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Liquid metal (LM) nanodroplets and MXene nanosheets are integrated with sulfonated bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) and acrylic acid (AA). Upon fast sonication, AA polymerization leads to a crosslinked composite hydrogel in which BNC exfoliates Mxene, forming organized conductive pathways. Soft conducting properties are achieved in the presence of colloidally stable core-shell LM nanodroplets. Due to the unique gelation mechanism and the effect of Mxene, the hydrogels spontaneously undergo surface wrinkling, which improves their electrical sensitivity (GF = 8.09). The hydrogels are further shown to display interfacial adhesion to a variety of surfaces, ultra-elasticity (tailorable elongation, from 1000 % to 3200 %), indentation resistance and self-healing capabilities. Such properties are demonstrated in wearable, force mapping, multi-sensing and patternable electroluminescence devices., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Cellulose provides promising alternatives to synthetic plastics to achieve a low carbon footprint and biodegradable materials, which have significant positive impacts on environmental protection and on human health. In this work, sulfated holocellulose fibers and sulfated holocellulose nanofibrils (SHCNFs) are prepared using a combination of delignification with derivatization to achieve high fiber yield, superior recycling performance, and less energy consumption of the final products by means of preserving hemicellulose. Derivatization of the surface with sulfate groups provides a further means to avoid excessive aggregation between adjacent cellulose surfaces. Interestingly, hemicellulose increases the accessibility of holocellulose fibers and reduces the embodied energy during sulfate esterification. The presence of hemicellulose imparts high optical transmittance, mechanical performance (ultimate strength, 390 MPa; Young's modulus, 33 GPa), and recyclability for SHCNFs. This combination of two treatments can unlock the greater potential of cellulose as a sustainable material over its entire life cycle., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

• The Mannich-based curcumin-modified strategy drew inspiration from plant cell walls. • Curcumin-modified cellulose was produced with large-scale and versatile method. • This modified cellulose showed durable antimicrobial and UV-protective performance. Cellulose is a versatile and renewable material used in clinical settings for dressings, masks, and bedding. However, adding functions like UV-shielding, antiviral, and antibacterial properties can be challenging due to its poor adhesion and reduced effectiveness over time. Inspired by the natural structure of plant cell walls, we propose a scalable and versatile strategy by introducing curcumin and lysine to the cellulose surface via the Mannich reaction to achieve a durable antimicrobial and UV-protective cellulose surface. The ensuring chemical configuration was characterized through Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the modification occurred exclusively at the cellulose surface. We found curcumin-modified sulfated nanocellulose nanofibrils (CL-SCNF) entirely block ultraviolet rays at wavelengths of 200–400 nm (UVA, UVB, and UVC) while providing 82.1 % transparency in the visible spectrum. The resultant silver bonding cellulose products exhibit high antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal performance against bacterial phage-X174, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, the strong coordination bonding of silver ions with the β -diketone system endows the final textiles with good washing stability, which can maintain 99 % of antimicrobial activity after repeated washing. This eco-friendly and highly scalable method for fabricating antimicrobial cellulose surfaces will be attractive to manufacturers of protective equipment and textiles, as it offers great potential for applications in a wide range of fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus cross-infection via surfaces poses a serious threat to public health. Inspired by natural sulfated polysaccharides and antiviral peptides, we prepared multivalent virus blocking nanomaterials by introducing amino acids to sulfated cellulose nanofibrils (SCNFs) via the Mannich reaction. The antiviral activity of the resulting amino acid-modified sulfated nanocellulose was significantly improved. Specifically, 1 h treatment with arginine modified SCNFs at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL led to a complete inactivation of the phage-X174 (reduction by more than three orders of magnitude). Atomic force microscope showed that amino acid-modified sulfated nanofibrils can bind phage-X174 to form linear clusters, thus preventing the virus from infecting the host. When we coated wrapping paper and the inside of a face-mask with our amino acid-modified SCNFs, phage-X174 was completely deactivated on the coated surfaces, demonstrating the potential of our approach for use in the packaging and personal protective equipment industries. This work provides an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient approach to fabricating multivalent nanomaterials for antiviral applications. [Display omitted] • Amino acids were successfully introduced to SCNFs by the Mannich reaction. • Amino acid-modified SCNFs could greatly enhance the antiviral performance. • Bio-inspired virus-blocking nanomaterials were fabricated without toxic solvent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]