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Pericarditis is a raremanifestation of tuberculosis in children. The usual clinical features include fever, cough, tachypnea, chest pain, and pedal edema. Very rarely, generalized edema may occur as a presenting feature. We describe a 10-year-old boy, who presented with anasarca and had received treatment with corticosteroids for a mistaken diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome and was subsequently diagnosed with tuberculous pericardial effusion. The rarity of manifestations and the difficulties encountered to diagnose tuberculous pericarditis prompted us to report this case. The reportmay serve to sensitize pediatricians to consider systematic investigations to reach the diagnosis in children presenting with anasarca and avoid the empiric use of steroids in anasarca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With improved survival in children living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (CLHIV), malignancies are being increasingly recognized.Patients and methods: Among the CLHIV registered at our institute from January 1994 to March 2015, children with malignancy were analysed in detail.Results: In total, 734 children affected by HIV were registered. Out of these, 11 children (9 boys, 2 girls) were diagnosed to have malignancy. Malignancy was the presenting feature of HIV infection in 4 children. High-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was the most common malignancy noted in 9 of 11 (81%) children, whereas the remaining 2 children had Hodgkin's lymphoma. Survival in our cohort was 80% among children in whom chemotherapy was initiated, and overall survival was 36% (4 of 11 children).Conclusion: NHL was the most common malignancy in CLHIV in our cohort. Low-conditioning chemotherapy protocols along with initiation of anti-retroviral therapy resulted in improved outcomes in CLHIV with malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is scarcity of data on spectrum and outcome of invasive filamentous fungal infections (IFIs) in children with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) from developing countries. A retrospective review of medical records of children with T1D hospitalized with IFI over the past decade at the Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit of a large tertiary care hospital of North India was performed with an aim to study their clinical spectrum, hospital course and final outcome. Of the 10 patients studied, nasal/paranasal involvement was seen in 6 and pulmonary involvement in 5 patients. One patient developed disseminated disease. Majority of the identified mycoses belonged to Class Zygomycetes Order Mucorales. Early surgery along with antifungal therapy helped limit the extension of infection and achieve a good outcome in majority of patients. Two patients died; one with a late diagnosis of pulmonary mucormycosis and the other with disseminated disease. The longterm morbidity in the survivors was minimal. In conclusion, rapid diagnosis followed by a multimodal approach involving aggressive surgical debridement, appropriate antifungal therapy and control of hyperglycemic state is the key to good outcome in this otherwise lethal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]