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Purpose: This paper evaluates the short-term impact of childcare centres' closures, due to COVID-19 restrictions, on Brazilian mothers' labour force participation and employment rates. Design/methodology/approach: Formal education is non-mandatory according to Brazilian law until the age of four, allowing the identification of children that attend childcare centres and of those that do not attend. Using data from the Brazilian Household Survey, PNAD Contínua/IBGE, the authors construct a two-period panel with women sampled in the second quarter of 2019 and 2020. The authors apply propensity score matching and differences-in-differences methods to control selection into treatment. Findings: The results show a negative impact in terms of employment for mothers whose children attended a childcare centre before the COVID-19 pandemic. But there was no impact in terms of labour force participation rates. Investigating heterogeneous effects associated with childcare centres' closures, the authors find that women with fewer years of schooling, with children aged two or three years old and located in urban areas, suffered greater penalties in the labour market due to the closure of childcare centres. Originality/value: Few studies could distinguish the pandemic effects directly associated with childcare centres' closures. The paper is the first to analyse the Brazilian case, undertaking an original approach to handle the problem of selection bias. The results help identify the most vulnerable groups of women in the labour market, shedding light on the importance of childcare centres on women's labour supply and of compensating mechanisms to serve as protection during the crisis. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-11-2022-0748. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the mobility restrictions implemented by Malaysia during the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, this paper relies on detailed data on employment patterns and on the possibility to work from home and without physical proximity to estimate the extent and distribution of jobs most vulnerable to mobility restrictions. It finds that about 64.5 per cent of jobs in Malaysia cannot be pedormed from home, after adjusting for Internet access. while about 50.9 per cent of jobs require high levels of physical proximity. These are the jobs that are most vulnerable to strict mobility restrictions, such as those imposed during the pandemic. Workers most at risk are primarily those with relatively low education, low level of income and advanced or very young age. Jobs in less developed regions of Malaysia are also particularly vulnerable. Against this backdrop, the paper argues that Malaysia's experience during the COVID-19 pandemic provides some vital lessons in supporting those who are most vulnerable to job losses during mobility restrictions. These lessons include improving the targeting of cash transfers, scaling up wage subsidies in supporting worker retention and hiring and leveraging upskilling/reskilling initiatives with a focus on non-routine cognitive analytical and interpersonal skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has not only led to a health crisis, but also to economic and labor market crises. In an effort to avert the public health threat, countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) initially put in place some of the world's most stringent government responses. This paper explores how labor market outcomes for MENA workers have evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper uses the Economic Research Forum (ERF) COVID-19 MENA Monitor (CMM) phone surveys in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia, with waves spanning November 2020 to August 2021. Analyses examine outcomes of employment, unemployment, and labor force participation, along with hours of work and hourly wages. Results show differences in the evolution of pandemic-era labor markets by workers' gender, age, and education, along with their February 2020 labor market status and industry, as well as their pre-pandemic income. Employment rates have largely recovered and hours of work generally increased. Inequality in wages was initially exacerbated by the pandemic, but there has been at least some recovery on this margin as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economía del Rosario is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to identify the differences in the employment rate dynamics in economy sections, considering gender, in the European Union countries in 2020, compared to the 2008–2019 period. Two methods were used. The first method compares forecasts from models describing employment changes in the pre-pandemic periods with information concerning the actual employment rate in 2020, using three indices measuring the significance of the observed discrepancies. The second method uses dynamic cluster analysis for the 2008–2020 period, and evaluates the changes in composition of groups that occured in 2020. The proposed methods were applied separately to the data concerning the employment of females and males (employment rates) in the EU countries, always divided into economy sections and section groups (A, B-E, F, G-I, J, K, L, M and N, O-Q, R). The application of the “Triple 2 Rule” helped to identify the changes in the previous employment trends (“Interventions”). The evaluation of changes in the dynamics of the employment rate in total and in section groups and according to gender in the EU countries in 2020 – compared to the forecasts from the 2013–2019 trends – revealed that the EU labour market responded differently to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labour markets around the world are experiencing extraordinary disruption during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The gap in the employment rate between Australians with and without disability is likely to widen, given the entrenched disadvantage of people with disability in the job market. For many, it will compound existing health and economic vulnerabilities. This scenario is troubling from both a human rights and an economic perspective. In this paper, we examine the interface of two policy instruments intended to improve the prospects of people with disability finding and keeping employment in Australia – Disability Employment Services and the National Disability Insurance Scheme – in the lead up to and in the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Findings from three studies conducted between 2018 and 2020 reveal these instruments are not mutually reinforcing. With a 10‐year National Disability Employment Strategy (NDES) in development under federal government oversight, we argue that more concerted and targeted effort from these services and broader public policies and programs is needed to ensure Australians with disability are not sidelined in the labour market in the wake of the pandemic. We examine the interface of two policy instruments intended to improve the employment prospects of people with disability in Australia. Three recent studies reveal these instruments are not mutually reinforcing. More concerted effort is needed to ensure Australians with disability are not excluded from work in the wake of COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sociología del Trabajo is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Construction industry employment has been severely impacted by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US construction labor market. This study contributes to the state of knowledge by (1) revealing how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted construction employment across different demographic groups and geographic regions in the US, and (2) identifying vulnerable demographic groups (e.g., minorities, women, older workers) in the construction workforce that are disproportionally impacted by the pandemic. Employment data from the Current Population Survey and Current Employment Statistics (CES) programs, which are administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, are used to assess the impact of COVID-19 on construction employment. The impact of COVID-19 is defined as a change in 12-month employment from 2019 to 2020; the study mostly focuses on April and September, 2020. Analyzing CES survey data reveals that women in the construction workforce declined by 11.9% in April 2020, when COVID-19 caused an overall 15.6% decline in the US construction labor market. The study also reveals that Black or African American communities are disproportionately impacted by job loss in the US construction industry. In September 2020, the 12-month decline in construction employment among Black or African Americans was 29.6%, compared to 5.8% for the overall decline in construction employment. States in the north of the US suffered a rapid decline in construction employment during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty states suffered a higher 12-month decline in construction average weekly earnings in September compared to April, which reveals the persistent impact of the pandemic on the industry. This study contributes to the state of practice by helping policymakers understand the pandemic's disproportionate impact across different demographic groups and geographic regions. It is expected that this study will assist policymakers in drafting equitable recovery policies to overcome the setbacks caused by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has both devastated employment prospects, particularly of women, and exposed the longstanding neglect of care systems and poor employment conditions of care workers. Most recovery programs propose to stimulate employment by focusing on investment in construction, ignoring gender equality issues. This paper argues for public investment in high-quality care services and better conditions for care workers to build a more gender-equal caring economy. Using input–output analysis, across selected European Union countries and the United States, the study shows a care-led recovery has superior employment outcomes to investment in construction, even when wages and hours are matched. In particular, matching employment and wages in care to the high levels of Scandinavian countries would raise employment rates by more than 5 percentage points and halve most gender employment gaps, while the net cost of investment in construction that achieved as much would generally be at least twice as high. HIGHLIGHTS Public investment in high-quality care is vital to building a more gender-equal economy. Recovery from COVID-19 requires investment in social, not just physical, infrastructure. A care-led, rather than construction-led, recovery program creates more jobs and reduces gender inequality. More jobs would be created even when employment conditions for care workers are improved. A more caring economy, employing more people in care jobs, is also a greener economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cracow Review of Economics & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie is the property of Cracow University of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using province‐level establishments and employment data from the Korean Employment Insurance Database, this paper investigates how the regional spread of COVID‐19 affects local businesses and unemployment by establishment size and industry. We find that the number of small establishments declines substantially after the COVID‐19 pandemic through a decrease in new establishment creation and a surge in establishment closures. By contrast, large establishments are not affected significantly. Examining the numbers of unemployment benefits (UB) applicants, an indicator of unemployment, we find that the higher the rate of COVID‐19 confirmed cases in a province, the higher the number of UB applicants, regardless of their previous workplace size. Our analysis of employment insurance subscribers further confirms that the regional spread of COVID‐19 leads to a significant reduction in employment and job mobility in small establishments. Regarding industry heterogeneity in the COVID‐19 effects, we find that local COVID‐19 outbreaks affect local industries more through the reduction in establishment creation and new employment than through an increase in establishment closures. Industries that require face‐to‐face operations, such as lodging & restaurant, experience a substantial adverse impact in the early phase, and the impact also tends to last longer as COVID‐19 situations prolong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's pharmaceutical sector has been one of the largest manufacturers of generic drugs globally. During the pandemic, most countries were dependent on imports of generic drugs from India. However, India has been relying on resources from China for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) which are the raw material for preparing generic drugs. We considered, in our analysis, branded product groups of Paracetamol and Amoxicillin due to their extensive use in the treatment of COVID-19. From a thorough market analysis of both the drugs, we conclude that firms have a monopoly over their brands but compete within the same product group and operate in their respective market under varying prices within certain bandwidths which resembles the feature of monopolistic competitive market. We have introduced compensating function a la Helpman (1981) in the pharmaceutical goods market with the assumption that an 'ideal product' exists among the pharmaceutical goods. Given the framework, this paper explores a general equilibrium model set in a monopolistic competitive product market for branded drugs. We concluded through our propositions that expanding the pharmaceutical sector will increase the employment of unskilled labor under no capacity constraint. We will observe an increase in wages of unskilled labor only under full employment conditions wherein we would observe that the expansion of pharmaceutical good will increase wages in the unskilled labor market. However we obtain an intriguing result wherein we obtain that despite instances of limiting trade dependence on China through implementation of policies like 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' and 'profit linked incentive schemes', yet to maintain the status quo in the global market for generic drugs, India's dependence on China would increase, owing to API imports due to the pandemic crisis. While India can grab the opportunity in the form of increased demand for pharmaceutical goods to increase the employment level of the economy but this improvement in welfare is also dependent on the degree of dependency of API India has on China. The Indian government has recognized the same through the incorporation of 'Covid-Suraksha' and PLI schemes to minimize import dependency, and accelerate the development of APIs and the production of indigenous drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity of labour market is currently one of its most striking features. The processes of globalisation and interdependence are creating pressure for ever more international cooperation, which naturally causes more frequent clashes between the diverse elements of the environment, and increases the interdependence of economies. In this context, the COVID-19 pandemic has generally weakened existing global relationships and chains. Economies have been distorted by various types of restrictive and later stimulus measures in a relatively short period of time - a situation that leads naturally to the idea of the interconnectedness of existing processes and the labour market. The main objective of the present study was to make a comparison of the authors' views on the development of these indicators on the basis of the results of analyses of selected macroeconomic indicators, and to establish the dependence between the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, macroeconomic developments and state interventions in the functioning of economies. We begin the empirical part by analysing the evolution of quarterly GDP values in selected economies of the world, and then turn to the employment rate. We conclude the study with the evolution of unemployment in comparison with the evolution of the pandemic situation in the Slovak Republic. The comparison of selected indicators and its results confirm the existence of links between pandemic, macroeconomic and legislative developments in the Slovak Republic. Although the COVID-19 pandemic is the ultimate cause of changes in the labour market, the immediate cause of the dynamics of GDP, employment and unemployment is the state intervention in the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the COVID-19 pandemic hit globally and changed the way how organizations work, communication is one of the key factor that plays a major role in organization sustainability. As of 2018, 488,948 people were registered as Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) with the Department of Social Welfare which reflects to 1.53% of Malaysia's population. Malaysian government has allocated a 1% policy for hiring PWDs in the public sector giving employment opportunities to 3,782 PWDs in 2015- 2017. The percentage is of PWDs employed is lower at 0.7% compare to others country like India that managed to obtain 1.43% employment rate of government jobs. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of communication in the companies and to evaluate factors that can improve better disability employment communication support. This ethnographic qualitative research approach uses inductive data reasoning with quota sampling from 535 respondents from both public and private sector in Pahang, Malaysia. In descending order, the themes found from this study were appropriate communication device, communication flow, communication barriers and communication behaviour. The findings from this research is then implicated to managers of companies to be used when it comes to planning and practicing inclusivity in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines job destruction and job creation over the course of 2019 and 2020. The detailed analysis, of both employers and employees, provides insights into the labour market impact arising from a period of unprecedented economic lockdowns and subsequent reopenings. Variation in job destruction rates during lockdown suggests more targeted supports by employer size may be warranted in future, particularly in the hospitality sector. Conversely, sectors exhibiting strong labour demand in 2020 have limited overlap with the sectoral profile of current Pandemic Unemployment Payment (PUP) recipients, indicating that, absent a full and sustained reopening, targeted job-matching policies for the unemployed may meet with limited success. Younger employees had the highest rate of job destruction during lockdown but, notably, also the highest rate of job creation during reopening phases. Some groups, in aggregate, experienced no pandemic-related job turnover, including exportfacing employers and employees earning average incomes or higher. In addition, the paper reviews the role played by the Temporary Wage Subsidy Scheme (TWSS) and finds that the policy successfully prevented job destruction in the initial months of the pandemic. The analysis in the paper is made possible by exploiting the potential of a new, population-wide and real-time tax reporting system from the Revenue Commissioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents research conducted by the Arlington County Department of Human Services to understand the use of safety net services during the pandemic, identify disparities, and reduce or eliminate them. Arlington County's levels of health and economic wellbeing are generally high; however, residents of color experience significant disparities compared with White residents, with lower median incomes, lower rates of college completion, lower life expectancies, and higher rates of chronic illness. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these disparities were amplified as Black and Latinx residents experienced disproportionately high rates of COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and death, as well as disproportionately high rates of job loss. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Arlington County mounted an interdisciplinary response to stabilize community needs, including food security, eviction prevention, isolation housing, behavioral health stabilization, and digital equity. This integrated approach was especially important during the pandemic, as the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic disproportionately impacted health and economic wellbeing among Arlington's Black and Latinx residents, low-income residents, and vulnerable communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US workers receive unemployment benefits if they lose their job, but not for reduced working hours. In alignment with the benefits incentives, we find that the labor market responded to COVID‐19 and related closure‐policies mostly on the extensive (12 pp outright job loss) margin. Exploiting timing variation in state closure‐policies, difference‐in‐differences (DiD) estimates show, between March 12 and April 12, 2020, employment rate fell by 1.7 pp for every 10 extra days of state stay‐at‐home orders (SAH), with little effect on hours worked/earnings among those employed. Forty percentage of the unemployment was due to a nationwide shock, rest due to social‐distancing policies, particularly among "non‐essential" workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data on population movements can be helpful in designing targeted policy responses to curb epidemic spread. However, it is not clear how to exactly leverage such data and how valuable they might be for the control of epidemics. To explore these questions, we study a spatial epidemic model that explicitly accounts for population movements and propose an optimization framework for obtaining targeted policies that restrict economic activity in different neighborhoods of a city at different levels. We focus on COVID-19 and calibrate our model using the mobile phone data that capture individuals' movements within New York City (NYC). We use these data to illustrate that targeting can allow for substantially higher employment levels than uniform (city-wide) policies when applied to reduce infections across a region of focus. In our NYC example (which focuses on the control of the disease in April 2020), our main model illustrates that appropriate targeting achieves a reduction in infections in all neighborhoods while resuming 23.1%–42.4% of the baseline nonteleworkable employment level. By contrast, uniform restriction policies that achieve the same policy goal permit 3.92–6.25 times less nonteleworkable employment. Our optimization framework demonstrates the potential of targeting to limit the economic costs of unemployment while curbing the spread of an epidemic. This paper was accepted by Carri Chan, healthcare management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women are facing deep and lasting inequalities on the labor market. The effect of the pandemic on women's employment is evident after two years of pandemic, it has significantly affected the level of employment and increased the risk of women at work, inequalities have deepened and the recovery period will be longer than for men. In this paper we present an econometric analysis of occupational gender disparities at European level, considering as predictors the educational level and the countries' development level. We inspected the influence of pandemic on employment gender gap focusing on the gender occupational gap, gender disparities in education and whether the gender disparities in employment significantly differs depending on the countries' development level. Main findings refer to the statistically proved influence of the pandemic factors on employment gender gap, more significant for employees with tertiary education and in the countries with a higher level of development. The data used in the analysis is provided by EU official statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate factors associated with healthcare utilization by adults in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services utilization, we conducted logistic regressions to determine the relationship between predisposing factors (age, gender, education, employment status), need factors (critical medical needs), and enabling factors (insurance coverage, financial loss) on healthcare utilization (challenges accessing medical health care needs, resorting to alternative care, unable to attend medical appointments) as the main outcome. Data of 958 adults residing in KSA were extracted. Financial loss increased the odds of challenges in accessing healthcare (OR: 1.73) and lowered the odds of resorting to alternative medical care (OR: 0.63) and inability to attend healthcare appointments (OR: 0.55). Public insurance increased the odds of skipping healthcare appointments (OR: 1.62). Need factors were associated with lower odds of facing challenges accessing healthcare (OR: 0.37), higher odds of resorting to alternative medical care (OR: 5.65), and failure to attend healthcare appointments (OR: 1.92) respectively. Factors known to enable healthcare utilization should be continuously evaluated during emergency situations. Alternative routes of health provision, along with proper health education, should be accessible to all socioeconomic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note provides a model framework for thinking about stabilization policies in the presence of hysteresis after a negative shock like the Covid-19 pandemic. Headline measures of the so-called potential GDP published by the Congressional Budget Office represent only one of many possible inflation-neutral trajectories for output. The term potential GDP is misleading since potential implies a unique limit on output. It is much more accurate to consider a range of possible trajectories or multiple equilibria. Repairing the damages from a shock will require overshooting the inflation target and running the economy above its inflation-neutral equilibrium in order to restore the status quo ante level of output and employment. The model assumes constant trend growth so that path dependence takes the form of pure output-level effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate state‐dependent effects of fiscal multipliers and allow for endogenous sample splitting to determine whether the U.S. economy is in a slack state. When the endogenized slack state is estimated as the period of the unemployment rate higher than about 12%, the estimated cumulative multipliers are significantly larger during slack periods than nonslack periods and are above unity. We also examine the possibility of time‐varying regimes of slackness and find that our empirical results are robust under a more flexible framework. Our estimation results point out the importance of the heterogenous effects of fiscal policy and shed light on the prospect of fiscal policy in response to economic shocks from the current COVID‐19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic landscape of the United Kingdom has been significantly shaped by the intertwined issues of Brexit, COVID-19, and their interconnected impacts. Despite the country's robust and diverse economy, the disruptions caused by Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic have created uncertainty and upheaval for both businesses and individuals. Recognizing the magnitude of these challenges, academic literature has directed its attention toward conducting immediate research in this crucial area. This study sets out to investigate key economic factors that have influenced various sectors of the UK economy and have broader economic implications within the context of Brexit and COVID-19. The factors under scrutiny include the unemployment rate, GDP index, earnings, and trade. To accomplish this, a range of data analysis tools and techniques were employed, including the Box-Jenkins method, neural network modeling, Google Trend analysis, and Twitter-sentiment analysis. The analysis encompassed different periods: pre-Brexit (2011-2016), Brexit (2016-2020), the COVID-19 period, and post-Brexit (2020-2021). The findings of the analysis offer intriguing insights spanning the past decade. For instance, the unemployment rate displayed a downward trend until 2020 but experienced a spike in 2021, persisting for a six-month period. Meanwhile, total earnings per week exhibited a gradual increase over time, and the GDP index demonstrated an upward trajectory until 2020 but declined during the COVID-19 period. Notably, trade experienced the most significant decline following both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, the impact of these events exhibited variations across the UK's four regions and twelve industries. Wales and Northern Ireland emerged as the regions most affected by Brexit and COVID-19, with industries such as accommodation, construction, and wholesale trade particularly impacted in terms of earnings and employment levels. Conversely, industries such as finance, science, and health demonstrated an increased contribution to the UK's total GDP in the post-Brexit period, indicating some positive outcomes. It is worth highlighting that the impact of these economic factors was more pronounced on men than on women. Among all the variables analyzed, trade suffered the most severe consequences in the UK. By early 2021, the macroeconomic situation in the country was characterized by a simple dynamic: economic demand rebounded at a faster pace than supply, leading to shortages, bottlenecks, and inflation. The findings of this research carry significant value for the UK government and businesses, empowering them to adapt and innovate based on forecasts to navigate the challenges posed by Brexit and COVID-19. By doing so, they can promote long-term economic growth and effectively address the disruptions caused by these interrelated issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the employment status of older Americans in the months immediately before and after the peak COVID-19 lockdown in April 2020. We construct longitudinal employment data from 2019-2020 Current Population Surveys. To account for seasonal fluctuations in employment and retirement patterns that are not unique to the COVID-19 recession, we implement a difference-in-differences analysis using multinomial logistic regressions. We find that the onset of the pandemic immediately and adversely affected all workers, but the extent of the employment disruptions varied by age group, sex, and whether the worker has a college degree. Reemployment patterns after the peak lockdown month also varied but did not simply reverse the earlier patterns. Our findings imply that the employment effects of the COVID-19 recession are substantially different from those of previous recessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Availability of full-year economic data is indicative of an opportune time to compare and contrast predicted and actual economic impact. In this regard, this study delineates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gambling industry using Macao, the world's largest destination-dependent gambling hub, as a case. Using a series of quantitative analysis (ARIMA, correlation, and regression) on longitudinal data, the findings reveal that the revenue of the Macao gambling industry is significantly dependent on tourist arrivals, and that the industry is evidenced – using predicted and actual values – to experience an unprecedented decline in revenue as a result of plummeting tourist arrivals. The findings also indicate that Macao is a gambling-dependent economy as the decline in gambling revenue coincides with the decline in economic indicators such as GDP, median salary, and employment rate. This article concludes with pragmatic suggestions (e.g. reimagine strategies, seek virtual alternatives) to help gambling hubs that are destination-dependent to navigate in and recover from crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decision-making by governments during the COVID-19 health crisis pertains a delicate balance between physical and financial health of individuals. We compare the health and economic outcomes resulting from the respective responses adopted by Republican and Democratic states in the US. Our results show that the more restrictive measures adopted by Democratic states resulted in more severe economic shocks as proxied by lower levels of employment, lower levels of individuals' earnings and an inferior performance in regional banking activity compared to Republican states. Although the number of infections is higher in Republican states, we find that the level of hospitalizations and mortality are not significantly different across Republican and Democratic states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents the COVID-19 disease-control measures enacted in rural China and examines the economic and social impacts of these measures. We conducted two rounds of surveys with 726 randomly selected village informants across seven provinces. Strict disease-control measures have been universally enforced and appear to have been successful in limiting disease transmission in rural communities. The infection rate in our sample was 0.001 per cent, a rate that is near the national average outside of Hubei province. None of the villages reported any COVID-19-related deaths. For a full month during the quarantine, the rate of employment of rural workers was essentially zero. Even after the quarantine measures were lifted, nearly 70 per cent of the villagers still were unable to work owing to workplace closures. Although action has been taken to mitigate the potential negative effects, these disease-control measures might have accelerated the inequality between rural and urban households in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One reason that nursing homes are a primary source of COVID-19 infections and deaths in the United States may be that workers hold multiple jobs. We use 2010-2019 Current Population Survey data to document the rate of second jobholding among nursing and long-term care workers. On average, 6.41% of personal care and nursing aides and 6.23% of licensed practical nurses and registered nurses hold second jobs; second job holding rates are 35% and 32% higher than those of other workers, respectively. Both wages and hours in the primary job are negatively associated with the probability of holding a second job for personal care and nursing aides, while lower hours are more strongly correlated with a second job for registered nurses and licensed practical nurses. Many of these workers move across health settings from their first to second jobs, and 15% of second jobs for personal care and nursing aides are in other "essential" occupations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the deployment of technological innovation was able to avert a devastating global supply chain fallout arising from the impact of ravaging COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, little is known about potential environmental cost of such achievement. The aim of this paper is to identify the determinants of logistics performance and investigate its empirical linkages with economic and environmental indicators. We built a macro-level dataset for the top 25 ranked logistics countries from 2007 to 2018, conducting a set of panel data tests on cross-sectional dependence, stationarity and cointegration, to provide preliminary insights. Empirical estimates from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), and Quantile Regression (QR) model suggest that technological innovation, Human Development Index (HDI), urbanization, and trade openness significantly boost logistic performance, whereas employment and Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) fail to respond in such a desirable path. In turn, an increase in the Logistic Performance Index (LPI) is found to worsen economic growth. Finally, LPI exhibits a large positive effect on carbon emissions, which is congruent with a strand of the literature highlighting that the modern supply chain is far from being decarbonized. Thus, this evidence further suggest that more global efforts should be geared to attain a sustainable logistics. • Examining 25 topmost Logistics Countries on many fronts. • Technological innovation, HDI, urbanization, and trade openness spur logistic performance. • Logistic performance does not improve with employment rate and Gross Fixed Capital Formation. • Logistic performance increases carbon dioxide emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Research Journal of Business Studies is the property of Prasetiya Mulya Publishing, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study employs a difference-in-differences approach to examine the US labor market response to two widely used social distancing policies, stay-at-home (SAH) order and non-essential business closure, with special attention paid to the asymmetric effect of the policies' imposition and lifting. Exploiting the variation across states and time, we find that state employment rates declined by 4.3% and 1.9% for the two policies respectively, within one month of the enaction of social distancing policies, but the recovery was slower after the policies were removed. We also highlight that the low-income group suffered the highest employment rate drop from the SAH enaction while presenting the mildest rebound. Self-employed workers were more affected by the policy impositions but recovered slightly faster than wage earners. Our results suggest persistent efforts must be made after the pandemic, especially for more vulnerable groups in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use individual‐level data from the United States Current Population Survey to examine effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on employment losses across metropolitan area status and population size. Job losses spiked in April 2020, and partially recovered in subsequent months. Non‐metropolitan and metropolitan areas of all sizes experienced significant employment losses, but the impacts were much larger in large metropolitan areas. The COVID‐19 infection rate was initially higher in large metropolitan areas and this is a significant factor explaining the higher early employment losses in large metropolitan areas. However, higher job losses for large metropolitan areas persisted through summer and fall 2020 even after COVID‐19 infection rates became higher in less populous areas. We find evidence of persistent effects of early COVID‐19 infection rates on later employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study explores the vulnerability and resilience of the US Leisure and Hospitality industry sector-wise by taking employment levels in seven different business segments. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model approach was applied to daily time series data of employment and COVID-19 to assess each sector's fragility and resilience. The findings reveal that museums and historical places, performing arts, and sports are the worst influenced sectors and exhibit low resilience. The accommodation sector initially shows high vulnerability; however, it bounces back by showing high resilience compared to some of the other sectors. The rest of the sector presents the same story negatively influenced by pandemic but eventually reveals a sign of recovery. A detailed discussion with the theoretical and practical implications is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the economy during COVID-19 has created a set of hurdles and prospects for the U.S. statistical agencies, the private sector, and academia. This included how to deal with unprecedented movements in economic variables while ensuring data quality. At the same time, new entrants released data that are sometimes at odds with gold standard releases. Given the multitude of data, this article focuses on both existing and new ways to track the employment statistics. The results leave more questions than answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the multiplier effects on domestic product, employment, and the external sector of the US economy due to the decline of tourism activities during the pandemic. For this purpose, we use an input-output model and the latest available input-output data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD's) database. It was found that for every USD million decrease in tourism receipts, the net output decreases about USD 1.53 million, the level of employment decreases about 16.86 persons, imports decrease about USD 0.20 million, while the comparative analysis of these results with the economy's average multipliers indicates that tourism constitutes a key sector of the US economy. From the evaluation of the results, it is deduced that the decline of tourism activities recorded in the year 2020 accounts for about one-fourth of the observed recession in the US economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]