed differently depending on a country’s political system in 1989. In comparing this cross-cultural collective memory, this study looks at what these visual commemorations reveal about cross-cultural anniversary practices, an area of memory studies that has received little attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1990s after the fall of the Berlin Wall we witnessed a blossoming of identity politics that in the form of multiculturalism was seen as a purely cultural phenomenon, but maybe we missed calling it a process of racialization that functions as matrix that sustains a monopoly on violent classifications, which decide who lives and who has to die. Therefore transmigrant, transfeminist and transgender struggles have to putthe relations of capital, power and labour at the center of investigation and contestation, as well as the expropriated surplus value that created superfluous populations, intensified capital’s militarization and rampant deprivation and, last but not least, the Western, Occidental, White Matrix of Power, which is the matrix of pure colonial violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents new historical facts and personal observations concerning Slovenia’s accession to membership of the United Nations (UN) in 1991. Personal comments are connected with the author's diplomatic career and his experience at the helm of the Foreign Ministry between 1991 and 2008. The author compares the UN with other international organisations, and finds that it has hardly adapted to the circumstances that have arisen since the end of the Cold War. From this point of view, the author considers as interesting the sympathies the UN enjoys in (mostly) the left-leaning part of the Slovenian political community. The lively interest of Yugoslav diplomats from Slovenia in positions within the UN system before 1992 is also mentioned. The article details the moment when Slovenia became the 176th member of the organisation. He describes the structure and operation of the UN system, and emphasises the Slovenian foreign policy after the fall of the Berlin Wall. In connection with these, he discusses new challenges, particularly the migrant/refugee crisis and solidarity. He finds that the UN did not distinguish itself in resolution of the Yugoslav crisis. He sums up his speech at the General Assembly in New York in autumn 2006 and his conversation with Ban Ki-moon in 2008 when Slovenia held the Presidency of the EU. According to the author, the UN needs reform but, given the interests of the permanent members of the Security Council, there is little hope of seeing that happen soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]