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Background: Although the subject of numerous studies, the associations between dietary sodium, potassium, and the ratio of dietary sodium to potassium with blood pressure are not clear-cut. In addition, there is a paucity of research on these relationships in prospective cohort studies with representation from diverse Hispanic/Latino adults., Objectives: To evaluate the associations between dietary intake of sodium, potassium, and the ratio of dietary sodium to potassium and blood pressure in a diverse sample of Hispanics living in the United States., Methods: This analysis included 11,429 Hispanic/Latino participants of the prospective cohort Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos recruited between 2008 and 2011 in visit 1 who participated in a follow-up visit in 2014-2017. Dietary sodium and potassium intakes were averaged from 2 interviewer-administered 24-h diet recalls collected at visit 1. At both visits, blood pressure was measured 3 times in a seated position and averaged. We assessed the relationship between dietary sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio with changes in systolic and diastolic blood pressure using survey-weighted multivariable-adjusted regression models., Results: At visit 1, the mean age was 41 y, and the mean sodium intake was 3203 mg/d. Each 500 mg/d sodium increment in intake was associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure (β: 0.35 [mmHg]; 95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.63) and diastolic blood pressure (β: 0.45 [mmHg]; 95% confidence interval: 0.08, 0.82). Dietary potassium and the molar ratio of dietary sodium to potassium were not associated with changes in systolic or diastolic blood pressure., Conclusions: Among a large sample of diverse United States Hispanic/Latino adults, higher sodium intake was associated with small increases in systolic blood pressure over 6 y. This research underscores the importance of dietary sodium reduction in maintaining lower blood pressure., (Copyright © 2024 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background Among US Hispanics/Latinos, the largest ethnic minority population in the United States, hypertension incidence has not been thoroughly reported. The goal of this study was to describe the incidence of hypertension among US Hispanic/Latino men and women of diverse Hispanic/Latino background. Methods and Results We studied 6171 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos, a diverse group of self-identified Hispanics/Latinos from 4 US urban communities, aged 18 to 74 years, and free from hypertension in 2008 to 2011 and re-examined in 2014 to 2017. Hypertension was defined as self-reported use of anti-hypertension medication, or measured systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure ≥80 mm Hg. Results were weighted given the complex survey design to reflect the target population. Among men, the 6-year age-adjusted probability of developing hypertension was 21.7% (95% CI, 19.5-24.1) and differed by Hispanic/Latino background. Specifically, the probability was significantly higher among men of Cuban (27.1%; 95% CI, 20.2-35.2) and Dominican (28.1%; 95% CI, 19.5-38.8) backgrounds compared with Mexican Americans (17.6%; 95% CI: 14.5-21.2). Among women, the 6-year age-adjusted probability of developing hypertension was 19.7% (95% CI, 18.1-21.5) and also differed by Hispanic/Latino background. Specifically, the probability was significantly higher among women of Cuban (22.6%; 95% CI, 18.3-27.5), Dominican (23.3%; 95% CI, 18.0-29.5), and Puerto Rican (28.2%; 95% CI, 22.7-34.4) backgrounds compared with Mexican Americans (16.0%; 95% CI, 13.9-18.4). Conclusions Hypertension incidence varies by Hispanic/Latino background, with highest incidence among those of Caribbean background.

BACKGROUND High sodium and low potassium consumption are risk factors for hypertension. The objectives of this study were to describe usual daily intake of sodium and potassium among US Hispanics/Latinos of diverse background groups and estimate the proportion meeting guidelines for dietary sodium and potassium intake. METHODS We studied 16,171 participants of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL), a diverse group of self-identified Hispanics/Latinos aged 18–74 years from 4 US communities. In 2008–2011, all HCHS/SOL participants underwent a standardized examination. Median usual daily intake of dietary sodium and potassium were derived from two 24-hour diet recalls; standard errors and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using boot strap methods. Meeting 2015 US Department of Agriculture guidelines was defined as an intake of <2,300 mg/day of sodium and ≥4,700 mg/day of potassium. RESULTS Among US Hispanics/Latinos, median usual daily intake of sodium was 2,574 mg (95% CI: 2,547, 2,600) among women and 3,747 mg (95% CI: 3,697, 3,796) among men. Median usual daily intake of potassium was 2,069 mg (95% CI: 2,046, 2,092) among women and 2,649 mg (95% CI: 2,615, 2,683) among men. Overall, only 21.3% (95% CI: 20.2%, 22.4%) of the US Hispanic/Latino population met 2015 recommendations for sodium and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.4%, 0.8%) for potassium. CONCLUSIONS Among US Hispanics/Latinos intake of sodium is too high and potassium too low. Strategies to reduce sodium intake while simultaneously increasing intake of potassium in this US population are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Excess sodium intake is common across all age, sex, racial, and ethnic groups in the US and remains an important modifiable risk factor for elevated blood pressure (BP), a leading contributor to cardiovascular disease. While multiple 24 -hour urinary measures of sodium excretion are the preferred objective measure of sodium intake, multiple standardized, interviewer-administered 24 hour dietary recalls offer a useful surrogate measure for longitudinal group comparisons, especially unique among US Hispanics/Latinos of diverse backgrounds. Objectives: To assess whether dietary sodium intake was associated with change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) over six years, overall and by use of BP lowering medication. Methods: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is an ongoing prospective population-based study of 16,415 diverse Hispanics/Latinos aged 18-74 yr from four US communities. Visit 1 (baseline) was conducted in 2008-2011, and visit 2 is currently ongoing (2014-2017). Dietary sodium intake was averaged from two interviewer-administered 24-hour diet recalls collected at visit 1. Likewise, SBP was the average from three seated measurements in visit 1 and about six years later in visit 2. Change in SBP from visit 1 to visit 2 was calculated. Using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, study site, follow-up years, Hispanic/Latino background, education, income, nativity, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, dyslipidemia, family history of CVD, BMI, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and energy intake, we estimated the association of a 500 mg/day increment of sodium intake on change in SBP. Models were further stratified by self-reported use of BP lowering medication at visit 2. Results: The sample includes 7,904 adults who attended visit 2 by September 2016; average follow-up time was 5.8 years (SE: 0.02). At visit 1 mean age was 44.5 years (SE: 0.05); 57% were female (SE: 0.86). Overall, mean sodium intake was 3171 mg/day (SE: 33); a 500 mg/day higher sodium intake was associated with a 0.33 mmHg increase in SBP (95% CI: 0.07, 0.60). Among individuals not reporting taking BP lowering medication, mean sodium was 3,181 (SE: 34) and a 500 mg higher sodium intake was associated with a non-significant 0.29 mmHg increase in SBP (95% CI: -0.00, 0.58). Among individuals on BP lowering medication, mean sodium intake was 2,966 (SE: 50) and a 500 mg higher sodium intake was significantly associated with a 0.61 mmHg increase in SBP (95% CI: 0.11, 1.11). Conclusions: Among a large sample of diverse US Hispanics/Latinos, higher sodium intake was associated with small SBP increases in approximately six years. The effect of sodium on elevated SBP was stronger among individuals on BP lowering medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]